Sie sind auf Seite 1von 12

CHEM 101LGeneral Chemistry I LaboratoryLAB 12

Investigating the Gas Laws


Part I. Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship in Gases

The primary objective of this experiment is to determine the relationship between the pressure and
volume of a confined gas. The gas we use will be air, and it will be confined in a syringe connected to a
Pressure Sensor (see Figure 1). When the volume of the syringe is changed by moving the piston, a
change occurs in the pressure exerted by the confined gas. This pressure change will be monitored using
a Pressure Sensor. It is assumed that temperature will be constant throughout the experiment. Pressure
and volume data pairs will be collected during this experiment and then analyzed. From the data and
graph, you should be able to determine what kind of mathematical relationship exists between the
pressure and volume of the confined gas. Historically, this relationship was first established by Robert
Boyle in 1662 and has since been known as Boyle’s law.

Figure 1
MATERIALS
LabPro or CBL 2 interface LoggerPro Program
Vernier Gas Pressure Sensor or Pressure Sensor 20-mL gas syringe

PROCEDURE
1. Your instructor will show you how to set LoggerPro for data collection. Pressure readings are in
millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and Temperature readings are in degrees Celsius (​o​C). If this is not
so, see your instructor.
2. With the 20-mL syringe disconnected from the Pressure Sensor, move the piston of the syringe until
the front edge of the inside black ring (indicated by the arrow in Figure 1) is positioned at the 10.0
mL mark. Figure 2 shows how to obtain a volume measurement from the syringe.

Figure 2
3. Attach the 20-mL syringe to Pressure Sensor and record the temperature of the room in degrees o​​ C.
Convert this to Kelvin temperature.

-1-
CHEM 101LGeneral Chemistry I LaboratoryLAB 12

4. Push in the syringe to obtain a volume of 5.0 mL.


DO NOT PUSH THE SYRINGE PAST THE 5.0 ML MARK!
When the pressure reading stabilizes, record the volume (mL) and pressure (mmHg) in the data
table below.
5. Continue with this procedure using volumes of 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0 mL. Wait for the
pressure reading to stabilize, then record the volume (mL) and pressure (mmHg) for each of the
above volumes into the data table .

Note: The internal volume of the pressure cell is 0.5 mL. Therefore, it will be necessary to add 0.8
mL to the volume indicated on the syringe.

DATA AND CALCULATIONS

COPY THIS TABLE TO YOUR LAB NOTEBOOK AND RECORD ALL DATA IN YOUR LAB NOTEBOOK. DO
NOT PLACE DATA IN THE TABLE BELOW.
Volume Pressure Calculate Calculate
(mL) (mm Hg) constant = P / V constant = P • V

5.0+0.5= 5.5 1410.0 256.6 7,755.0

7.5+0.5= 8.0 991.0 7,928.0


123.88

10.0+0.5= 10.5 808.0 76.95 8,484.0

12.5+0.5= 13.0 631.7 48.59 8,212.1

15.0+0.5= 15.5 506.6 32.62 7,843.0

17.5+0.5= 18.0 419.7 23.32 7,554.6

20.0+0.5= 20.5 378.3 18.45 7,755.1

-2-
CHEM 101LGeneral Chemistry I LaboratoryLAB 12

Which of the above, P/V or P x V, give more constant values?​ Why?

PROCESSING THE DATA

1. Using Microsoft Excel, create a graph of Pressure (y-axis) vs. Volume (x-axis). Use Graph Wizard and
select a scatter plot (no line) to create the graph.
Attach the graph to your Lab Notebook

2. Using Microsoft Excel, create a graph of Pressure (P) (y-axis) vs. (1/Volume) (x-axis). Use Graph
Wizard and select a scatter plot (no line) to create the graph. Fit a regression line through the data
points (Select data points on graph, right click).
Tape the graph into your Lab Notebook

3. Describe the differences in the above two graphs.

4. What did you observe about the values of P*V and P/V calculated in the data table?

5. Using constant (k) = P * V where k is a proportionality constant, use your data to calculate the
average value for k. What are the units of k?

-3-
CHEM 101LGeneral Chemistry I LaboratoryLAB 12

Part II. Pressure -Temperature Relationship in Gases

Gases are made up of molecules that are in constant motion and exert pressure when they collide with
the walls of their container. The velocity and the number of collisions of these molecules is affected
when the temperature of the gas increases or decreases. In this experiment, you will study the
relationship between the temperature of a gas sample and the pressure it exerts. This relationship is
generally referred to as ​Gay Lussac’s Law​​. Using the apparatus shown in Figure 1, you will place an
Erlenmeyer flask containing an air sample in water bath at an elevated temperature T​1​. Pressure will be
monitored with a ​pressure sensor​ as the temperature of the bath slowly returns to room temperature.
Temperature will be monitored using a ​temperature sensor​. The volume of the gas sample and the
number of molecules it contains will be kept constant. Pressure and temperature data pairs will be
collected during the experiment and then analyzed. From the data and graph, you will determine what
kind of mathematical relationship exists between the pressure and absolute temperature of a confined
gas. You will also do the extension exercise and use your data to find a value for absolute zero on the
Celsius temperature scale.

Figure 2

MATERIALS
LabPro or CBL 2 interface plastic tubing with two connectors
125-mL Erlenmeyer flask
Vernier Gas Pressure Sensor or Pressure Sensor rubber stopper assembly
Vernier Temperature Probe ring stand and utility clamp
Stirring bar or rod 800 ml beaker
Bunsen burner Beaker tongs

PROCEDURE
1. Obtain and wear goggles.
2. Also obtain an 1000 ml beaker and fill with water about ¾ full.
3. Assemble the laboratory setup as shown in Figure 2. Attach the rubber stopper containing a
stop valve to a 125-mL flask (or other provided by your instructor). Connect the stopper to the
pressure sensor. ​Make sure the valve is closed, as shown in Figure 2.​​ You now have a fixed
volume of air in the flask.
4. Take the beakers with warm tap water ¾ full and heat the water using the Bunsen burner to
about 60​o​C. Using beaker tongs remove the hot beaker from the ring stand and set up the
apparatus show in figure 1 above. Immerse the flask assembly prepared into the hot water
-4-
CHEM 101LGeneral Chemistry I LaboratoryLAB 12

beaker so that the flask is covered to the level of the rubber stopper. ​Wait 5 minutes ​for the air
inside the flask to equilibrate with the temperature of the beaker. Under the experiment menu
select DATA COLLECTION. The screen should be set as follows:

Data Collection should be set as follows: This is different from above box.
Length of Data Collection: 30 minutes
Sampling Rate: 1.00 sample/minute

Depress the DONE button after you have set the parameters.
With these settings data pairs will automatically be collected 1 time per minute for 30
minutes
5. When the temperature begins to drop, Press the START COLLECTION button​​. Now begin
to collect pressure – temperature data as the temperature heads down to room temperature.
(P,T) data point will be displayed on the data columns on the screen.
6. After the data collection ceases, select all the data collected and copy and paste it into an Excel
worksheet. All further manipulations and graphing of the data will be done in Excel.

-5-
CHEM 101LGeneral Chemistry I LaboratoryLAB 12

DATA AND CALCULATIONS


WRITE THIS TABLE INTO YOUR LAB NOTEBOOK AND RECORD ALL DATA IN YOUR LAB NOTEBOOK.
DO NOT PLACE COPY THE DATA TABLE BELOW INTO YOU LAB NOTEBOOK.
Wait for the Temperature to begin to drop before you collect data!
Time Pressure Temperatur Temperature Calculate Calculate
(min) (mmHg) e (K) constant​ = P / T​K constant​ = P • T​K
(°C)
23 762.4 23 296 2.576 225,894

10 731.1 10 283 2.584 207,059

0 720.0 0.4 273.4 2.656 197,449

40 803.9 40.2 313.2 2.567 251,781

30 774.8 32 305

Which of the above, P/T or P x T, give more constant values?​ Why?

-6-
CHEM 101LGeneral Chemistry I LaboratoryLAB 12

PROCESSING THE DATA

1. Using Microsoft Excel, create a graph of Pressure (mmHg) (y-axis) vs. Temperature (​o​C)
(x-axis). Use Graph Wizard and select a scatter plot (no line) to create the graph. Fit a regression
line through the data points. Include the equation for the regression line on the graph.
Attach your graph to your lab notebook.

2. Obtain an estimate of absolute zero! Write the equation of the trend line from the above graph in
the space below. Absolute zero is the coldest known temperature at which the pressure of a gas
would equal zero. Absolute zero = 0 K = -273​o​C.

To estimate this from your data . . . set pressure (y) = 0 and solve for temperature (x), in o​​ C.
This will be your estimate of absolute zero. Show your calculation in your lab notebook.

-7-
CHEM 101LGeneral Chemistry I LaboratoryLAB 12

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ​– Answer using complete questions.

1. Why did the pressure increase as the volume of the syringe was decreased? Explain what
is happening in the syringe at the molecular level.

2. How did the number of moles in the syringe change as the volume of the syringe was
decreased?

3. Why did the pressure decrease as the temperature of the flask decreased? Explain what
is happening in the syringe at the molecular level.

4. Are the variables of pressure and volume directly or inversely-related? Are the variables
of pressure and temperature directly or inversely-related?

5. The composition of air is approximately 78% N​2​, 21% O​2​, and 1% Ar by volume.
If the initial pressure of gas in the syringe was 760.0 mmHg, what is the partial pressure
of each of the above gases in the syringe? Show your calculations.

-8-
CHEM 101LGeneral Chemistry I LaboratoryLAB 12

Gas Law Practice Problems​​. Where applicable show your work to arrive at the correct solution to the
problem. Place a box around your answer with the correct units. Show how the units cancel.

1) A 5.00-L tank contains helium gas at 152 KPa. What is the pressure of the gas in mmHg?

A) 1.50 mm Hg B) 507 mm Hg C) 3800 mm Hg D) 760 mm Hg ​ E) 1140 mm Hg

2) A gas sample in a closed, expandable container of initial volume 5.00 L was allowed to warm from
25.0°C to 35.0°C. What was its new volume?

A) 5.17 L B) 4.84 L ​C) 7.00 L D) 4380 L E) 3.57 L

3) The gas with an initial volume of 24.0 L at a pressure of 565 mmHg is compressed until the volume is
16.0 L. What is the final pressure of the gas, assuming the temperature does not change?

A) 848 mmHg B) 500. mmHg C) 760 mmHg D) 465 mmHg E) 377 mmHg

4) A gas contained in a steel tank has a pressure of 1.5 atm at a temperature of 320 K. What will be the
gas pressure when the temperature changes to 450 K?

A) 2.1 atm B) 0.47 atm C) 0.94 atm D) 1.5 atm E) 1.1 atm
-9-
CHEM 101LGeneral Chemistry I LaboratoryLAB 12

5) A gas sample contains 4.0 g of CH​4​ and 2.0 g of He. What is the volume of the sample at STP?

A) 5.6 L B) 11.2 L ​C) 16.8 L D) 22.4 L E) 29.0 L

6) A diver exhales a bubble with a volume of 250 mL at a pressure of 2.4 atm and a temperature of
15 °C. What is the volume of the bubble when it reaches the surface where the pressure is 1.0 atm
and the temperature is 27 °C?

A) 630 mL B) 1100 mL C) 100 mL D) 110 mL E) 580 mL

7) 1 mole of a gas occupies 22.4 L at


A) 0 °C and 760 mm Hg.
B) 100 °C and 1 atm.
C) 0 °C and 0.50 atm.
D) 0 K and 1 atm.
E) 100 °C and 10 atm.

8) At 100.​o​C and 1200 Torr, 11.0 g of SO​2​ has a volume of . . .

A) 3.33 L. B) 3.80 L. C) 22.4 L. D) 250 L. E) 0.00439 L.


-10-
CHEM 101LGeneral Chemistry I LaboratoryLAB 12

9) At 25.0​o​C and 0.870 atm, what is the mass 13.0 L of methane, CH​4​?

A) 0.462 g B) 9.20 g C) 7.40 g D) 22.4 g E) 0.580 g

10) Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → H​2​(g) + ZnCl​2​(aq)

When 25.0 g of Zn reacts, how many L of H​2​ gas are formed at STP?

A) 0.0171 L B) 8.56 L C) 0.382 L D) 4.28 L E) 22.4 L

11) 4 Na(s) + O​2​(g ) → 2Na​2​O(s)

How many mL of O​2​ gas at 125​o​C and 256 KPa are needed to react with 15.0 g of Na?

A) 2.11 mL B) 8.32 mL C) 2640 mL D) 8230 mL E) 2110 mL


-11-
CHEM 101LGeneral Chemistry I LaboratoryLAB 12

12) 2KClO​3​(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O​2​(g)

How many L of O​2​ gas at 120​o​C and 1.50 atm are formed when 15.0 g of KClO​3​ reacts?

A) 3.96 L B) 4.11 L C) 22.4 L D) 2.74 L E) 1.83 L

13) Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → H​2​(g) + MgCl​2​(aq)

How many milliliters of H​2​ gas at 150​o​C and 1250 mmHg are produced when 225 mL of 0.100 M HCl
reacts with an excess of Mg metal decomposes?

A) 22.4 mL B) 238 mL C) 1200 mL D) 274 mL E) 730 mL

Answer Key
1) E
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) C
6) A
7) A
8) A
9) C
10) B
11) E
12) A
13) B
-12-

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen