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These students of Edith Dalton James High School, St Andrew, were in a very good mood when the Study Guide caught up with them recently on their way home in Waterhouse,
insisting that they were well behaved, paid attention in class and actually enjoyed school.
Lesson Four
Using BOMDAS we first note that the line represents brackets
and so the numerator may be evaluated first. (It is also
appropriate to evaluate the denominator first.)
61 –15 = 19 – 11
3 6 3 6
CLEMENT RADCLIFFE BOMDAS identifies the order in which the operations should The LCM of 3 and 6 is 6
Contributor be carried out and must always be obeyed. Where an
S WE continue our review of directed numbers, I will expression has multiple operations, then the operations = ( 2 x 19) – (1 x 11)
Solution
Studying poetry
BERYL CLARKE voluntary association with the USA. It has full powers of
Contributor All across the Caribbean local government and some of the privileges of the US.
ERE, AS promised, are some reasons for the attitude we’d collected terminals - airports are like calling cards,
Is English a funny
language to learn? Part 2
NATASHA THOMAS-FRANCIS The bandage was wound around the A lone mouse can transform into a whole I was proven right that I had the right of
Contributor wound. set of mice, but it is impossible for a single way.
ELLO, ALL! Last week I shared an house to become a whole block of hice. (It
Business enterprises are described according to their type of ownership. The types that are usually concerned with
sources of capital
YVONNE HARVEY
commercial services are:
Contributor
Sole trader – One person owns a sole-trader business. This person runs the business on his/her own by putting in
all the capital. Therefore, all the profit goes to the owner and he/she is responsible for any losses incurred. HELLO AGAIN my favourite set of people. How are you all this week? I
Partnership – At least two but not more than 20 persons, known as partners, share in the ownership of the firm. trust that you are really enjoying the lessons that have been presented
Private limited company – At least two persons, known as shareholders, contribute funds to provide share capital so far.
in a business that is controlled by a board of directors. The liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount of share
capital invested. This week, I will present a ‘double-barrel lesson’. This will cover
Public limited company – Securities are traded on a stock exchange and can be bought and sold by anyone. A two objectives:
public company is strictly regulated and is required by law to publish its financial position so that investors can 1. To identify the advantages and disadvantages of different forms
determine the worth of its shares. It is owned and controlled by at least two shareholders and there is no limit to the of business organisations.
number of shareholders 2. To identify sources of capital for the setting up of a business.
Private sector – This is owned and controlled by private enterprises.
In an earlier part of the syllabus we considered different forms of
businesses. Included in our consideration were the advantages and
STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANISATION disadvantages of these various forms of business.
An organisation structure is designed to outline the lines of authority, responsibility and the relationship between the
The private-sector forms of businesses are:
personnel in an organisation. The structure gives clear lines of demarcation where each employer reports to meet the
objectives of the organisation. Sole traders
Partnerships
Board of
Directors Cooperatives
Private companies
General Public companies
Manager
The public-sector forms of businesses are:
Public corporations
Secretary Marketing Production Accounts Government departments and ministries
Manager Manager Manager
Nationalised industries
(The above organisation chart for a large company is partially done. Please complete it.) Whether businesses are private sector or public sector, they face
advantages as well as disadvantages. These will differ according to
Usually, a large organisation such as a public company will be divided into sections or departments, each of which
performs a particular function within the organisation. A manager directs each function. the type of business under consideration. You will need to go back
So, students, we can now safely say that the office plays an important role in the chain of production – from the raw and look at the various forms of businesses and be able to discuss
material stage until the goods and services are in the hands of the consumer. The office, therefore, is concerned with their advantages and disadvantages.
processing all documents that are involved. Some of the advantages that you may come across include:
The functions of the office are based on the collecting, processing, preserving and disseminating of information. Making profit which they may not have to share.
These functions should be controlled so that there will be no waste of time, money, space, material or equipment.
The volume and nature of business activity are determined by the size of the organisation and type of business ownership. small and manageable sizes.
continuity.
pooling of capital.
OFFICE LAYOUT
There are two basic forms of layout used for offices – the enclosed (cellular) and the open-plan layout. owners being committed to the business.
The enclosed office consists of small, individual rooms that are occupied by one or two people and offers more sharing of ideas that benefit the business.
privacy. This type of office is, however, more costly to build and workers are more difficult to supervise. being able to raise large sums of capital.
The open-plan office consists of a large, open room with no dividing walls or partitions. This type of office is less ease of setting up the business.
costly and workers are easily supervised as everyone can be seen. minimal set-up costs.
There is, however, a lack of privacy and the atmosphere is impersonal.
sharing of risks.
ACTIVITY limited liability.
List the departments that can be found in a large organization and give the specific tasks that are carried out by each. quick decision making.
Now think of which businesses each of the above advantages
See you next week.
applies to.
Hyacinth Tugman teaches as Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
Francine Taylor-Campbell teaches at Jamaica College. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com. CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE
HOTSPOT VOLCANOES
Some of Earth’s best-known volcanoes are
Most of Earth’s active volcanoes are located along plate boundaries.
formed as a result of hotspots under the ocean.
VOLCANOES AT CONVERGENT – places where slabs of oceanic crust sinks For example, the Hawaiian Islands, shown in
the map (at right), are located over a plume of
PLATE BOUNDARIES into the mantle. The volcanoes associated with
magma. As the rising magma melted through
The majority form at convergent boundaries convergent plate boundaries form two major
the crust, it formed volcanoes. The hotspot
and divergent boundaries. Along these belts, one of which is the Circum-Pacific Belt, formed by the magma plume remained
margins, magma rises towards Earth’s surface. also called the Pacific Ring of Fire, and the stationary while the Pacific Plate slowly moved
Only about five per cent of magma erupts far Mediterranean Belt which includes Mount northwest. Over time, the hotspot has left a trail
from plate boundaries. Convergent tectonic Etna and Mount Vesuvius, two volcanoes in of volcanic islands on the floor of the Pacific
plates collide and can form subduction zones Italy. Ocean.
yl:information technology
NATALEE A. JOHNSON Printers a character, like a typewriter.
Contributor The purpose of the printer is to display on paper the Advantages
OOD DAY, students? This is lesson four of our series of information shown on the computer screen just like the Less expensive.