International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow

Natural convection in a wavy porous cavity with sinusoidal heating and internal heat generation
Huey Tyng Cheong Sivanandam Sivasankaran M. Bhuvaneswari
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Huey Tyng Cheong Sivanandam Sivasankaran M. Bhuvaneswari , (2017)," Natural convection in a wavy porous cavity with
sinusoidal heating and internal heat generation ", International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, Vol. 27
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 Natural convection in a wavy porous
cavity with sinusoidal heating and
internal heat generation
Abstract

Purpose – The main aim of the present work is to study natural convective flow and
heat transfer in a sinusoidally heated wavy porous cavity with the presence of internal
heat generation or absorption.

Design/methodology/approach – Sinusoidal heating is applied on the vertical left

wall of the cavity while the wavy right wall is cooled at a constant temperature. The
top and bottom walls are taken to be adiabatic. The Darcy model is adopted for fluid
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flow through the porous medium in the cavity. The governing equations and boundary
conditions are solved using the finite difference method over a range of amplitudes and
number of undulations of the wavy wall, Darcy-Rayleigh numbers and internal heat gen-
eration/absorption parameters.

Findings – The results are presented in the form of streamlines, isotherms and Nusselt
numbers for different values of right wall waviness, Darcy-Rayleigh number and internal
heat generation parameter. The flow field and temperature distribution in the cavity are
affected by the waviness of the right wall. The wavy nature of the cavity also enhances
the heat transfer into the system. The heat transfer rate in the cavity is decreasing upon
the raise of the internal heat generation/absorption parameter.

Research limitations/implications – The present investigation is conducted for steady,

two-dimensional natural convective flow in a wavy cavity filled with Darcy porous medium.
The waviness of the right wall is described by the amplitude and number of undulations
with a well-defined mathematical function. An extension of the present study with the
effects of cavity inclination and aspect ratio will be the interest of our future work.

Originality/value – This work examines the effects of sinusoidal heating on convec-

tive heat transfer in a wavy porous cavity in the presence of internal heat generation or
absorption. The study might be useful to the design of solar collectors, room ventilation
systems and electronic cooling systems.

Keywords Natural convection, Porous medium, Wavy cavity, Sinusoidal heating, Inter-
nal heat generation/absorption

Paper type Research paper

1
 Nomenclature

A = amplitude X, Y = dimensionless Cartesian coordinates

cP = specific heat capacity
g = gravitational acceleration Greek symbols
Hw = arc length of the side wall α = thermal diffusivity
k = thermal conductivity β = coefficient of thermal expansion
K = porous medium permeability λ = number of undulation
L = width and height of the cavity µ = viscosity
n, s = normal and tangent plane ν = kinematic viscosity
N, S = dimensionless normal and tangent φ = inclination from the y-axis
Nu = Nusselt number ψ = stream function
Nu = average Nusselt number Ψ = dimensionless stream function
P = pressure ρ = density
q ′′′ = volumetric rate of heat generation Θ = dimensionless temperature
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Q = internal heat generation parameter ξ, η = computational space coordinates

RaD = Darcy-Rayleigh number
T = temperature Subscripts
Tref = reference temperature c = cold
u, v = velocity components w = side wall
x, y = Cartesian coordinates

1. Introduction

The study of natural convective flow and heat transfer in porous cavities is of great im-
portance in some engineering, medical and geothermal applications as presented in Vafai
(2005, 2010). Vafai (2005) and Nield and Bejan (2013) gave various ideas and studies on
fluid flow and heat transfer through porous medium. The importance of fluid flow and
heat transfer through porous medium in biology is presented in Vafai (2010), such as the
researches on circulatory system and biofilms. Karimi-Fard et al. (1997) studied the non-
Darcian effects on double-diffusive natural convection in a square cavity filled with porous
medium. They observed that the heat and mass transfer rates increase with increase in
the Darcy number. Double-diffusive mixed convection in a square cavity filled with porous
medium was investigated by Khanafer and Vafai (2002). They reported that the presence
porous medium suppresses the convective fluid flow and heat transfer at high value of
Lewis number. Sivasankaran et al. (2008) numerically studied double-diffusive natural
convective flow of cold water near its density maximum in a porous cavity. They found
that the heat and mass transfer rates are affected by the presence of the water density
maximum. Gobin and Goyeau (2008) briefly reviewed the approaches used to investi-
gate natural convection in a boundary layer and a cavity partially saturated with porous
medium. Using different models, Miansari et al. (2015) studied natural convection in a
porous cavity with random distribution of solid obstacles. They reported that higher Nus-
selt number is predicted when the thermal dispersion and local thermal non-equilibrium
terms are considered in the porous continuum model. Magneto-hydrodynamic blood flow
in the presence of nanoparticles through porous arteries was investigated analytically by
Ghasemi et al. (2015).
The study on corrugated cavities may improve the understanding on circulation of
cardiovascular system, design of solar energy collectors and geothermal power plants.

2
 Using the Darcy model, Murthy et al. (1997) investigated natural convective heat transfer
of a porous cavity with isothermally heated wavy bottom wall. They found that the wavy
nature of the wall reduces the heat transfer into the system. Later, Kumar (2000) studied
convection process in a porous cavity with vertical wavy wall subject to heat flux and
observed that the flow and convection process is sensitive with amplitude and number of
undulations. A phase deviation of 60◦ of the wavy wall and more undulations enhance
the convection heat transfer. Using the Darcy-Forchheimer extended model, Kumar and
Shalini (2003) found that rough wavy surface causes secondary circulation zones in the
region adjacent to the wavy wall, which leads to a decrease in the heat transfer due to
convection. Das et al. (2003) numerically investigated natural convection inside a wavy
cavity with two thermally active wavy horizontal walls and two straight vertical walls.
They observed that the heat transfer rate is higher when the cavity is of low aspect ratio
and wall waviness. The heat transfer rate increases with the raise of wall waviness at high
aspect ratio.
Misirlioglu et al. (2005) studied natural convection in a vertically in-phase, wavy
porous cavity heated and cooled from the side walls using the Darcy model. They found
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that the local Nusselt number becomes negative and indicating that the heat is not well
transferred through the porous medium from the hot wall to the cold wall for larger
value of Rayleigh number, moderate aspect ratio and amplitude. Later, Misirlioglu et
al. (2006a) considered natural convection in a cavity with two horizontal straight walls
and two vertical wavy walls filled with heat-generating porous medium. Misirlioglu et
al. (2006b) also considered natural convection in an inclined wavy porous cavity and
they found that the heat transfer rate is highly dependent on wall waviness and Rayleigh
number.
Non-Darcy natural convection in a wavy porous cavity was investigated by Sultana
and Hyder (2007) with two vertical wavy walls heated and cooled isothermally. They
concluded that the wall waviness has little influence on heat transfer distribution com-
pared to the influence of Rayleigh and Darcy numbers. Chen et al. (2007) numerically
studied convective flow in a vertically in-phase wavy cavity using the Darcy-Brinkman-
Forchheimer extended model. They found that a recirculation zone appears in both the
top and bottom regions at low Darcy-Rayleigh number. At high Darcy-Rayleigh number,
the recirculation cells vanishes and the middle recirculation is distorted into two cells. By
considering different models of convective flow through porous medium, Khanafer et al.
(2009) studied natural convection in a porous cavity with a hot wavy side wall and a cold
straight side wall. They reported that the amplitude and number of undulations affect
the heat transfer inside the cavity.
Shading and other factors may cause non-uniform temperature distributions on solar
energy collectors and electronic cooling systems. This will affects the overall performance
of temperature dependent devices. Saeid and Mohamad (2005) studied natural convection
in a Darcy porous cavity with sinusoidal left wall temperature. They observed that the
average Nusselt number increases with increase in the temperature’s amplitude. Also,
natural convection in a porous cavity with sinusoidal bottom wall temperature was stud-
ied by Saeid (2005). The average heat transfer rate increases on increasing the heat
source length and amplitude of the temperature profile. Basak et al. (2006) investigated
natural convection in a square porous cavity with non-uniform heating on the bottom
wall and constantly cooled side walls. For sinusoidal heating, the local heat transfer is
higher at middle of the bottom wall, but the average heat transfer along the wall is much
lower compared to uniform heating. Basak et al. (2007) also investigated the thermal

3
 configuration of uniformly and non-uniformly heated left and bottom walls, adiabatic top
and constantly cooled right wall. They reported that the local Nusselt number decreases
along the wall for conduction-dominant regime and the local Nusselt number increases for
convection-dominant regimes due to highly dense temperature contour at the top portion
of the cold wall. Convective flow in rectangular cavities with sinusoidal temperature vari-
ation on the bottom wall was studied by Varol et al. (2008b). Multiple flows are observed
inside the cavity for all Rayleigh numbers, aspect ratio and amplitudes considered. Wang
et al. (2008) studied free convection in an inclined porous cavity under time-periodic
boundary conditions.
Bhuvaneswari et al. (2011a), Sivasankaran et al. (2011a) and Malleswaran et al. (2013)
considered the effects of partially active thermal walls on natural convection in a rect-
angular cavity. Sivasankaran et al. (2011a) found that the effect of heat generation is
dominant when the internal heat generation parameter is superior over the heat fluxes
applied on the heaters. Mansour et al. (2012) investigated double diffusive convection in
a square porous cavity with sinusoidal heating on the bottom wall. The increase in the
amplitude undulation ratio of the temperature and concentration profiles increases the
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heat and mass transfer rates. Cheong et al. (2013) reported in their study that multiple
flows are observed upon sinusoidal heating on the inclined cavities. The effect of sinusoidal
heating on both side walls on convection in a square cavity was reported by Sivasankaran
and Bhuvaneswari (2013). In additional of moving lid on the cavity, Sivasankaran et al.
(2010, 2011b) studied the effects of mixed convection on fluid flow and heat transfer in
a square cavity with sinusoidal heating on both side walls. Also, the sinusoidal heat-
ing effect is studied by Sivasankaran and Pan (2012) in the presence of porous medium
and Elshehabey and Ahmed (2015) in the presence of magnetic field with Buongiorno’s
nanofluid model inside the cavity. Bhuvaneswari et al. (2011b) and Sivasankaran et al.
(2011b) examined the natural convection in a square cavity in the presence of magnetic
field with sinusoidal heating on both side walls. Natural convection of nanofluids in a
cavity with sinusoidal heating on both side walls is reported by Sivasankaran and Pan
(2014). It can be observed that sinusoidal heating on both side walls gives multiple flows
in the cavity. Increasing the amplitude of the sinusoidal function increases the heat trans-
fer rate. The sinusoidal heating of both side walls provides higher heat transfer rate than
that of sinusoidal heating of one side wall only.
Convective flow and heat transfer on non-rectangular cavity with non-uniform tem-
perature distributions were considered by some researchers. Using Darcy model, Varol et
al. (2008a, 2009) studied the effect of cavity inclination and aspect ratio on natural con-
vection in a triangular porous cavity with sinusoidal heating. Basak et al. (2010) analyzed
the effects of uniform and sinusoidal heating at the bottom wall of a porous trapezoidal
cavity. The heat transfer rate is high for square cavity compared to the trapezoidal cavity.
Convective flow in an inclined porous triangular cavity with heat generation and sinusoidal
boundary conditions was investigated by Mansour et al. (2011). They concluded that the
increase of cavity inclination leads to the rise of horizontal velocity, Nusselt number and
Sherwood number. The rate of heat transfer decreases on increasing the heat genera-
tion/absorption parameter. Cheong et al. (2014) explored the effect of sinusoidal heating
on inclined wall of the trapezoidal cavity saturated with porous medium. The flow field
and heat transfer in the cavity are affected by the variation of the left wall inclination
from square cavity to triangular cavity. Convection in a wavy cavity subjects to constant
heat flux was presented by Sheikholeslami et al. (2014b,c). They observed that the am-
plitude of the wavy wall affects the formation of vortices in the cavity. Later, Sheremet

4
 and Pop (2015) investigated natural convection in a porous cavity with wavy bottom and
top walls and sinusoidal temperature on the vertical walls. They emphasized on the flow
and distribution of nanoparticles in the cavity.
From past researches, no study is conducted on natural convection in a wavy porous
cavity with sinusoidal heating. Hence, the current study deals the numerical analysis
on natural convection in a wavy cavity filled with fluid-saturated porous medium in the
presence of internal heat generation/absorption with sinusoidal heating on the side wall.

2. Problem formulation

Consider a two-dimensional cavity of height and width L with a wavy right wall of ampli-
tude A and number of undulations λ as shown in the Figure 1. The sinusoidal temperature
profile is applied on the left wall while the right wall is maintained at a lower constant
temperature Tc . The top and bottom walls are kept to be adiabatic. The velocity com-
ponents, u and v are taken in the x- and y-directions, respectively. The gravity acts
in the negative y-direction. The fluid in the cavity is incompressible and Newtonian.
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The fluid properties are constant except density variation in the buoyancy term (by the
Boussinesq approximation). Also, the porous cavity is filled with fluid that uniformly
generates or absorbs heat at a constant rate q ′′′ . Furthermore, the flow is assumed to be
laminar, steady and the viscous dissipation is negligible. The porous medium is assumed
to be homogeneous, isotropic and in thermal equilibrium with the fluid. The Darcy model
is adopted for fluid flow through the porous medium. The governing equations for the
conservations of mass, momentum and energy can be written as;
∂u ∂v
+ = 0, (1)
∂x ∂y
K ∂P
u=− , (2)
µ ∂x
K ∂P K
v=− + βgρ (T − Tc ) , (3)
µ ∂y µ
 2
∂ 2T

∂T ∂T k ∂ T q ′′′
u +v = + + , (4)
∂x ∂y ρcP ∂x2 ∂y 2 ρcP

where K, µ, P , β, ρ, k, cP and q ′′′ are the porous medium permeability, fluid viscosity,
pressure, thermal expansion coefficient, fluid density, thermal conductivity, specific heat
at constant pressure, and heat generating/absorbing, respectively.
The boundary conditions are;
for all solid boundaries:
u = v = 0,
for x = 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ L:  y
T = Tc + (Tref − Tc ) sin π ,
L
for x = L − AL (1 − cos (2πλy/L)), 0 ≤ y ≤ L:

T = Tc ,

for y = 0 and L, 0 ≤ x ≤ L:
∂T
= 0, (5)
∂y

5
 where Tref is a reference temperature on the left wall that is higher than Tc .
The stream function equation is obtained by eliminating the pressure term in the
momentum equations (2) and (3) and expressing the u- and v-velocities in term of stream
function as,
∂ψ ∂ψ
u= , v=− . (6)
∂y ∂x
The following dimensionless variables are introduced to reduce the number of variables
involved in equations when solving the governing equations with boundary conditions.
x y ψ T − Tc
X= , Y = , Ψ= , Θ= ,
L L α Tref − Tc
Kβg (Tref − Tc ) L q ′′′ L2
RaD = , Q= , (7)
αν k (Tref − Tc )

where α = k/ρcP and RaD are the thermal diffusivity and modified Darcy-Rayleigh
number, respectively.
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The governing equations (1) – (4) and boundary conditions (5) are non-dimensionalized
using the dimensionless variables (7). Then we get as follows:

∂ 2Ψ ∂ 2Ψ ∂Θ
2
+ 2
= −RaD , (8)
∂X ∂Y ∂X
∂ 2Θ ∂ 2Θ ∂Ψ ∂Θ ∂Ψ ∂Θ
+ = − − Q. (9)
∂X 2 ∂Y 2 ∂Y ∂X ∂X ∂Y
The boundary conditions are,
for all solid boundaries:
Ψ = 0,
for X = 0, 0 ≤ Y ≤ 1:
Θ = sin πY,
for X = 1 − A (1 − cos (2πλY )), 0 ≤ Y ≤ 1:

Θ = 0,

for Y = 0 and 1, 0 ≤ X ≤ 1:
∂Θ
= 0. (10)
∂Y
The heat transfer rate along the heated wall is measured by the Nusselt number. It
shows the ratio of convection to conduction heat transfer. The local and average Nusselt
numbers along the side walls are calculated as,
 
∂Θ ∂Θ
N u = − cos φ − sin φ , (11)
∂X ∂Y
Z Hw
L L
Nu = N u dS, (12)
Hw 0
where φ, Hw , and S are the inclination of any point on the side wall from y-axis, arc
length of the side wall, and tangent of the side wall, respectively.

6
 3. Method of solution

The finite difference method is used to solve the governing equations with boundary con-
ditions. However, due to the wavy right wall of the cavity, it is a challenge to impose
the wavy boundary on rectangular grids. Thus, grid generation method is employed to
map the non-rectangular physical domain to a rectangular computational domain. Trans-
formation is required to perform on the governing equations and boundary conditions in
order to solve in the computational domain. In this study, the following algebraic rela-
tions will map the cavity’s geometry of physical grid system (X, Y ) into a rectangular
computational grid system (ξ, η);
X
ξ= , (13)
1 − A (1 − cos (2πλY ))
η = Y. (14)

By using this transformation, the governing equations in the computational space are;
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∂ 2Ψ ∂ 2Ψ ∂ 2Ψ
 
∂Ψ ∂Ψ ∂Θ ∂Θ
a 2 + 2b +c 2 +d +e = −RaD ξX + ηX , (15)
∂ξ ∂ξ∂η ∂η ∂ξ ∂η ∂ξ ∂η
∂ 2Θ ∂ 2Θ ∂ 2Θ
 
∂Θ ∂Θ ∂Ψ ∂Θ ∂Ψ ∂Θ
a 2 + 2b +c 2 +d +e =f − − Q, (16)
∂ξ ∂ξ∂η ∂η ∂ξ ∂η ∂η ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂η
where

a = ξX 2 + ξY 2 ,
b = ξ X ηX + ξ Y ηY ,
c = ηX 2 + ηY 2 ,
d = ξXX + ξY Y ,
e = ηXX + ηY Y ,
f = ξ X ηY − ξ Y ηX ,

and boundary conditions,

for all solid boundaries:
Ψ = 0,
for ξ = 0, 0 ≤ η ≤ 1:
Θ = sin πη,
for ξ = 1, 0 ≤ η ≤ 1:
Θ = 0,
for η = 0 and 1, 0 ≤ ξ ≤ 1:
∂Θ ∂Θ
ξY + ηY = 0. (17)
∂ξ ∂η
In the computational space (ξ, η), the Nusselt numbers are calculated as;
 
∂Θ ∂Θ
N u = − (ξX cos φ − ξY sin φ) + (ηX cos φ − ηY sin φ) , (18)
∂ξ ∂η
Z 1
L 1
Nu = (ξX cos φ − ξY sin φ) N u dη, (19)
Hw 0 J

7
 where J = 1/(Xξ Yη − Xη Yξ ) is the Jacobian of the transformation.
The finite difference approximations are used to discretize the governing equations
(15) – (16) and boundary conditions (17). The uniform grids in the ξ- and η-directions
are used in all computations. The grid independence test is performed for the cavity with
A = 0.25, λ = 5 and A = 0, λ = 0 (square cavity) at RaD = 103 in the range of 50 × 50 to
300×300 grids and it is shown in the Table 1. The grid size 150×200 found to be sufficient
to provide the results as good as finer meshes and thus it is used for further calculations
as shown in the Table 1. The stream function equation (15) and energy equation (16)
are solved using the Successive-Under-Relaxation (SUR) method. An iterative process
is performed to solve each variable involved in the set of discretized equations and the
corresponding boundary conditions. The procedure is repeated until the convergence is
reached. The converged solution is obtained by the following condition,
X
ςi,j (n+1) − ςi,j (n)  ≤ 10−6 ,

ε= (20)
i,j
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where ς is either Ψ or Θ, i and j give discrete point in ξ- and η-directions, and (n) denotes
the iteration. The Trapezoidal rule is used to calculate the average Nusselt number. In
short, the numerical algorithm of the present study is;

STEP 1. Initialize Ψ, Θ = 0

STEP 2. Set boundary conditions for all walls.

STEP 3. Solve the stream equation for Ψ.

STEP 4. Solve the energy equation for Θ.

STEP 5. Calculate N u and N u.

STEP 6. Check the convergence. If no, repeat STEP 3 – 5. If yes, stop and save data.

The computer code is verified based on the previous literature using differentially
heated square porous cavity and the results are presented in the Table 2. The com-
pared results show good agreement and it provides the confident on the present numerical
calculations.

4. Results and discussion

Natural convection in a wavy cavity filled with fluid-saturated porous medium is studied
numerically. The waviness of the right side wall is controlled by the amplitude (A) and
number of undulations (λ), in the range of 0 ≤ A ≤ 0.25 and 0 ≤ λ ≤ 5. The Darcy-
Rayleigh number (RaD ), which determines the importance of natural convection, is varied
from 10 to 103 . The internal heat generation/absorption parameter, Q is taken from -5
to 5.

4.1 Effects of the wavy wall waviness

Figures 2 and 3 clearly present the effects of the waviness of the right side wall on nat-
ural convection in a wavy cavity. The isotherms for different amplitudes and number of
undulations are shown in the Figure 2 with RaD = 103 and Q = 0. The temperature

8
 contours exemplify the effect of sinusoidal temperature distribution in the cavity. The
isotherms are clustered along heated wall, especially in the middle part, indicating steep
temperature gradients occur in the horizontal direction at RaD = 103 . The isotherms
are also indicated that convection is dominated mode of heat transfer in the cavity. The
temperature contours are clustered along the top portion of the cold right wall for the
cavity with one undulation on the wavy right side wall. On increasing the amplitude of
the wavy right wall to 0.15 and 0.25, there exists a thermal boundary layer along the top
of the right wall. It shows the strong convection heat transfer inside the cavity. When
λ = 3 and 5, the distribution of the temperature contours is following the waviness of
the right wall, where the thermal boundary layer is formed along the wavy wall, and it
gradually vanishes along the wall from top to bottom. The thermal boundary layer along
the right wall also vanishes as the amplitude is increasing from 0.05 to 0.25.
The streamlines for different amplitudes and number of undulations of the right side
wall are shown in the Figure 3 with RaD = 103 and Q = 0. A single clockwise rotating
eddy is occupying the majority of the cavity with the existence of a small re-circulating
cell on the top-left corner for all cases of the amplitudes and number of undulations. For
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a fixed number of undulations, the main core region is decreasing in size as the amplitude
of the wavy right wall increases. The increase of the amplitude reduces the space in the
cavity and thus the main flow is limited by the shape of the right wall. The flow in
the cavity is also affected by the undulations of the right wall, where the flow near the
right wall is of wavy form. With higher amplitude and number of undulations, it can
be observed that small eddies are formed in the area between crests of the wavy wall as
depicted in the case of A = 0.25, λ = 5.
The mid-height vertical velocity profiles in the cavity with different amplitude and
number of undulations are plotted in the Figure 4 for RaD = 10 to 103 . High vertical
velocity can be observed near the heated wall and it is gradually decreases along the
mid-height plane. The vertical velocity decreases rapidly as reaches the right wall. For
a fixed amplitude, cavity with 5 undulations are having the lowest mid-height vertical
velocity as reaches the right wall while the cavity with 1 undulation is having higher
value of mid-height vertical velocity at the right wall. This might be due to the higher
number of undulations limited the fluid flow. Instead of flowing closer to the trough of the
wavy wall, the fluid is flowing downwards at a higher vertical velocity in the cavity with
5 undulations. While having 3 undulations on the wavy wall, the cavity with A = 0.05 is
having higher vertical velocity as reaches the right wall while the cavity with A = 0.25 is
having the lowest mid-height vertical velocity as it is approaching the right wall. Higher
amplitude also limits the fluid flows closer to the trough of the wavy wall. It can be
observed that RaD = 103 is having the highest vertical velocity of the fluid among all the
Darcy-Rayleigh numbers considered. The low vertical velocity is observed in the center
of the cavity for all values of the RaD , A and λ.
Figure 5 illustrates the local Nusselt number along the hot wall and cold wall for
different amplitudes and undulations at RaD = 10 and 103 . It can be observed from
the Figure 5 that at RaD = 10, the local Nusselt number is increasing along the heated
wall and reaches maximum around Y = 0.4 and then decreases for all amplitudes and
number of undulations considered. There is no significant change on the local Nusselt
number along the left wall for a fixed amplitude with different number of undulations.
However, for a fixed number of undulations, say λ = 3, heat transfer rate increases with
increasing A. The maximum value of local Nusselt number is obtained near Y = 0.4. The
local Nusselt number along the right wall is of wavy form due to the wavy nature of the

9
 wall. The higher heat transfer is observed at the crests of the wavy wall while lower heat
transfer is obtained at the troughs of the wavy wall. Also, it is interesting to note that
the heat transfer for the crests of the wavy wall is increasing along the wall from bottom
to top for a given amplitude. For a fixed number of undulations, the rise of the wall’s
amplitude leads to increase of the range of heat transfer along the right wall. However,
the heat transfer at the third crest is slightly lower than the second crest for A = 0.25.
This is due to lower fluid velocity for low RaD and reduced core region, which causes less
heat transfer at higher portion of the right wall.
For RaD = 103 , it can be noticed in the Figure 5 that the local heat transfer of the
left wall is increasing up to its global maximum near Y = 0.3 and then decreases. The
decreasing local Nusselt number rise again near Y = 0.7 to local maximum at Y = 0.9
and then decreases. Hence, the local Nusselt number behaves non-linearly and shows the
direct impact of the temperature boundary condition on it. There is no much difference
on the local Nusselt number along the left wall for different values of amplitudes and
number of undulations considered. For the local Nusselt number along the right wall, it
is increasing along the wall. For A = 0.05, the highest heat transfer is obtained at the
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top of the right wall for λ = 1 and 3, while λ = 5 gives highest heat transfer at the crest
near the top wall. This difference is due to the high number of undulations causes less
space between the top wall and the last crest, lesser fluid is flowing in this area and thus
lower heat transfer. For λ = 3, the highest heat transfer is obtained at the top of the
wall for A = 0.05, while the top crest gives the highest local heat transfer for A = 0.15
and 0.25. The higher amplitude also causes space limitation between the top wall and
the crest near the top wall. Thus, it reduces the flow circulation in the narrow region and
results the lower heat transfer at the end of the right wall.
The average Nusselt number for different amplitudes and undulations are shown in
the Figure 6. Figure 6(a) presents the variation of average heat transfer with number of
undulations at different RaD . The heat transfer rate slightly increases upon the increase
of the number of undulations. The variation of average heat transfer with amplitude is
shown in the Figure 6(b). The heat transfer rate increases as the amplitude increases.
Thus, it can be seen that increasing the amplitude and number of undulations of the cold
wall can increase the average heat transfer of the heated wall. Increasing the amplitude
of the wavy wall gives more increment on the heat transfer than that of increasing the
number of undulations. It is obvious that heat transfer rate increases on increasing the
Darcy-Rayleigh number for a given values of A and λ.

4.2 Effects of internal heat generation/absorption

The effect of internal heat generation/absorption on fluid flow and temperature distri-
bution is illustrated in the Figures 7 and 8 with RaD = 103 for different amplitudes
and undulations. The internal heat generation/absorption clearly shows its effect on the
temperature distribution inside the cavity. While keeping the internal heat generation
parameter at -5, the isotherms are clustered along the heated wall and upper portion of
the cold wall. Temperature lower than the cold wall is observed at lower part of the cavity
and it shows conduction mode of heat transfer in the bottom portion of the cavity. As
the internal heat generation parameter increases to 5, the isotherms are clustered nearer
to the heated wall and top portion of the cold wall. In the case of Q = −5, the fluid
is heat absorbing, where heat is required to trigger the fluid motion, thus endothermic
process is happening in the cavity where heat is transferred to fluid until the energy is
sufficient to trigger the fluid motion. Fluid away from the heat source is absorbing heat

10
 from the nearby fluid particles and it is less energize to flow with the main flow. Thus, the
temperature distribution is weak in the bottom portion and inside the crest area. While
in the case of Q = 5, exothermic process is happening in the fluid, heat is released to
the surrounding, thus the clustering of the isotherms are near to the cold wall, indicating
steep heat transfer occurs.
The streamlines for RaD = 103 with different internal heat generation parameter are
shown in the Figure 8. The cavity is occupied by a clockwise flow with a small re-
circulating cell on the top-left corner. The fluid is flowing at higher velocity in the cavity
in the presence of internal heat generation/absorption. The main core of the flow is nearer
to the left wall in the case of Q = −5. It is because the heat source on the left wall provides
the energy required for the fluid flow. Fluid nearer to the left wall is flowing upwards and
loses energy when meeting less energize fluid particles as reaches the cold wall and then
descending down along the left wall. The small re-circulating cells can be observed for
the case of high amplitude and undulations. In the case of heat-generating fluid, the fluid
particles have sufficient energy to flow upwards along the heated wall. Upon meeting the
cold wall, the fluid particles are releasing energy to the wall or surrounding fluid. The
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fluid is fully flowing along the wavy wall and thus no re-circulating cell observed for the
case of high amplitude and number of undulations. It is observed from the mid-height
vertical velocity profiles for different values of the internal heat generation/absorption
that there is no significant change on the velocity pattern for for different values of the
internal heat generation/absorption.
The local Nusselt number along the left and right walls for RaD = 103 with internal
heat generation/absorption are shown in the Figure 9. It can be noticed that there is no
significant difference in the local heat transfer of the left wall between different amplitude
and number of undulations for a fixed internal heat generation parameter. However, it
can be observed that Q = −5 has higher local heat transfer than other heat generating
parameter in the range 0 ≤ Y ≤ 0.7 and 0.9 ≤ Y ≤ 1. In the range mentioned before,
Q = 5 has the lower heat transfer but greater than the other heat generating parameter
when 0.7 ≤ Y ≤ 0.9. The local heat transfer along the right wall is increasing along the
wall in the cavity with A = 0.05 and λ = 1. For the wavy cavity with A = 0.15 and
λ = 3, high local heat transfer can be obtained at the crests of the wavy wall and the
highest value is located at the crest nearest to the top wall. For the combinations of the
amplitude and number of undulations considered, the cavity with Q = −5 has the lowest
local heat transfer along the right wall while the heat generation provides the highest
local heat transfer along the right wall.
Figure 10 presents the variation of average heat transfer with different internal heat
generation/absorption parameter at RaD = 10, 102 and 103 . The heat transfer decreases
as the internal heat generation parameter increases. Heat transfer rate is high when Q < 0,
because the fluid in the cavity is heat absorbing and heat is transferred quickly from the
wall to the fluid which gives positive gradient of heat transfer. However, in the case of
Q > 0, heat is generating in the fluid. Less heat is absorbed and excessive generated
heat is transferred from the fluid to the wall which gives negative gradient of local heat
transfer. Thus lower the overall heat transfer into the cavity. However, it can be observed
that the heat transfer rate increases for high values of heat generating parameter (Q > 3)
at RaD = 10. Cavity with low right wall amplitude provides more space for fluid flow in
the cavity. Since convection effect is less significant at low Darcy-Rayleigh number, the
sinusoidal heating affects the behaviour of fluid flow and heat transfer in the cavity with
high internal heat generation where recirculation zones and high heat transfer rates can

11
 be observed at the top and bottom corners of the left wall.

4.3 Correlations
Based on the numerical data obtained, the correlation equations are derived to describe
the heat transfer in the wavy porous cavity with sinusoidal heating. For square cavity
without internal heat generating/absorbing porous medium (Q = 0, A = 0 and λ = 0),
the correlation for average heat transfer is:
N u = 0.077 (RaD + 80.27)0.71 = a
The effect of internal heat generation/absorption on heat transfer rate in a square
cavity is,
N u = 0.022Q2 − 0.29Q + 0.077 (RaD + 80.27)0.71 .
The heat transfer rate in a porous wavy cavity is,
At RaD = 10,
"
(28.28A3 − 3.44A2 + 0.96A) λ
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+ −0.26A3 + 0.051A2 − 0.0070A λ3

Nu = a
λ+1
#
+ 3.23A3 − 0.60A2 + 0.085A λ2 + −13.3A3 + 2.34A2 − 0.36A λ + 1 .

At RaD = 102 ,
"
(32.11A3 − 5.97A2 + 0.061A) λ
+ −0.26A3 + 0.088A2 + 0.0034A λ3


Nu = a
λ+2
#
+ 3.18A3 − 1.02A2 − 0.042A λ2 + −14.86A3 + 4.13A2 + 0.20A λ + 1 .

At RaD = 103 ,
"
(16.45A3 − 24.21A2 + 3.13A) λ
+ 0.047A3 + 0.060A2 − 0.00065A λ3


Nu = a
λ+3
#
+ 0.039A3 − 1.06A2 + 0.12A λ2 + −3.85A3 + 7.05A2 − 0.79A λ + 1 .

5. Conclusion

Natural convection in a wavy cavity filled with fluid-saturated Darcy porous medium has
been numerically studied. The waviness of the right wall of the cavity is controlled by
the amplitude, A and number of undulations, λ. The left wall of the cavity is heated
with sinusoidal temperature while the right wall is cooled at a constant temperature.
The waviness of the right wall affects the flow field and temperature distribution in the
cavity. The cavity is occupied by a clockwise circulating flow and small recirculation at
the top-left corner of the cavity and area between crests of the wavy right wall. The rise
of Rayleigh number increases the strength of fluid circulation and heat transfer rate. The
heat transfer is enhanced with higher amplitude and more undulations. Thus, wavy cavity
provides higher rate of heat transfer than that of square cavity. The heat transfer rate in
the cavity is decreasing on increasing the internal heat generation/absorption parameter.

12
 Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank University of Malaya for the financial support through
the grants PG083-2014B, RG216-12AFR and RP011B-13AFR.

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Nu
Grid size
A = 0.25, λ = 5 A = 0.00, λ = 0
50 × 50 7.320 6.267
80 × 80 8.017 7.116
100 × 100 8.288 7.438
120 × 120 8.481 7.665
150 × 150 8.684 7.904
150 × 200 8.706 7.899
150 × 250 8.709 7.899

Table 1. Grid independency test for the wavy and square cavities with sinusoidal heating

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References RaD = 102 RaD = 103

Goyeau et al. (1996) 3.110 13.470
Baytas and Pop (1999) 3.160 14.060
Kumar and Shalini (2003) 3.028 -
Misirlioglu et al. (2005) 3.050 13.150
Saeid and Mohamad (2005) 3.110 13.591
Present study 3.101 13.280

Table 2. Comparison of N u for natural convection in a square porous cavity

19
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! "
T (y) = Tc + (Tref − Tc ) sin π Ly

O
y, v

L
g
L

q ′′′

20
2AL
Tc

Figure 1. Schematic diagram

x, u
 A = 0.05 A = 0.15 A = 0.25
0. 0. 0.
0.4

0.4

0.4
6 6 6 0.6 .4
0.6.4 0 .2
6

00.2 0
0.
00.2.4

0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6

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λ=1 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2

0. 0.
0.60.4.2 0.6 0.4
0.4

0.4
0.4

6 6

0.
0 0.2
0.02.4.6

6
0

0.8 0.

0.8
8

0.6
0.6

λ=3 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.6

2
0.
0.2 0.2

0. 64
0.00..2 0.60.4.2 0
0.4

0.4

0.4

6
0.

0.6

0
0.6

6
0.04
.2

0.8
0.8
0.
8

0.6
0

λ=5
0.6

0.4 0.4
4
0.
0
0.6

0
0.2 0.2 0.2
0

0
0

Figure 2. Isotherms for various right wavy wall’s amplitudes and undulations with Q = 0
at RaD = 103

21
 A = 0.05 A = 0.15 A = 0.25
0 0

0
−4 4 −4 −4
4 4
−8 −8
−8

0
0 −12

−8
−12

0
−12
−4 −4 −4
−8
−8

−16 −8 −16
−04
−16
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−4
−12

−12
λ=1 −16

−8
−16
−12
−4

−8
−12
0

−12

−8 −8

0
0

−4 −4
0

−4

0
0 0 0 0
0 0
0

4 −4 4 −4 4 −4
−8 0 0
−8 −8
−12 −12 0

0
−4 0
−12
−8

−4 −16 −16 −16

−4
−8

2 −8
−1

6
−1
0
λ=3
−40
−4
−12

−16 −16 0
−8

−4

−12 −12 −12

0

−8

−4 0
−8 −8
0
−4 −4 0
0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0

0
−4 −4 4 −4
4 4
−8
−8
0 −8 −4
−12 −12 0 0
0

−12
0

−8
0

−16 −4 −16
−8

−16
−8−4

0
−12

−16

0
0

λ=5
−4
−12

−4

−16 −16
−8

0
0 −4 0
−1−8

−12
−4

−12
2

−8 −8 0

−4 −4 0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0
0

Figure 3. Streamlines for various right wavy wall’s amplitudes and undulations with
Q = 0 at RaD = 103

22
 A = 0.05 λ=3
10 10
λ=1 A = 0.05
λ=3 5 A = 0.15
5
λ=5 A = 0.25
0
0
V

V
(a) -5
-5
-10
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-10 -15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9
X X
× 102 × 102
1 1
λ=1 A = 0.05
λ=3 0.5 A = 0.15
0.5
λ=5 A = 0.25
0
0
V

(b) -0.5

-0.5
-1

-1 -1.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9
X X
× 103 × 103
1 1
λ=1 A = 0.05
λ=3 A = 0.15
0.5 0.5
λ=5 A = 0.25

0 0
V

(c)
-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9
X X

Figure 4. Mid-height vertical velocity for different wavy wall’s amplitudes and undula-
tions with Q = 0 at (a) RaD = 10, (b) RaD = 102 and (c) RaD = 103

23
 Left wall Right wall
5 2
λ=1
λ=3
1.5
0 λ=5

Nu
Nu

1
RaD = 10,
A = 0.05 -5 λ=1
0.5
λ=3
λ=5
-10 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4629
Y Y
5 5
A = 0.05
4 A = 0.15
Downloaded by HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY At 04:22 21 January 2017 (PT)

0 A = 0.25
3
Nu

Nu
RaD = 10,
2
λ=3 -5 A = 0.05
A = 0.15 1
A = 0.25
-10 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3.2303
Y Y
40 80
λ=1
20 λ=3
60
λ=5
0
Nu
Nu

3 40
RaD = 10 ,
-20
A = 0.05 λ=1
20
-40 λ=3
λ=5
-60 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4629
Y Y
40 50
A = 0.05
20 40 A = 0.15
A = 0.25
0 30
Nu

Nu

3
RaD = 10 ,
-20 20
λ=3 A = 0.05
-40 A = 0.15 10
A = 0.25
-60 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3.2303
Y Y

Figure 5. Local Nusselt number along the left and right walls for different wavy wall’s
amplitudes and undulations with Q = 0 at RaD = 10 and 103

24
 14
RaD = 10
13
RaD = 102
12 RaD = 103
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11
Nu
//

//
(a) 4
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
λ
14
RaD = 10
13
RaD = 102
12 RaD = 103
11
Nu
//

//

(b) 4
3
2
1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
A

Figure 6. Average Nusselt number for various Darcy-Rayleigh numbers with right wavy
wall’s (a) A = 0.05 and (b) λ = 3

25
 Q = −5 Q=0 Q=5
0. 0.6

0.4
0.4
0.

0.6 6
0.6
4

00.2.4.6
0.
00.2.4

00.2.4

0
0.8 0.8
0.8

0.6
A = 0.05, 0.6
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0.6

0.4
0.4

λ=1 0.2
0.4

0.2

0.2
0
0

0.
6 0.60.4.2 0.6

0.4
0. 0.6
0.4
0.

0.4 6 00.4
0.2 .2
0.6
4

0. 0.8
8
0.8

A = 0.15, 0.4 0.6

0.6

0.4
0.6

0.4
λ=3 0.2
0.2
0 0.2

0
0

0.6 00.4.2 0 0.60.4.2 0 0.6 0.6

00.4
0.4

.2
0.4
0.

0.6

0
0.6
4

0 0.8
0.8
0.8

A = 0.25,
0
0

4
0. 0.4
λ=5
0.4

0
0.6

0.2
0

0.6

0 2
0 0.2 0.
0.6

0
0

0
0 0 0
0

Figure 7. Isotherms for various internal heat generation/absorption parameters with

different combinations of right wavy wall’s amplitudes and undulations at RaD = 103

26
 Q = −5 Q=0 Q=5
0 0 0
4 −4 −4 4 −4
4
−8 −8 −8
0

−12 0 −12 −12

0
−48
−4
−8

−
−8 −4 −16

−8
−16 −16

−8
−8

A = 0.05,
Downloaded by HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY At 04:22 21 January 2017 (PT)

−12

−12

−12
−4

−16 −16
λ=1

−4

−4
−16
−12
−12
−12
−8 −8
−8
0

−4 −4

0
0

0
−4
0

0 0 0
0 0 0
4 −4 4 −4 4 −4
0
−8 −8 0 0
−8
−12
0

−12 −12

−16 −16 −16

−4

−4

−1
2 2 −4
−1
A = 0.15, −1
2
−4

0
−4
−40

−16 0

6
0
λ=3 −16

−1
−8

−8

−8
0
−−8

−12 −12
12

−8

−8

−4
−4 0 −4 0
0

0 0 0
0 0 0
0

−4 4 −4 4 −4 0
4
−8 −4
0 −8 −4
−8 −4
0 0
−12 −12
0

0
−12
0

−16 −16 −16

−8

−8

−8
0

0
−1

0
−16

A = 0.25,
0
6
−1

0
0

λ=5
0

0
−4 0 −4 0 −4 0
−4

−12
−4

−12 −12
−4

−8 −8 0 −8
0
0
0

0 0
0 0 0 0

Figure 8. Streamlines for various internal heat generation/absorption parameters with

different combinations of right wavy wall’s amplitudes and undulations at RaD = 103

27
 Left wall Right wall
40 100
Q = −5
20 80 Q=0
60 Q=5
Downloaded by HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY At 04:22 21 January 2017 (PT)

Nu
Nu

40
A = 0.05,
-20
λ=1 Q = −5 20
-40 Q=0 0
Q=5
-60 -20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0242
Y Y
40 40
Q = −5
20 30 Q=0
Q=5
0 20
Nu

Nu

A = 0.15,
-20 10
λ=3 Q = −5
-40 Q=0 0
Q=5
-60 -10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.1259
Y Y

Figure 9. Local Nusselt number along the left and right walls for various internal
heat generation/absorption parameters with different combinations of right wavy wall’s
amplitudes and undulations at RaD = 103

28
 4
A = 0.00, λ = 0
3.5 A = 0.05, λ = 1
A = 0.05, λ = 3
Nu 3 A = 0.15, λ = 1
A = 0.15, λ = 3
(a) 2.5

1.5
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-5 -3 -1 0 1 3 5
Q
6
A = 0.00, λ = 0
A = 0.05, λ = 1
5
A = 0.05, λ = 3
A = 0.15, λ = 1
Nu

4 A = 0.15, λ = 3
(b)
3

2
-5 -3 -1 0 1 3 5
Q
15
A = 0.00, λ = 0
14 A = 0.05, λ = 1
13 A = 0.05, λ = 3
A = 0.15, λ = 1
Nu

12 A = 0.15, λ = 3
(c)
11

10

9
-5 -3 -1 0 1 3 5
Q

Figure 10. Variation of average Nusselt number with internal heat generation/absorption
parameters with different combinations of right wavy wall’s amplitudes and undulations
at (a) RaD = 10, (b) RaD = 102 and (c) RaD = 103

29