TECHNICAL NOTE
Why Install Surge Protection?
The consequences of an unexpected power surge can be
catastrophic to any business or facility. To get a full picture
of this expense, it is necessary to add the cost of equipment
repair/replacement, the cost of data recovery, the cost of
operational downtime and the cost of forgone opportunities.
Additionally, personnel may be placed at undue risk through
the possible failure of safety systems.
According to the Insurance Information Institute, NY,
(NY Press Release 11 August 1989): Lightning and over-
voltage transients cause damage to property, electrical,
electronic and communications equipment estimated to be
more than US$1.2 billion dollars per year in the US alone.
This represents approximately 5% of all insurance claims
in the US.
According to Holle, et al., Journal of Applied Met, Vol 35,
No.8, August 1996: Insurance claims to lightning and
over-voltage damage amount to US$332 million annually
in the US, but many parties remain uninsured against this
form of property damage. On average this represents a
claim for one in every 57 lightning strikes in the US.
Cost of transient damage to unprotected systems includes:
• Equipment repair/replacement costs
• Data recovery costs
• Non-productive operational downtime
• Lost commercial opportunities
• Cost of customer dissatisfaction
Although it is the most spectacular form of externally
generated transients, lightning is only one source of over-
voltage events. Other sources include the switching of
power circuits and operational equipment by neighboring
industries, the operation of power factor correction devices,
the switching and clearing of faults on transmission lines
and utility substations. It is important to note that lightning
does not need to directly strike a power line for such damage
to occur; a strike several hundred feet away can induce
large damaging transients, even to underground cables.
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TN CR 001
Most transients are actually internally generated within one’s
own facility by the switching on and off of electrical loads
such as lights, heating systems, motors and operation of
laser printers and photocopiers, etc. It is estimated that 70
to 85% of all transients are generated internally within
one’s own facility.
Modern industry is highly reliant on electronic equipment
and automation to increase productivity and safety. The
economic benefits of such devices are well accepted.
Computers are commonplace and microprocessor-based
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are used in most
manufacturing facilities. Microprocessors can also be
found imbedded in many industrial machines, security &
fire alarms, time clocks and inventory tracking tools.
Given the wide range of transient sources and the potential
cost of disruption, the initial installed cost of surge protection
can readily be justified for any facility. As a guide, the cost
of protection should be approximately 10% of the cost of
the facility’s economic risk.
To be effective, the protection concept should follow ERICO’s
Six Point Plan. Points 5 and 6 in this Plan deal with the
need for surge protection on Power and Data circuits
respectively. Under Point 5, a coordinated approach of
distributed protection is advocated, where the first stage
of defense is the installation of primary protection devices
at the Service Entrance, followed by secondary protection
at distribution Branch Panels or where necessary, at point-
of-use applications.
TECHNICAL NOTE
The Need for Coordinated Protection
Reliable protection of structures, industrial and commercial
operations and personnel, demands a systematic and
comprehensive approach to minimizing the threats
caused by transient over-voltages. Grounding, bonding,
lightning protection and surge protection all need to be
considered for comprehensive facility electrical protection.
Each of these are interdependent disciplines that need a
holistic design approach to ensure the facility is not left
with a vulnerable “blind spot”. The investment in surge
protection devices can be wasted if “blind spots” exist.
For example, installing a surge protection device on the
power supply to a programmable logic controller is of little
value if the I/O lines are not also protected. In addition, an
air terminal on the facility may capture the lightning energy
but without a dependable ground system, this energy can
not be safely dissipated. Equally, even the most expensive
Surge Protection Devices (SPDs) are poor performers if a
low impedance electrical ground is not provided. These
interdependent disciplines are best applied when looking at
a total facility rather than an individual piece of equipment
or portion of the facility.
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TN CR 002
ERICO has developed its comprehensive Six Point PlanTM
to protect the overall facility, assure safety of its personnel
and minimize exposure to transient damage based on
cost/benefit and risk assessment principles. Implementation
and coordination of all elements of the plan are required
for optimal protection and long term operational viability.
The six interdependent disciplines that form our protection
plan are:
1) Capture lightning strikes at a preferred point(s)
2) Conduct the energy safely to ground
3) Dissipate energy into ground
4) Equipotentially bond all grounds
5) Protect from surges on power lines
6) Protect from surges on data/signaling lines
The plan prompts the user into considering a coordinated
approach to lightning protection - one embracing all aspects
of potential damage, from the more obvious direct strike to
the more subtle mechanisms of differential earth potential
rises and voltage induction at service entry points.
TECHNICAL NOTE
Where to Install SPDs for AC Powered Electronic Equipment
Knowing where to install surge protection can be difficult.
The balance must be found between installing SPDs on
every distribution board/“point-of-use” and installing insuf-
ficient protection leaving the facility vulnerable to damage.
The following 5 steps provide guidelines to optimizing your
investment in protection without paying for over-coverage:
1) The first line of defense is to install an adequate surge
protection device at the primary service entrance to that
facility. This unit is normally the largest surge-rated device,
as it may be subjected to the injection of direct lightning
currents. Typically a rating of at least 100kA 8/20µs is
required. This primary protection alone is often adequate
for the protection of the facility’s robust electrical/electro-
mechanical equipment such as heating, lights and motors.
2) For sensitive electronic equipment, a second line of
defense to further reduce the let-through voltage of the
service entrance protection should be installed. Generally
this is applied at selected branch distribution boards.
These secondary device(s) also serve to protect branch
circuit equipment from internally generated transients –
Primary Protection
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TN CR 003
approximately 70 to 85% of all transients are generated
within one’s own facility. A surge rating of 40kA 8/20µs is
recommended for secondary devices.
3) Subcircuits that feed electrically noisy equipment such
as variable speed drives and industrial equipment should
also be protected to prevent electrical noise feeding back
onto other circuits.
4) Where sensitive electronic equipment is located more
than 30' away from the closest upstream SPD, additional
protection may be required. This is termed “point-of-use”
protection and should be installed as close to the electronic
equipment as possible.
5) Suppressed Voltage Rating (SVR) is a measure of how
well an SPD clamps a transient voltage of 500A 8/20µs,
6kV 1.2/50µs. For sensitive electronic equipment, check
that the closest upstream SPD has an SVR lower than the
equipment’s withstand threshold. An SVR of less than
400V is generally preferred for such application.
Secondary Protection
TECHNICAL NOTE TN CR 004

How to Select SPDs for Data, Signaling & Control Circuits

Knowing where to install surge protection can be difficult. To not interfere with the normal signaling voltages. As a
ensure cost-effective protection is provided for data, signaling guide, the SPD clamping voltage should be selected
and control circuits, two issues need to be considered: to be approximately 20% higher than the circuit’s peak
working voltage.
• Where should the SPD(s) be installed?
2. The line current rating of the SPD should be sufficient
• What type of SPD is appropriate for each circuit type
to handle the maximum expected signaling current.
and location?
3. The SPD bandwidth should be sufficient to allow correct
Where should the SPD(s) be installed? operation of the system without adverse attenuation.
Communications devices are at risk from transients being This ensures that the attenuation of the SPD at the
induced onto the signal lines interconnecting these devices. nominal operating frequency of the system does not
The use of surge protection barriers, installed at either end exceed the stated limit. For most SPDs, frequency
of the lines, provides cost effective mitigation. The highest attenuation data or a maximum recommended baud
risk is posed by communication or signal lines that enter/exit rate is generally specified.
the building. In such circumstances, protection devices 4. The connection termination, mounting method, number
should be installed at the point-of-entry or at the equipment of lines to be protected and other physical aspects
termination itself. Internal wiring which extends more than must be considered.
30-50’ should also be protected. Twisting and/or shielding
of cables provides a level of protection, however this 5. The SPD surge rating should be appropriate for the
should not be regarded as sufficient for the sensitive inter- intended location. For circuits internal to the building,
faces that characterize today’s communication devices. surge ratings of 1-5kA are generally sufficient. For the
protection of circuits that connect to exposed lines
How to select an SPD for a given location entering/exiting the facility, 10-20kA is recommended.
Five parameters must be considered to ensure that surge
Alternatively a Protocol or standard may be specified that
protection devices for use on data, signaling or control
defines the above parameters. As an example, the CRITEC
circuits are effective and do not adversely affect operation
DEP-RS232/9/9 is designed to protect circuits meeting the
of the circuit.
V.24 EIA-232 specifications. As items 1-3 are defined by
1. SPDs are designed to clamp the excess transient voltage the Standard the DEP-RS232/9/9 will work on any circuit
to safe levels sustainable by the equipment, yet should employing the RS-233 signal protocol.

CENTRAL LOCATION

Low Voltage (DC or AC)

Secondary Power Supply
to remote location
Primary Power
Protection Transient Barrier Transient Barrier

Power Feed
Control / Data Signal
to remote location

Transient Barrier Transient Barrier Sensor

Control / Data
Signal to Line
Local Location Surge Load Cell
Protector Protector
Secondary Transient Barrier
LOAD CELL
LCP
Power Protection INSTRUMENT
PROGRAM Low Voltage (DC or AC)
Secondary Power Supply
Modem LOGIC to Local Location
CONTROLLER Weighbridge
MODEM Transient Barrier Local Sensor
Sensor

Other Sensors
LSP LSP

Transient Barrier PROCESS CONTROL Line Surge Protector • Grounding connections are not shown

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 Common Protocols used in Process Control & Automation and Signaling applications

The blue CRITEC “Process Control and Automation, Surge Protection At a Glance” brochure (S253S) is
designed to assist understanding the application of the different CRITEC data, signaling and control SPDs. It
also gives the fundamental product selection criteria for any protection application, namely:
1) Peak working voltage
2) Maximum Line current
3) Frequency
4) Termination connection.

The document also mentions that protocols or industry standards are often used to describe the details of a
signaling circuit. Where the protocol is known, this often eliminates the need to find out 1-3, and occasionally
4.

This document describes some common protocols and the appropriate SPD, or SPD series. As can be seen a
number of different SPDs often meet the requirements defined by the protocol, so the final choice of which
SPD to use may be based on the connection method or number of lines to protect.

Protocol/Standard Description Applicable SPD Series (1)

RS-232 (V.24) Unbalanced, bi-directional communication circuit § DEP-RS232 Series(3)
most commonly used between older PCs and § UTB-18(2)
printers/plotter. Also used in industrial applications § LSP10-18(2)
for temporary low distance connections such as
connection of PC to download program to a PLC
etc (>50ft). Although this standard allows up to +/-
25V signaling, use of more than +/- 12V is very
uncommon.
RS-422 (V.11) Industrial version of RS232 where balance § DEP-RS422/9/9
signaling is used to allow transmission of signals a § UTB-9(2)
greater distance (4000ft). Only allows connection § LSP10-9(2)
between two devices. 0-5V signaling used. § LAN RJ45

RS-423 Similar to RS-232, but +/- 5V signaling used. § DEP-RS232 Series(3)

§ UTB-9(2)
§ LSP10-9(2)
§ LAN RJ45

RS-449 Based on RS422 but with defined DB-25 connector. § DEP-RS232/25/25

RS-485 Similar to RS-422 but this protocol allows multiple § DEP-RS422/9/9
devices to communicate on the one circuit. For § UTB-9(2)
industrial applications this is the most popular RS § LSP10-9(2)
protocol. Note that although this standard does not
define the DB pin connections, a DB9 connection is
most common. 0-5V signaling used.
RS-499 A RS232 system with defined 37 and 9 pin § DEP-RS232/9/9
connector. The DEP-RS232/9/9 is used on circuits
using the DB9 connector.
 Guide to common signaling protocols

Ethernet Ethernet is the term used to describe a family of 10 Base T:

10 Base T computer communication protocols. Within this § For systems with RJ45
100 Base T family is Connectors use the
Cat 4 Cable § 10 Base T, a 10MHz communication system LAN-RJ45.
Cat 5 Cable using twisted pair or coaxial cables § For coaxial systems use
§ 100 Base T, a 100MHz communication system the LAN-TWL.
using twisted pair cables. 100 Base T:
Cable specification Cat 4 defines capability to allow § Use LAN-RJ45.
up to 10 Base T operation, while Cat 5 cable allows
up to 100 Base T operation. Note that many 10 Base
T systems are operated on Cat 5 cabling systems.
Token Ring § LAN-BNC
ArcNet § LAN-BNC
CCTV Closed Circuit TV signal § ECX06 BNCY
§ LAN-BNC/75
E1 E1 is a high speed telephone signal (1.5Mbit) used § For "dry"(4) coaxial
T1 (2Mbit) to connect customer equipment to a telephone circuits use DTI-1B.
exchange § For hardwired circuits
T1 is the high speed connection (2Mbit) used for refer Note (4).
connection between telecommunication network
equipment

Although not common in the USA, where the

Krone termination system is used the HSP10K-
230V should be used for wet lines and the HSP10K-
72V for dry lines.
Telephone Line § UTB-S, UTB-T
§ SLP1-RJ11

4-20mA Connection to industrial transducers § UTB-36(2)

(Probably the most common industrial circuit type) § LPS10-36(2)
0-20mA Connection to industrial transducers § UTB-36(2)
§ LPS10-36(2)
0-10V Connection to industrial transducers § UTB-18(2)
§ LSP10-18(2)
+/- 10V Connection to industrial transducers § UTB-18(2)
§ LPS10-18(2)
0-20V Connection to industrial transducers § UTB-36(2)
§ LPS10-36(2)
Strain gauge § LCP Series
Load cells
ControlNet Common industrial PLC communication circuit § LAN-BNC

Page 2 of 3
 Guide to common signaling protocols

(1)
Some of these protocols do not define the actual connector or pin configuration, and in some cases not all
lines as defined in the standard will be used, please refer to documentation for the circuit/equipment to be
protected to ensure adequate protection is provided and that the SPD will not interfere with normal circuit
operation.
(2)
The quantity of UTBs/LSPs required will be dependant upon the number of wires being used in the signaling
circuit:
§ Each UTB will protect one pair of wires
§ Each LSP will protect 5 balanced pairs or ten unbalanced pairs.
RS-485 and RS-422 are generally implemented in a two or four wire configuration (half and full duplex – i.e.
one way and two way communication). The UTB-9 and LSP10-9 can be used with two wire systems, but care
is needed when using LSP10-9 or 2 x UTB-9 for four wire systems. Due to internal capacitance differences
between devices this may adversely affect communications.
(3)
The DEP-RSxxx family has several products as both DB25 and DB9 (25 pin and 9 pin) connectors are used.
For 25 pin connectors the DEP-RS232/25/9 provides protection to the most commonly used 9 pins (A RS-232
circuit can use as little as two wires, the DEP cut sheet details the actual pins protected). The DEP-RS232/25/25
should be used where the number of wires to be protected is unknown or where all wires are not protected by
the standard DEP-RS232/25/9 product. For DB9 connectors the DEP-RS232/9/9 should be used for RS232
circuits – all pins are protected as standard. For RS422 or RS485 the DEP-RS422/9/9 should be used.

DEP Series Connector # Pins Peak Protocol

protected working
voltage
DEP-RS232/25/9 DB25 M/F 9 15V RS232, RS423
DEP-RS232/25/25 DB25 M/F 25 15V RS232, RS423, RS449
DEP-RS232/9/9 DB9 M/F 9 15V RS232, RS423, RS499
DEP-RS422/9/9 DB9 M/F 9 9V RS422, RS485

(4) There are two forms of T1/E1 Lines, "wet" and "dry". "Wet" lines are those that superimposed a power
supply (40-160mA, typ 60V) to power remote repeaters. SPDs for "wet" lines must feature a higher working
voltage rating. "Wet" lines are normally only found within the Telecommunication carriers network, while
those lines at the customer connection point will normally be "dry".

For exposed "wet" lines the UTB-S is recommended. If UL Recognition is required the lower performance
UTB-T should be used.

For exposed "dry" lines the UTB-18 is recommended. For low exposure applications the RJ45 connected LAN
RJ45 can be used. If UL Recognition is required the lower performance UTB-T should be used.

T1/E1 Lines comprise of a separate TX and RX pair, thus where UTBs are to be use 2 units will be required for
each "circuit".

Page 3 of 3
TECHNICAL NOTE
The Benefits of TD Technology
To meet the fundamental requirements of performance,
longer service life and greater safety under real world
conditions, ERICO has developed Transient Discriminating
(TD) technology.
This quantum leap in technology adds a level of “intelligence”
to the Surge Protection Device enabling it to discriminate
between sustained abnormal over-voltage conditions and
true transient or surge events. Not only does this ensure
safe operation under practical application, but it also prolongs
the life of the protector since permanent disconnects are
not required as a means of achieving internal over-voltage
protection.
Traditional Technologies
Conventional SPD technologies utilize metal oxide varistors
and/or silicon avalanche diodes to clamp or limit transient
events. However, these devices are susceptible to sustained
50/60Hz mains over-voltage conditions which often occur
during faults to the utility system. Such occurrences present
a significant safety hazard when the suppression device
attempts to clamp the peak of each half cycle on the mains
over-voltage. This condition can cause the device to rapidly
accumulate heat and in turn fail with the possibility of
inducing a fire hazard.
Traditional Technology
The Core of TD technology
The secret to ERICO’s Transient Discriminating Technology
is its active frequency discrimination circuit. This patented
device can discriminate between a temporary over-voltage
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TN CR 005
(TOV) condition and a very fast transient, which is associ-
ated with lightning or switching-induced surges. When the
transient frequencies are detected, the patented Quick-
SwitchTM within TD activates to allow the robust protection
to limit the incoming transient. The frequency discriminating
circuit that controls the Quick-SwitchTM ensures that the
SPD device is immune to the effects of a sustained 50 or
60Hz TOV. This allows the device to keep operating, pro-
viding safe and reliable transient protection, even after an
abnormal over-voltage condition has occurred.
Active TD Technology
TDTM
Quick-SwitchTM
Silicon
Array
Meeting & Exceeding UL Standards
The CRITEC® range of surge protection devices from
ERICO employing TD technology has been specifically
designed to meet and exceed the new safety requirements
of UL 1449 Edition 2. To meet the abnormal over-voltage
testing of UL 1449 Edition 2, many manufacturers of SPD
devices have incorporated fuse or thermal disconnect devices
which permanently disconnect all protection from the circuit
during an over-voltage event. Transient Discriminating
technology on the other hand will allow the SPD device to
experience an abnormal over-voltage up to twice its nominal
operating voltage and still remain operational even after
this event! This allows the device to provide safe, reliable
and continuous protection to your sensitive electronic
equipment. TD technology is especially recommended for
any site where sustained over-voltages are known to
occur, and where failure of traditional SPD technologies
cannot be tolerated.
 TN CR 005
(continued)

The UL 1449 testing standard addresses the safety of a
TVSS device under temporary and abnormal overvoltage
conditions, but does not specifically mandate a design
that will give a reliable, long length of service in the real
world. Specifically, UL 1449 tests that the TVSS remains
operational at 10% above nominal supply voltage, allowing
SPD manufacturers to design products that permanently
disconnect just above that. Most reputable manufacturer’s
designs allow for up to a 25% overvoltage, while ERICO’s
TD Technology gives even greater overhead.
TD Technology - Features & Benefits:
• Long life by eliminating SPD failure under TOV
conditions.
• Fully compliant with UL 1449, Edition 2.
• Extended Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage
makes this technology ideal where the integrity of
the utility power can not be guaranteed.
• No reliance on permanent over-voltage disconnects
means continued protection even after abnormal
over-voltage events.
• High surge capacity with low suppressed voltage
ratings.

Traditional Technology Response

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Typical Supply Problems
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Impulse Over-voltage Impulse

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TECHNICAL NOTE TN CR 006

SPDs and the Benefits of Filtering

Lightning or switching transients are characterized by an
impulse of very fast rise time. It is not uncommon to expe-
rience 10kA/µs rise times in current and much the same
in voltage.
Electronic equipment is sensitive not only to the absolute
magnitude of the voltage, but also to the rate of rise of this
impulse. Much of the damage which occurs in sensitive
electronic circuits using power semiconductor components
such as MOSFETs, thyristors and IGBTs is the result of
these steep changes in dv/dt and di/dt rather than simply
the peak voltage. Such fast changes can cause these
components to switch into conduction at the wrong point
in their conduction cycle and self-destruct.
Protection of sensitive electronic circuits requires more
than simply limiting the voltage of the transient. It is also
extremely important to slow down the inherently fast rates
of voltage and current rise – in effect to condition the
waveshape of the incident surge.
The inclusion of a “low pass filter” is well suited to such a role.
As its name implies, such a device will pass low frequencies,
such as the 60Hz mains voltage with little attenuation,
while it will attenuate and slow down the higher frequency
components of a fast transient event.
Surge protection devices may include such a filtering
stage to help condition the waveshape, thereby providing
superior protection for sensitive electronics. This said, it is
important to realize that a number of different topologies
of filter circuit exist, each providing significantly different
performance. At its simplest, a manufacturer may include
a capacitor in parallel with the output. This will serve to
reduce any fast ringing voltages and will also absorb the
energy in a small transient thereby providing a level of
attenuation.
A far more effective approach is the series LC filter. This
type of filter is connected after the surge limiting compo-
nents and is in series with the supply powering the equip-
ment. It consists of a series inductor and parallel capacitors.
Surge protection devices of this nature are often referred
to as “two port” devices since they have a distinct input
and output side. The inclusion of the series inductor
means that this type of surge protection device needs to
be rated for the continuous load current drawn. ERICO
manufactures its TDF and SRF range of protection
devices with series current capabilities from 3A to 200A.
These products efficiently reduce the dv/dt of the surge
from a nominal 10,000V/µs to less than 100V/µs – a one
hundred-fold improvement.

Types of Filters

Typical Output
v v v

t t t

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 TN CR 006
(continued)

A single port SPD is a device installed in parallel with the

equipment to be protected and serves to simply clamp the
peak of the transient voltage. The performance of this
clamping depends upon the technology used (e.g. MOVs,
Silicon, Spark Gap, etc.) and the construction/design. The
main limitation of the parallel diverter is that prior to the
activation of the device, little is done to modify the leading
edge of the incident surge waveshape.
A single port SPD with parallel filter stage adds to the above
a small amount of capacitance, typically in the order of
2µF. The purpose of this is to attenuate the higher order
frequencies, such as noise, and to dampen the oscillations
of faster ring wave impulses. Again this product does little
to modify the leading edge of the incident surge. Some
manufacturers market such devices using impressive jargon
such as Sinewave Filtering – this is of more marketing
value than technical benefit.
These filters offer two benefits:
1) They further reduce the transient voltage reaching
the equipment.
2) Most importantly they alter the rate of rise of the
leading edge of the impulse. The residual leading
edge spike after a standard SPD, although it may
only be 500V in amplitude, can cripple electronics
due to its extremely high rate of voltage rise of
3,000-12,000V/µs. The Series Surge Filter reduces
this rate of rise to less than 100V/µs. This slower
change in voltage is better withstood by electronic
equipment using switched mode power supplies.
The filter also attenuates small signal RFI/EMI
noise problems.

Two port SPD devices contain a series inductance and

Applied Cat B. Pulse
typically parallel capacitance. Such devices with a low
pass series filter provide superior performance and are Cat. B Open
well suited to the protection of sensitive microprocessor- Circuit Voltage
6kV 1.2/50µs
based electronics such as SCADA and PLC systems. A (Circuit Current
well designed two port SPD will provide attenuation to not 3kA 8/20µs)
only the higher frequency RFI/EMI (Radio Frequency
Interference/Electro-magnetic Interference) but critically to
the 25 to 100kHz band (the fundamental frequency range
of most lightning induced interference and where 70-90%
of the energy is contained). 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
TIME (µs)
Typical
Lightning TDF Surge Filters
Frequency
Bandwidth RFI Filters
0
Output
-10
SVR = 600V
600
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (volts)

-20
Attenuation (dB)

DV/dt = 3000V/µs
400
-30 SVR = 330V

200
-40 DV/dt = 100V/µs

-50 0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

-60
TIME (µs)
-70 SPD Only Surge Filter

-80 Improved reduction in dv/dv of Surge Filter

1 5 10 50 100 1000 2000
Frequency (kHz)

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TECHNICAL NOTE TN CR 007

What Are Clamping Voltages, Suppressed

Voltage Ratings and Let-throughs?
All these terms relate to a measure of an SPD’s ability to
protect the downstream equipment by limiting the transient UL Suppressed Voltage Ratings
voltage of an applied impulse. No SPD clamps the transient
330 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200
voltage to zero; some small amount of residual voltage is
let-through to the protected equipment. A good SPD will
limit this let-through voltage to a level that can be tolerated 1500 1800 2000 2500 3000 4000 5000 6000
by the equipment being protected. For example, it is not
unusual for transients to exceed several thousand volts The term Clamping Voltage is defined by different standards
while most electronic equipment can only withstand in the to refer to the voltage at which an SPD limits a defined
vicinity of 300Vpeak. Provided the SPD can clamp the transient voltage/current amplitude and waveshape. More
incident transient to less than the tolerance threshold of correctly, it is intended to define the “knee” of the VI
the equipment, adequate protection is provided. Actual characteristic for an MOV at which the onset of conduction
equipment withstand voltages vary, but as a guide for occurs and is generally measured at the 1mA point i.e. the
electronic equipment transient voltages, twice the nominal voltage across the SPD when 1mA dc is being conducted.
peak supply voltage can cause operational problems.
Physical damage can occur at voltages around 4 times MOV Voltage/Current Characteristic
nominal peak.
V
Note: Since the let through voltage of an SPD is proportional
to the magnitude of the applied surge, it is important when
considering the relative performance of different devices, Onset of Conduction
to know what test amplitude in kA, and waveshape (i.e.
8/20µs) was used to measure the let-through voltage.

In UL 1449, Underwriters Laboratories defines the term

“Suppressed Voltage Rating” (SVR) as the transient voltage 1mA
reaching the protected equipment (rounded up to the 1mA
I
nearest given value in a table) under a test condition of
6kV 1.2/50µs, 500A 8/20µs. The 500A level was selected
by UL as the lowest common denominator to allow even
the cheapest lowest surge-rated SPDs to be tested.
However, as most manufacturers use 130-175V nominal
MOVs (for 120V nominal SPDs) most SVRs will be similar
at this 500A 8/20µs level. Larger performance differences
will be noted at higher surge ratings. The IEEE C62.41
defines the electrical environment of the service entrance
to a facility as being a Category C exposure. This means
that transients of up to 10,000A 8/20µs with voltages of up
to 20kV can be expected. Under such conditions two
SPDs with similar SVR results under UL 1449 may exhibit
significantly different let-through voltages.

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TECHNICAL NOTE
What National Standards Are Applicable to SPDs?
Listing
In the USA, with the exception of utility and rail industries,
all AC power connected SPDs must be installed in accor-
dance with NEC wiring rules. This requires that the product
be listed for such a purpose. To be “listed”, an SPD must be
approved by a Nationally Accredited Testing Laboratory (NTL).
One example of a NTL listing service is Underwriters
Laboratories Inc. (UL).
UL 1449 Edition 2
The primary concern of UL is safety. To this end they have
developed a Standard “UL 1449 Edition 2 Standard for
Safety, Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors” for the testing
of TVSS/SPDs. Under Edition 2 of this Standard, an SPD
is taken through an extensive test regimen to ensure that
it will not pose a safety hazard under normal operations
as well as under potential failure modes, such as abnormal
utility supply events.
UL 1449 is not considered a performance standard, but it
does assign a Suppressed Voltage Rating to the SPD
being tested. To some extent this allows the performance
of two SPDs to be compared, however it is important to
note that this test is conducted at a very low energy level
to accommodate the smaller SPDs on the market. It does
not adequately demonstrate performance for branch and
service entrance products.
A shortcoming of UL 1449 is that it only requires products
to remain operational on voltages up to 110% of nominal.
SPDs are allowed to (safely) permanently fail if voltage
exceeds this. To limit the possibility of frequent SPD
replacements due to TOV, it is recommended that customers
additionally specify that the Maximum Continuous Operating
Voltage be at least 125% of nominal. Further reliability can
be gained by using products with CRITEC TD technology,
which extends the MCOV to between 140-200% of the
nominal supply voltage.
It is also important to note that UL 1449 does not test that
an SPD meets the manufacturer’s claimed surge rating.
While this may appear a severe oversight on the part of
the Standard, it becomes more understandable when we
consider that the primary concern of UL is safety and not
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TN CR 009
performance. The onus is left to the customer to seek
from the SPD manufacturer, evidence supporting claimed
surge ratings. This may be provided in the form of in-house
test results or preferably independent third party test
certificates.
ANSI/IEEE C62.41
In addition to considering the SVR figure provided for an
SPD under UL 1449, customers should also request let-
through voltages in accordance with ANSI/IEEE C62.41
Location categories A3 & B3 Ringwaves and B3 & C3
Combination waves. This will test the SPD’s clamping
performance with currents up to 10kA 8/20µs.
ANSI/IEEE C62.45
Compliance with life cycle testing in accordance with
ANSI/IEEE C62.45 should also be requested. This will
ensure that products have been tested with at least
10-1000 sequential impulses.
NEMA Standards Publication No. LS1
NEMA Standards Publication No. LS1 “Low Voltage Surge
Protective Devices” defines a method of specifying SPD
performance. Potential customers wishing to compare the
relative performance of SPDs should require that all data
and specification sheets be supplied in NEMA LS1 format.
An important requirement under NEMA LS1 is that the
claimed surge rating of an SPD be based on tested
results and not simply extrapolated or theoretical values.
This requirement ensures that the SPD’s surge rating is
what it has demonstrated it can withstand, and is not simply
based on the aggregate surge rating of MOV material.
This type of testing truly exercises all aspects of the SPD
design including important criteria such as the ability of the
terminals and PCB tracks to handle the claimed current
rating. It is not uncommon in the unregulated market of
SPDs, to find products that claim certain ratings but use
internal series fuses that will rupture at levels well below
those claimed for the device. All too often, claimed ratings
are based on the aggregate of MOVs or extrapolations of
testing portions of parallel circuits at lower amplitude.
TECHNICAL NOTE
What is an 8/20µs Waveform?
Transients can be coupled onto communication and power
circuits in a variety of ways. Figure 1 shows three coupling
methods onto a power circuit, using lightning as an example
source:
• Galvanic coupling is a direct electrical connection.
• Magnetic coupling occurs when the magnetic field of a
current carrying conductor induces a current onto an
adjacent conductor. This is one reason why burying
power cables is not considered adequate protection.
• Capacitive coupling is where the transient voltage is
coupled due to the inherent capacitance between two
circuits. Nearby power circuits can be a source for magnetic
and capacitive coupled transients onto communication
circuits, particularly when run together on cable trays or
raceways.
The reason why lightning poses such a threat is because
it can couple significant amounts of energy onto adjacent
conductors using any one of these methods. For example,
a lightning discharge several hundred feet from a power
transmission line, railroad track or pipeline can magnetically
and capacitively couple sufficient energy to disrupt operations
and destroy information or equipment.
Due to the random nature of most disturbances and the
variable characteristics of the transmission media, transients
exhibit wide waveform variations. However, field and labo-
ratory measurements, confirmed by theoretical calculations,
have lead to the selection of a small number of waveshapes
that are representative of the majority of transients encoun-
CONTROL
CENTER
GALVANIC - DIRECT STRIKE MAGNETIC INDUCTION - NEAR STRIKE
Figure 1. Example of transient coupling methods onto power circuits
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TN CR 010
tered in practice. To assist the industry, Standard bodies
such as ANSI/IEEE C62.41 define typical location Categories
A, B & C (Figure 2).
In addition to the above waveforms, four others are
commonly used:
• CCITT K17, 10/700µs unidirectional impulse for the energy
absorption specification of telephone protection equipment.
This waveform is most representative of the long tail impulse
characteristic of higher capacitance telephone lines.
• IEC, 10/350µs current impulse for service entrance power
SPDs. This waveshape is thought to better represent the
effects of a direct, galvanically coupled, lightning discharge.
• 5/50ns EFT burst - used to measure immunity of equipment
from electromagnetic interference.
• 10/1000µs - sometimes used as a measure to test an SPDs
energy handling ability.
These waveshapes define the short-circuit current charac-
teristic of the generator (effectively the generator’s internal
impedance). It is also common to define the open circuit
voltage characteristic of the generator. For example, for an
IEEE C62.41 Category B test, this is 6kV 1.2/50µs. The
8/20µs waveform is perhaps the most commonly quoted
waveform. Put simply, it is the short-circuit current from a
generator with a 1.2/50µs open-circuit voltage. The 8/20µs
specifies that the current rises from 10% to 90% of peak in
8µs and then decays to 50% of its peak in 20µs (taken from
the 10% rise point and not the peak).
CONTROL CONTROL
CENTER CENTER
CAPACITIVE COUPLING - NEAR STRIKE
 TN CR 010
(continued)

SPD Location Categories, ANSI/IEEE C62.41

LOCATION
CAT C CAT B CAT A
CATEGORY
VERY EXPOSED OUTSIDE AND FEEDERS AND SHORT OUTLETS AND LONG
LOCATIONS SERVICE ENTRANCE BRANCH CIRCUITS BRANCH CIRCUITS

Product Style Service Entrance TVSS Branch Panel TVSS

Category Location Characteristics

A1 Outlets & long branch circuits - Low exposure 2kV / 70A Ring wave (0.5µ-100kHz)

A2 Outlets & long branch circuits - Medium exposure 4kV / 130A Ring wave (0.5µ-100kHz)

A3 Outlets & long branch circuits - High exposure 6kV / 200A Ring wave (0.5µ-100kHz)
B1 Feeders and short branch circuits - Low exposure 2kV / 170A Ring wave, or
2kV / 1kA Combination wave (1.2/50µs-8/20µs)
B2 Feeders and short branch circuits 4kV / 330A Ring wave, or
Medium exposure 4kV / 2kA Combination wave (1.2/50µs-8/20µs)
B3 Feeders and short branch circuits 6kV / 500A Ring wave, or
High exposure 6kV / 3kA Combination wave (1.2/50µs-8/20µs)
C1 Outside and Service Entrance - Low exposure 6kV / 3kA Combination wave (1.2/50µs-8/20µs)

C2 Outside and Service Entrance - Medium exposure 10kV / 5kA Combination wave (1.2/50µs-8/20µs)

C3 Outside and Service Entrance - High exposure 20kV / 10kA Combination wave (1.2/50µs-8/20µs)

0.9Vpk Vpk Ipk

0.1 Ipk

T = 10µs (f = 100kHz)

0.5Vpk 0.5Vpk

0.1Vpk

0.5µs
0.1Vpk 0.1 Ipk

t90 t90
50µs 20µs
60% OF Vpk 1.2µs = 1.67 (t90 - tn) 8µs = 1.25 (t90 - t10)

ANSI C62.41 Category A test pulse - 0.5µs ANSI C62.41 Category B test pulse - 1.2/50µs unidirectional open circuit
100kHz open circuit voltage ringwave. voltage waveform, and resultant 8/20µs current discharge waveform.

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 TECHNICAL NOTE TN CR 011

What Surge Rating is Recommended for

Service Entrance Locations?
Two issues need to be considered when determining the
surge ratings of an SPD for a specific location:
• What is the largest surge impulse the site is likely to
require protection against; and
• Will this rating provide sufficient operational life under
the more frequent smaller impulses?
Competition between SPD manufacturers has seen ever-
increasing surge ratings being offered on the market, to
the point where surges of this magnitude are unlikely to
ever occur in nature and the life expectancy of the SPD
is often in excess of 100 years under statistical conditions.
It is not uncommon to find products on the market offering
surge ratings up to 600kA 8/20µs per line.
A number of sources provide information on the statistical
distribution of the current discharge of the direct lightning
strike. The diagram below shows that discharges above
100kA 8/20µs are likely to occur less than 5% of the time.
Combined with the fact that most discharges do not strike
the power line directly but are magnetically or capacitively
coupled to it, and that even under a direct strike to the line
the energy will split in either direction and be attenuated
by the distribution class arresters, it is not hard to realize
that only a small fraction of this initial energy actually
ANSI/IEEE standard C62.41 has classified the service
entrance environment as Cat B/Cat C. Under this classifi-
cation the highest expected energy level is 10kA 8/20µs.
IEEE argues its case by pointing to many years of data
collected for observed failure rates of equipment and impulse
insulation of the supply system. Put simply, electrical insu-
lation at the service entrance will not allow enough voltage
to develop to source currents in the magnitude of hundreds
of kAs. Recent work within the IEEE by respected scientists
and academics may see the Cat C reclassified to levels
nearer a maximum single shot rating of 100kA 8/20µs. It is
important to note this 100kA rating includes its own safety
overhead, thus higher surge ratings are not required. In addi-
tion, the 10/350µs waveshape may be introduced, up to 5kA.
A study that classifies the electrical environment of the
primary service entrance to a facility can be found in a
10-year independent study completed during the 1970s.
The purpose of this long duration study was to better
understand the frequency and magnitude of surges which
a typical building might experience in a location of average
isokeraunic level, to better protect the computer main
frame installations. This again confirms the observation
that large surges (>70kA) are rare, but multiple smaller
surges are common.
500

enters the facility of concern.

Number of Disturbances

400

100 300

90
200
% Events greater than Imax

80
100
70

60 0
0 .5-2.5 2.5-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-75 75-100 kA
50 Amplitude of Disturbance
40

30
The average number of disturbances per building over a 10 year period
20

10
ERICO recommends a single shot rating of 100kA 8/20µs
0 as providing a sufficient, cost effective level of protection
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Imax, Peak Current kA for most exposed locations. SPDs rated to this level will
provide a typical service life in excess of 15 years. This
Probability distribution of direct strike current
assertion is supported by the satisfactory field perform-
ance of many thousands of SPDs in some of the highest
lightning-prone regions of the world.

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TECHNICAL NOTE
Can I Compare Different Manufacturer’s Surge Ratings?
As not all manufacturers follow NEMA LS1 recommenda-
tions which seek to standardize the methods of specifying
an SPD, substantial confusion can occur when attempting
to compare different products.
There are a number of issues that need to be considered
in attempting such an exercise:
• First, are the stated ratings theoretical or tested?
• Second, are the stated surge ratings measured using
the same current/voltage waveshape? For example, a
10kA 8/20µs impulse has approximately the same Joule
energy as a 2kA 10/350µs impulse.
• Third, manufacturers use different methods for stating
the surge rating of their products when they provide
multiple modes of protection.
Typical Three Mode SPD
L been able to withstand the full 100kA. Worse still, some
40kA 40kA
(8/20µs) (8/20µs)
N
40kA
(8/20µs)
G that you request test results from manufacturers, verifying
For example, the product shown above could be claimed as:
– An 80kA per line SPD (connected to each line are two
40kA devices)
– A 40kA per mode SPD with 3 modes of protection
– A 120kA SPD (simply the sum of all the individual modes)
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TN CR 012
Three claimed ratings are possible for exactly the same
device. It is critical when comparing surge ratings for
devices with multiple modes that it is fully understood
how each manufacturer has arrived at their claimed ratings
if a true comparison is to be realized. This may not
always be easy, documentation may intentionally exclude
such information where the intent is to make a product
appear to have a higher rating than it actually does.
• Fourth, not all manufacturers have the surge generators
capable of testing at the higher surge levels and may
thus extrapolate their results from smaller level tests. For
example, if a 100kA product is offered, but the manufacturer
can only test up to 20kA, each one-fifth of the protection
circuit may be connected in turn and tested to 20kA.
The reasoning is that the full device should then be able
to withstand 100kA. However, the common parts of the
circuit which carry the full 100kA, such as the terminals
and internal printed circuit board tracks etc., have not
manufactures will exclude the limiting effect of series
fuses. It is not uncommon to find products on the market,
which claim 80kA 8/20µs per mode, but which use internal
fuses in series with each 80kA MOV module, which rupture
at approximately 20kA 8/20µs.
As stated in other technical notes in this series, NEMA LS1
specifies that the surge rating of an SPD is determined from
actual testing. It allows a surge rating to be claimed when
the SPD does not exhibit more than a 10% change in clamp-
ing voltage before and after the test. ERICO recommends
the claimed maximum surge ratings per mode as per
NEMA LS1.
 TECHNICAL NOTE
The Need for SPD Indication
All SPD technologies exhibit finite operational lives. This
typically depends upon the magnitude and number of
occurrences of the applied impulse. As SPDs can be
expected to give 10 to 15 years of service life, some form
of “life status indication” is desirable.
This technical note concentrates on the end-of-life issues
associated with Metal Oxide Varistors (MOVs) since this
protection technology is most commonly employed by SPD
manufacturers. The graph shows a device with a single shot
100kA 8/20µs surge rating. Such a device will not only
provide protection to the rare large direct lightning strike
which may occur at the service entrance, but will also offer
a significant service life under the more common smaller
switching impulse. It can be seen that such a device will
safely arrest 3,000 surges at 10kA 8/20µs - the Cat C level
ANSI/IEEE recommends for a service entrance location.
Different technologies are available to deal with MOV
end-of-life. All feature permanent removal of the “depleted”
MOV from the protection circuit:
• Containment - the MOV is allowed to destruct inside a
robust enclosure
• Fusing - the resulting low impedance of the MOV
causes mains current to rupture a series fuse
• Thermal protection - excess heat energy is detected
prior to catastrophic MOV failure and it is removed from
circuit by a thermally operated disconnect
Impulse Magnitude (8/20µs)
100kA
30kA
10kA
3kA
1kA
1 10 100
Number of Impulses
Estimated life of TDS-MOVTEC
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TN CR 013
The MOV end-of-life typically occurs in two ways:
1) Towards the end-of life, the MOV’s clamping threshold
starts to lower due to the internal zinc oxide boundaries
becoming over-stressed. This reaches a point where
the SPD starts to clamp on the peaks of the nominal
mains AC voltage. At this point, a thermal run-away
condition occurs and the MOV moves into a low imped-
ance state. This causes a large amount of energy from
the mains current to flow and blow the MOV to an open
circuit condition. Series fuses disconnect the MOV at
this point.
2) Less common is the failure caused when the MOV is
blown apart due to an excessively large impulse.
Due to the possible removal of protection, most SPD
products will have some form of visual indication to show
that protection is no longer being provided. Most often this
takes the form of an indicator light being extinguished.
As this SPD failure will leave the downstream equipment
unprotected, better products will have some method of
“predictive indication” before all protection is removed from
circuit, such as a “percentage remaining” indication system.
Simple SPD end-of-life indication.
– Cat C
For service entrance protection which is the facility’s first
– Cat B line of transient defense, enhancements such as an audible
warning or the ability to connect alarm contacts to super-
visory monitors are an added benefit.
1,000 10,000
TECHNICAL NOTE
Frequently Asked Questions
Our utility supply is underground; do we
need surge protection?
Having an underground supply reduces the chance of
lightning transients from direct (galvanic) strikes to the line.
However, you are still at risk from all the other transient
sources such as magnetically and capacitively induced
lightning strikes, conducted transients generated by neigh-
boring industry, switching of power factor correction equip-
ment, utility substation switching and fault clearing on trans-
mission lines. Therefore, yes, you do need surge protection.
How do SPDs work?
Surge Protection Devices (SPDs) are like pressure safety
valves on a boiler, which release dangerous excess pres-
sure from the system. SPDs are installed across the AC
power supply in parallel with the equipment to be protected.
At normal operating voltages the SPDs are in a high
impedance state and do not affect the system. When a
transient voltage occurs on the supply, the SPD moves
into a state of conduction (a low impedance) and diverts
the transient energy/current back to its source or ground.
This limits (clamps) the voltage amplitude to a safer level.
After the transient is diverted the SPD will automatically
reset back to its high impedance state.
What are the important SPD specifications
for AC power protection?
After identifying the power distribution system to which the
SPD is to be connected, one should compare the following
performance aspects of competing products:
1) Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage (MCOV) - aim
for a figure of at least 25% above the nominal supply voltage.
2) Suppression Voltage - for 120V systems an SVR of
<400V for electronic equipment and <600V for electrical
equipment is recommended. This may be provided by
cascading two SPDs.
3) Surge Rating - approximately 100kA 8/20µs for service
entrance and 40kA for branch circuits is recommended.
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TN CR 014
4) Indication Status - a progressive life status indication
from 100% down to 0% in various stages is preferable to
a simple Go/No-Go indicator.
It is recommended that customers ensure all specifications
follow NEMA Standards Publication No. LS1 “Low Voltage
Surge Protective Devices”. This helps avoid specifications
that may be written in a confusing or misleading manner.
Do I need to protect “all modes”?
An SPD may provide multiple “modes” of protection by
using multiple protection devices connected to different
circuit points. For example, an SPD may provide protection
L-N, L-G and N-G - such a device would be considered a
three mode protection device. The number of modes
requiring protection will depend upon the power system
type and the location of protection.
Not all modes require protection. For example a 3Ph
4W+G power system has 10 possible modes but can be
adequately protected by a 4 mode SPD (3 x L-N, N-G).
For WYE systems, SPDs offering L-L protection add little
additional value as the L-N-L protection is just as effective.
Diagram of 10 modes and 4 modes of protection
Example Protection Modes
L1 L1
N N
L2 L2
L3
L3
G
G
Minimum - 4 Modes
7 Modes
Maximum - 10 Modes
 TN CR 014
(continued)

What speed of response is required? What is Sinewave Tracking Filtering?

Many manufacturers attempt to highlight the importance of
response time of an SPD. While important, one must not
lose sight of the fact that response time is not an end in
itself. An SPD offering a fast response time generally
implies that a lower clamping voltage will result, however
this can not always be assumed. The equipment under
protection is not affected by the SPD’s response time, but
by the residual peak voltage and waveshape reaching it.
The magnitude of this residual voltage reaching the equip-
ment is a result of many aspects of the SPD design
including the surge & voltage ratings, the internal wire
size, shape and loop area, the technology used and its
speed of response. Of all these contributing factors, speed
of response generally has the smallest influence. Standards
bodies like UL, NEMA and IEEE advise that speed of
response is not a valid specification for comparison of SPDs
and that the let-through or clamping voltage should be
used instead, because it includes speed of response and
other more influential factors that affect an SPD’s ability to
adequately protect downstream equipment.
Sinewave Tracking and similar terms have more value as
a marketing ploy than technical merit. Some will use a
hybrid switching circuit to make this claim, while others will
simply install a parallel capacitor. Sinewave filtering should
not be confused with series Low Pass surge filtering, which
is specifically designed to reduce the rate of voltage rise
of the pre-clamped waveform. Refer to our Technical Note
TN CR 006 “SPDs and Filters” for further information.
What energy rating should I specify?
Surge protection devices must have sufficient energy ratings
to withstand the expected impulses, however Joule ratings
can be very misleading. Between two products, the one
with the highest Joule rating may not be the one with the
largest surge current rating. NEMA LS1 has determined
that suppression voltage rating (SVR) and surge rating
(kA) specifications are a better way to compare products.

Do you have a question? Please review our internet

Why do I need status indicators on my SPD?
site at www.erico.com. Should you not find the
Metal Oxide Varistors (MOVs) are ideally suited as voltage answer contact us by phone, fax or e-mail. We
limiting devices due to their economical cost and effective will be happy to address your specific questions.
surge capacities. They do, however exhibit an operational
life which is proportional to the number and amplitude of
the applied impulse. This life is non-linear, so doubling the
surge rating provides a far greater length of life (typically
3-5 times) for the same size surge.
Most SPDs designed for service entrance or branch panel
protection provide sufficient MOV material to give life
expectations in excess of 10 years. Indication and alarm
circuits should be provided by such devices to signal when
their protection status has reduced to a level at which
replacement maintenance is required. It is preferable that
such indication occur prior to total depletion of the protection
to allow a replacement module or device to be installed
without the equipment being left unprotected.

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TECHNICAL NOTE
Glossary of Common Surge Protection Terms
Aggregate (Surge) Rating - Sum of the surge current rating
of all modes within an SPD, excluding any fuse limiting
effects. This figure is used primarily as an indicator of the
total life which the SPD can be expected to provide and
should not be confused with the maximum single shot surge
rating which the device may be capable of withstanding.
Capacitive Coupling - Normally unwanted interference
between two nearby conductors due to the strength of the
electric field surrounding the source conductor. This is a
common method of noise being coupled from a noisy
power circuit to a low voltage data circuit.
Clamping Voltage - This term is loosely used in the
industry to refer to the voltage at which an SPD limits an
applied surge impulse. More correctly, for MOV devices the
clamping voltage is the point at which the SPD will start to
draw current and is generally regarded as the knee of the
VI curve at which 1mA dc current flows.
Common Mode Voltage - A voltage between two or more
conductors and ground. This is normally an interference or
transient voltage between two lines such as Line and Neutral
to Ground. Sometimes referred to as the longitudinal mode.
Common Mode
LINE
L/N EQUIPMENT
TRANSIENT
VT VT VOLTAGES
Coupling - Interaction between circuits, during which energy
is transmitted from one circuit to the other. May be coupled
galvanically (directly), magnetically or capacitively.
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) - EMC is the ability
of a device to function satisfactorily in its intended electro-
magnetic environment without producing interference which
may affect other nearby devices.
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TN CR 015
Energy Rating (in Joules) - Given by some SPD manufac-
turers to indicate the maximum amount of transient energy
that the suppressor can dissipate. Commonly specified for
10/1000µs waveforms. This rating is of little practical value
as it is dependent upon three variables: voltage, current
and time. Hence an improved current rating will increase
the energy rating, but an improved (lower) let-through voltage
will lower the energy rating. Therefore, it is unwise to compare
energy ratings between two different devices.
Follow-On Current - Where a “Voltage Switching” SPD
after “firing” clamps below the AC supply voltage and
causes a line frequency current to flow. Follow-on current
is normally very large for spark gap (crow bar) type devices.
It is for this reason that gas arresters are not used for AC
power protection applications. “Voltage Limiting” devices
such as MOVs and Silicon Avalanche Diode-based devices
do not cause follow-on currents.
Type Typical Response
Voltage Limiting type SPD*
V
t
Voltage Switching type SPD*
V
Follow-on
Current
t
* Example protection device only
Frequency (Noise) Attenuation (dB) - The small signal
attenuation for a filter in decibels. This attenuation varies
with applied frequency, so it is best given as a graph of
frequency versus attenuation. However it is commonly
specified at a single point (either at 100kHz, or the frequency
at which attenuation equals -3dB). The Decibel scale is
non-linear and a large negative number indicates greater
attenuation (each increment of -20dB increases voltage
attenuation by a factor of 10 times, i.e. 40db = x100, 60dB
= x1000). Test signals used are normally in the order of
10V, so attenuation results are an indication of response
to noise signals rather than larger surge performance.
 TN CR 015
(continued)

Impulse Withstand Voltage - The peak value of the highest
impulse voltage with a defined waveshape and polarity,
which will not lead to a flash-over or failure of the device
under test (DUT) in the given test conditions.
Lead Length - The length of parallel “T” connected SPD
leads from the SPD terminals to the circuit to be protected.
This lead length (and size, shape and loop area) adversely
increases the let-through voltage reaching the protected
equipment. A Kelvin connection is recommended where
possible to avoid this.
T Connection Kelvin Connection
Let-through Voltage - The voltage appearing on the
equipment side of an SPD when an impulse voltage/current
of a defined waveshape and amplitude is applied to the
SPD. This is a measure of the SPD’s ability to clamp a
transient voltage. As let-through voltage depends on the
applied current’s amplitude and waveshape, these test
conditions must be given with the result. Some SPD results
will alter depending on if the test was conducted with nominal
mains voltage present or not. This should be stated.
(Refer also Suppressed Voltage Rating).
Listing - Statement of independent laboratory testing, for
safety and/or performance.

Location Categories - ANSI C62.41 defines areas of a

SPD SPD typical installation, assigning these location categories with
typically maximum expected transient voltages, currents
Supply Supply and waveshapes.
L L
N
G } Protected
Equipment
N
G } Protected
Equipment
Magnetic (or Inductive) Coupling - Formed by the
Keep as short
Bundle as practical
Together magnetic field surrounding a conductor with a changing
LNG LNG
current flowing through it. When the magnetic flux lines are
cut by another conductor, a voltage is developed on that
conductor. The greater the rate of change of the flux lines,
the greater the voltage developed. This is the main source
of lightning impulses on power circuits, rather than direct
(galvanic) strikes.
The Benefit of Kelvin Connections Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage (MCOV) - The
maximum RMS voltage that can be applied continuously
1' #12
to an SPD without inhibiting its correct operation.
"T" Connection
980V Pk
Kelvin
Modes (of Protection) - This refers to the way the SPD is
680V Pk connected to the circuit. Each mode is where a dedicated
direct SPD element is connected. Note that an SPD may
have multiple internal elements allowing one SPD to pro-
tect multiple modes, e.g. L-N, L-G and N-G. An SPD that
protects only L1-N and L2-N can not be claimed as also
having an L1-L2 protection mode as no direct element is
Leakage Current - The miniscule current flowing through provided. Note that not all modes require protection. A
insulators and electronic components which are in a non- 3Ph 4W+G power system has 10 possible modes, but can
conductive state, or between any two points which are be adequately protected with a 4 mode SPD.
insulated between each other. A rising leakage current can
be a warning of impending insulation or component failure.

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Glossary of Common Surge Protection Terms
MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor) - Commonly used at the
clamping device in SPDs. The Varistor is a bipolar non-linear
resistor with a symmetrical voltage/current characteristic
curve whose resistance value decreases as the voltage
increases.
Nominal Voltage - The normal operating voltage at which
the equipment is intended to operate. Generally the actual
voltage is expected to be within +/- 10% of this under normal
conditions.
Normal Mode Voltage - The voltage interference
between two conductors of a circuit (Line to Line).
Also referred to as Differential Mode or Transverse Mode.
Normal Mode
LINE
TRANSIENT
VT VOLTAGE
L/N EQUIPMENT
Residual Voltage - Another term for let-through voltage.
However, some standards define residual voltage as being
measured when testing is conducted with nominal or MCOV
voltage applied. This is optional with let-through results.
Response Time - Most commonly thought to be the time
in which it takes an SPD to respond to a transient, but the
actual definition as given in standards is the overshoot
time of an SPD. Response time is misleading as to the
true performance of an SPD and is not a recommended
NEMA LS1 specification criteria.
Sparkover-voltage - The voltage at which a spark gap
SPD becomes conductive. Normally specified with a voltage
increasing at 1kV/s.
Stage (of protection) - Describes the configuration of
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TN CR 015
(continued)
circuit elements of an SPD where multiple technologies
may be used to provide protection.
Suppressed Voltage Rating - A term defined within UL
1449, to measure the let-through voltage with a 6kV
1.2/50µs, 500A 8/20µs impulse. The voltage is then
rounded up to the next value of a list on preferred values.
Surge Current Rating - Maximum current withstand of an
SPD for a single current impulse waveform (with MCOV
voltage applied) of defined waveshape. The clamping voltage
after this test should not differ by more than 10% of the
value prior to the test. Most commonly surge ratings are
quoted for an 8/20µs current waveform, but 10/350µs and
10/700µs are others used.
Surge Filter - An in-line filter specifically designed to
reduce the rate of voltage rise (dv/dt) of the preclamped
waveform. Requires some series impedance between
input and output terminals. This type of product is highly
recommended for the protection of sensitive electronic
equipment.
Surge Protection Device (SPD) - Internationally accepted
term for surge diverters. Also referred to by UL as Transient
Voltage Surge Suppressors (TVSSs). Note “Surge Arresters”
is a term normally reserved for devices intended for operation
on medium voltage systems (>1kV), or prior to the main
service entrance disconnect.

Isolation Transformers and Surge Protection
There is often confusion between the roles of Surge
Protection Devices and Isolation Transformers. This
Technical Note attempts to clarify the applications that
each is best suited to.
Surge Protection Devices:
Surge Protection Devices (SPDs), also known as
Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors (TVSSs) are
non-linear voltage clamping devices. They are
installed across the lines to be protected (in parallel
with the equipment) and thus do not need to be rated
to the line current. The SPD is normally in a high
impedance state under nominal supply voltage
conditions. Under transient conditions the line voltage
is increased by the transient voltage to a point where
the SPD clamping threshold is reached. The SPD then
rapidly moves into a lower impedance state, diverting
the excess transient energy (current) to ground/source
and thus limiting the transient voltage to a safe level.
The SPD automatically resets after the transient.
Series Filtering SPD:
A Series Filtering SPD is an improvement on the
standard SPD where a low pass and RFI/EMI filter is
added. This secondary filtering stage reduces the rapid
rate of pre clamped voltage raise, plus provides further
attenuation to the clamped voltage as well as small
signal noise that may be below the SPD clamping
voltage. The Surge Filter is series connected devices
and must be rated to the maximum circuit current.
Isolation Transformers:
Isolation Transformers are generally composed of two
separate windings with a magnetic shield between
these windings to offer noise control. The transformer
carries the full load current, and thus must be suitably
sized. Rather than employing non-linear clamping
devices, the transformer operates by attenuation.
Attenuation is normally quoted in dB (decibels) for
small signal noise conditions (not large transient
conditions to which the Transformer may offer
considerably less attenuation). Each quoted 20dB of
attenuation equates to a reduction in noise voltage by
a factor of 10. Hence 60dB attenuation is a 1000%
reduction in the noise voltage between input and
output.
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TN CR 0016
The main benefit offered by Isolation Transformers is
the input-to-output isolation, where the output circuit
can be re-grounded and isolated from input or other
ground noise sources. This isolation can also useful
where Ground Potential Rise protection can not be
afforded by normal bonding procedures.
Transformer Operation:
The two winding Isolation Transformer is a useful
building block for power conditioning applications. It is
not a power conditioner in its own right, but is one of
the most effective devices available for rejecting
common mode noise. Isolation Transformers have
very little effect on attenuating differential mode noise,
particularly at lower frequencies as they are designed
as a “pass”device at power frequencies. When
coupled with a suitably grounded or shield, Isolation
Transformers can present an effective barrier to high
frequency common mode noise and prevent
propagation of this noise to the down stream
equipment via the power supply or ground system
As shown below, a shielded Isolation Transformer
provides a path for high frequency common mode
noise to flow via capacitive coupling to the grounded
screen and thus back along the ground. For this
screening to be effective, the screen, transformer core
and grounded conductors should be bonded together
at a single point as shown.
COMMON
MODE NOISE SHIELD TRANSFORMER
CORE
PHASE
LINE PRIMARY EQUIPMENT
SIDE
SECONDARY
SIDE
NEUTRAL
EARTH EARTH
COMMON
"SINGLE POINT"
EARTH
FIGURE 1. SHIELDED ISOLATION TRANSFORMER
The shielded Isolation Transformer can thus be seen to
be effective against common mode noise and low
level transients but effectively provide no
attenuation of differential mode noise and
transients. Isolation Transformers have other power
conditioning qualities such as dampening three phase
harmonics, “capturing”triplen harmonics in the Delta of
a Delta - Wye transformer and enabling a stable
ground reference to be established via a Neutral -
Ground bond on the secondary side.
Differential Mode* Common Mode**
LINE 1
VT TRANSIENT
LINE 1
VOLTAGE
LINE 2 EQUIPMENT LINE 2
VT
EARTH EARTH
*Also known as Transverse,
**Also known as Longitudinal Mode
Normal or Metalic Modes
Consider now a high voltage, high current transient
introduced onto a power line by the direct and indirect
(induced) effects of lightning activity or a switching
surge. If these transients are differential mode (i.e.
induced onto a line with respect to neutral) then the
Isolation Transformer will effectively pass these
transients with little or no attenuation. This occurs
because the Isolation Transformer is designed to
“pass”power frequencies in the differential mode, and
the frequency make up of a lightning transient is such
that most of the energy content is in frequency
components below a few tens of kilohertz (i.e. well
within the pass band of most Isolation Transformers).
If, on the other hand, these signals are common mode,
then a suitable shielded Isolation Transformer will
provide effective protection against such surges
provided the peak voltage does not exceed the
insulation rating of the transformer. In some cases,
the peak voltage magnitude resulting from a direct
strike to overhead, low voltage power feeds near the
point of entry to a facility can exceed the insulation
rating of a 1:1 Isolation Transformer, resulting in a
PROBLEMS
Solution Cost
Ground Potential Rise
Noise
Common Mode Transients
Differential Mode Transients
[ û- no protection, ü- Good, üü- Better, üüü- Best,]
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flashover and potential damage to the down stream
equipment.
Suitability:
The most common causes of industry power quality
equipment reliability problems is generally differential
mode voltage transients. Electronic equipment is far
more susceptible to differential mode impulses than
common mode. Note that although most lightning
EQUIPMENT impulses are common mode at the point of coupling,
VT TRANSIENT
VOLTAGES
these will be converted to a differential mode at the
service entrance by the presence of the neutral-ground
bond. Thus Isolation Transformers are ineffective at
rejecting the most predominate type of transient. A
more effective transient protection device for sensitive
equipment is a SPD with low pass Series Filter. This
offers both effective common and differential mode
transient and noise protection.
In conclusion, there is an overlap in the protection
provided by Isolation Transformers and SPDs
combined with Low Pass Filters, but due to overall
performance, size, weight and cost the SPD is better
for most industry protection applications. The smaller
and lighter SPD provides superior protection against
differential mode transients and adequate protection
for an estimated 85 to 90% of industries noise
problems. This makes it the low cost first choice for
most installers in the protection of sensitive electronic
industrial equipment such as PLCs.
Isolation Transformers are still the best solution for the
small number of sites that have electrically noisy
grounds or where isolation is required. However a SPD
Filter may also need to be added to give effective
differential mode transient protection.
SOLUTIONS
ISOLATION SPD WITH LOW PASS
TRANSFORMERS FILTER
$$$ $
üüü û
üü ü
üü üüü
û üüü

Medium Voltage Arresters and Protection of LV Equipment
The medium voltage (MV) distribution class arrester is
commonly used at the ends of distribution lines at
substations and at distribution transformers that supply
larger facilities. These devices are primarily installed to
provide protection to the MV switchgear and
transformers, which has much higher insulation ratings
than Low Voltage (LV) or common mains powered
equipment. A typical MV transformer may be able to
withstand voltages 5 times the peak operating voltage,
while LV equipment can be damaged with as little as 2.5
times the peak LV voltage. The clamping voltage for
most MV Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) based surge
arresters at or near the maximum surge current rating is
generally around double the peak of the operating
voltage. For example, a 10kA arrester on a 6kV line will
typically clamp an 8kA surge to 6kV x 1.41 x 2 = 17kV,
that is the transient is limited to only 17kV.
Common mode transients on the MV side of a
transformer unfortunately are not attenuated by the
turns ratio of the transformer but in fact are capacitively
coupled to LV secondary via interwinding capacitance.
Hence voltage transients impressed on the primary side
of a transformer can be coupled through to the
secondary side and to the low voltage equipment
connected, with little attenuation. Even with the
presence of arresters on the MV side of the transformer
this high let-through of the MV arresters (e.g. 17kV) will
be coupled with little attenuation through to the LV side.
For LV equipment (mains powered equipment) the
damage threshold is often in the order of double the
peak operating voltage, for example 120Vac equipment
damage might occur for any voltage in excess of 120 x
1.41 x 2 = 338V.
As shown above a transformer provides a path for high
frequency common mode transients to flow via
capacitive coupling to the secondary with little
attenuation.
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TN CR 0017
Unlike common mode transients, differential mode
transients are attenuated roughly proportional to the
turns ratio of the transformer (However, capacitive
coupling again allows a proportionately higher amount
of the transient to pass through). The frequency make
up of a lightning induced transients energy content is
mostly in the region of 5-25 kilohertz, which is largely
inside the pass band of most power transformers.
Additionally the rate-of-rise-of-voltage and current
transients are not significantly attenuated for the same
reason. Given the MV arresters high residual voltage,
even a clamped differential pulse attenuated through
the transformer action may be above the LV equipment
withstand level. Adding to this, MV arresters are
generally installed to provide protection to common
mode transients and not specifically differential mode
protection. The electronic equipment connected to the
LV side is generally most susceptible to damage from
differential mode transients which produce a high
voltage between the active and neutral conductor
inputs.
In many applications arresters installed on the MV side
of a system will be a considerable distance away from
the LV equipment. The presence of these remote MV
arresters offers little protection to the LV sensitive
equipment. Circuit capacitance and inductance in the
interconnecting circuit can cause a voltage doubling
effect so the transient on the LV side can double in
magnitude by the time it reaches the sensitive
equipment. The sensitive equipment is also exposed to
other sources of induced transients on this
interconnection and those generated by nearby
equipment.
Thus it can be seen that to provide effective lightning
transient protection to sensitive LV equipment for all
conditions, dedicated low voltage surge protection
devices (also referred to as Transient Voltage Surge
Suppressors - TVSS devices) must be placed near the
equipment to be protected. MV surge arresters should
be used to provide course protection to the MV
equipment, but this does not eliminate the need for LV
surge protection devices to be placed close to the load,
for example at the main service entrance panel.

A Guide to Power Quality Problems and Solutions
The selection of any Process Control & Automation or
Signaling protection device can be based on the
following circuit parameters:
Businesses are heavily reliant on the “solid-state”
electronic components that are part of today’s office
equipment and manufacturing systems - from security
alarms, process controllers, computing equipment,
communications switchboards to even fax machines.
While the power authority attempts to provide a
constant voltage power supply free from corruption,
local or unforeseen circumstances such as neighboring
industries, storms or accidents can intervene to cause
power-quality irregularities that can cripple operations.
Most modern electronic equipment systems are much
less tolerant to transient voltages than the robust
circuits developed over twenty years ago.
Power surges may be caused by a variety of factors.
Lightning is blamed for many such disturbances and
indeed is a prime culprit. However, by far the largest
number of disturbances in urban and office
environments are caused by power switching transients.
Switching of inductive loads such as motors, air
conditioning plants, domestic appliances and even the
office photocopier can cause transient spikes of many
thousands of volts.
Power Quality Problems
Under-voltage
An under-voltage is distinguished by the power supply
voltage being less than the “nominal”voltage for a
period of time. Although there is no standard definition
of limits and duration, it is commonly accepted that
under-voltages are those that occur for a few cycles of
the supply voltage up to a few seconds in duration.
These variations may be caused by the power supply
authority or by adjacent industries operating heavy
loads such as large motors, welders, electric furnaces,
etc. Variation typically occur where the power supply is
heavily loaded or the reticulation feeders are long.
Depending upon the type of electrical equipment, the
duration and amplitude of the under-voltage, some
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TN CR 0018
equipment may fail to operate as intended under these
conditions.
An extended duration under-voltage may also be
referred to as a “brownout”. A short duration under-
voltage may also be referred to as a “sag”or “dip”.
Temporary over-voltage (TOV)
An over-voltage is where the power supply voltage
increases above “nominal”voltage for a period of time.
Although there is no standard definition, it is commonly
accepted that over-voltages are those that occur for a
few cycles of the supply voltage up to periods of a few
seconds in duration.
A short term over-voltage generally has little effect, but
an extended duration or abnormally high magnitude can
cause equipment to overheat and fail.
A short duration over-voltage may also be referred to as
a “swell”or “surge”. The term temporary over-voltage
(TOV) is often used to define a short term condition due
to ‘normal’equipment operation, while Abnormal over-
voltage refers to a large over-voltage typically due to
some fault condition.
Transients
A transient voltage is a large impressed voltage with a
very short duration (microseconds). Voltages may be in
the magnitude of several thousands of volts, and due to
the short duration, frequency components are
significantly higher than the nominal frequency.
Although these events are of a very short duration, the
high peak voltage is often sufficient to breakdown
sensitive electronic components. The usual result is that
the equipment stops operating with a blown fuse.
Unfortunately the fuse, being a thermal device, probably
blew some time after the transient had already passed
through to damaged susceptible semiconductor
components.
Lightning is blamed for many such transients and
indeed is a prime culprit. However, by far the largest
number of transients in urban and office environments
are caused by power switching transients. Switching of
inductive loads such as motors, air conditioning plants,
domestic appliances and even the office photocopier
can cause transient spikes of many thousands of volts.
It is estimated 85% of all power quality problems are
due to transient voltages, most of these being produced
within ones own facility.
Studies of typical transient voltage levels have been
carried out, and the results of one such study forms the
basis of the American National Standard C62.41, IEEE
Guide for Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power
Circuits. The survey found that voltage transient up to
6.5kV could occur on equipment circuits.
A transient voltage may also be referred to as “spike”,
“glitch”or “voltage impulse”.
Power outages
A power outage is distinguished by a complete absence
of voltage supply. This event may be caused by power
distribution system equipment failure or an accident
such as someone cutting a cable. A power outage may
also be caused by the operation of an upstream over
current protective device removing power from a circuit
where an overload or other fault is detected. The
duration of a power outage may be from a few tenths of
a second to several hours.
The term "dropout" is used to define a momentary
power outage of less than one cycle.
Dropouts
A dropout is a momentary power outage where a portion
of one power cycle is missing. These events are
commonly caused by loose connections within the
power system.
Equipment is affected dependant upon its ability to “ride
through”the voltage dropout.
The term “notch”may also used to describe this event,
however, more accurately “notching”is a repetitive
event such as caused by the commutation of current
from one phase to another.
Frequency variations
Frequency variation is the deviation of the supply
voltage frequency from its nominal value (60Hz in
USA). As the system frequency is set by the speed of
rotation of its generators, changes of more than 1% are
rare. Small changes do occur as large blocks of load or
SPDs Filters Line
Conditioners
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generator capacity are added or removed from the
network.
Frequency variations are more common in supplies fed
from small generator systems.
Most equipment is generally not affected by frequency
variations
Noise
Noise is generally defined as the presence of unwanted
higher frequency electrical signals that do not fall into
the other power quality classifications given here.
Noise is often created by electronic switching devices,
such as solid state rectifiers and switching power
supplies.
Noise can cause miss-operations of some sensitive
equipment, hum on telephone circuits and distortion on
VDUs.
Harmonic distortion
Harmonic distortion is caused by the operation of
equipment that draws non-linear current (e.g. solid state
rectifiers and switching power supplies) and is evident
by the power waveshape being distorted from its normal
sine waveshape. Each cycle of the supply is similarly
affected for the duration of operation of the non-linear
load.
Power Quality Solutions:
Surge Protection Devices (SPDs)
Surge Protection Devices use non-linear voltage limiting
(or switching) components to clamp transient voltages
to a safe level. SPDs are the most cost-effective power
quality improvement device as:
1) Transient voltages account for approximately 85%
of all power quality problems
2) SPDs are typically the cheapest form of protective
device to purchase/install.
Some SPDs may include a filter also giving rudimentary
protection against noise.
These devices may also be referred to as Transient
Voltage Surge Suppressors (TVSS), Surge Arresters
and Surge Arresters.
Isolation UPS UPS
transformers (Standby) (Online)
Under-voltages ü (4) ü(5)
Over-voltages ü (4) ü
Transients ü (1) (1) ü (1) ü
Outages ü ü(4)
Dropouts (2) (1) ü
Frequency ü
variations
Noise (1) ü (1) ü (1) (1)
Harmonics (1) ü(3)
Notes (1) Higher quality/performance units may additionally provide this protection
(2) Ferro resonant type units provide protection from this
(3) Protection may be provided depending upon transformer connection and harmonic problem
(4) Protection provided only for duration of battery capacity
(5) For severe under-voltages, protection may only be provided for duration of battery capacity

Filters
Filters are available as standalone devices or often as
part of some SPDs. Standalone filters are typically
industrial devices designed to attenuate the higher
frequency noise (EMI/RFI), while SPD filters (“plug
strips”) generally provide less attenuation (especially at
higher frequencies) and hence are less effective.
For the protection of industrial equipment, products
such as the CRITEC Transient Discriminating Filter
range are available. These “filters”are Series LC
designed to reduce the rapid rate-of-voltage-rise of the
pre-clamped waveform. These filters are designed for
maximum effectiveness in the 5-50kHz bandwidth, and
the RFI/EMI filtering provided is of secondary benefit.
CRITEC Technical Note TNCR006 provides further
information.
Harmonic filters, also known as wavetraps, are special
types of filter used on motor speed control circuits
where harmonic voltage and current distortion are often
encountered. These large specialist devices limit the
harmonic problems affecting other equipment and
increase efficiency while reducing the heating of the
motor. EMI/RFI filters offer little value in these
applications.
Ferro resonant line conditioners ensure a constant
output voltage for a wide range of input voltage,
particularly at light load. They are generally operated in
a well under rated condition and store enough energy in
their magnetics to ride through outages of up to one
cycle. (For switch mode power supply loads, this is not
too important because they can ride through a complete
power failure for up to one cycle.) Because of the
magnetics involved, ferro resonant line conditioners are
large, heavy and generally inefficient.
Electronic line conditioners on the other hand are
lightweight, highly efficient and have a good overload
response. They employ thyristors or other solid state
devices to switch taps on an auto transformer thereby
boosting or reducing the incoming voltage to regulate
the output to within a tight tolerance, generally better
than 5%. They do not have the energy storage
capabilities of the ferro resonant types.

Line Conditioners
Line conditioners solve the problem of inconsistent
power supply voltage by providing a voltage regulating
function. There are many types of line conditioners
available, but essentially they can be divided into two
main categories, the ferro resonant type which employs
magnetic principles and the electronic tap changing
type.

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Most line conditioners will include EMI/RFI filtering,
while some also provide rudimentary surge protection. It
is always recommended to supplement this protection
with a specialist SPD unit.
Isolation Transformers
Isolation Transformers are the solution where electrical
isolation is required such as sites with electrically noisy
grounds. Some isolation transformers also provide
attenuation to higher frequency noise, thus there is an
overlap in the protection provided by Isolation
Transformers and SPDs. The noise attenuation ability of
some isolation transformers may also provide protection
against very small transient voltages.
The smaller and lighter SPD provides superior
protection against differential mode transients and
adequate protection for an estimated 85 to 90% of
industries noise problems. Due to overall performance,
size, weight and cost, the SPD is the first choice for
most installers for protection of sensitive electronic
industrial equipment such as PLCs.
If isolation is required, the isolation transformer is the
solution, and an SPD is strongly recommended to be
included to enhance protection.
CRITEC Technical Note TNCR016 provides further
information.
In the case of under or over-voltages, if these exceed a
nominal margin the UPS must switch to battery power.
Therefore, this design of UPS is not suited to sites with
poor power supply regulation. Because the AC supply is
connected directly to the load under normal conditions,
it is essential to make sure that a good SPD and filter
are incorporated.
2) True on line
In this design, the UPS inverter is continuously
operating and supplying the connected load. The AC
supply is used to recharge the batteries. As the output is
supplied from the inverter, any failure, under or over-
voltage, to the UPS input has no effect on the output. In
effect, a true on-line UPS re-synthesizes the voltage
supply thereby creating a level of isolation between
what happens on the input and what is produced at the
output.
3) Hybrid
In efforts to lower cost, many of today’s designs use
advanced technology such as circuits that combine the
rectifier and inverter function of the true-on-line design
blurring the traditional definitions. In some designs,
although no output switching device or transfer time is
evident while normal AC supply is available, the inverter
is actually in a standby mode.

UPSs
The term UPS or uninterruptible power supply is often
used loosely to embrace the spectrum of products
designed to provide battery backup support when the
utility power fails. Although all UPSs employ battery
back-up to supply AC power via an inverter during
power failure, three main types are available:

1) Short Break or Standby

These low cost designs are normally used for protection
of a single computer. During normal operation, the
power supply is fed from the AC supply through a small
internal filter to the protected equipment. If a power
outage or under-voltage is detected, an automatic
switch operates transferring the UPS output circuit to
the internal inverter. This operates until utility power
returns or batteries are exhausted.

The transfer time of short break UPS is typically 4ms,

quick enough that switch mode power supplies do not
detect the short interruption of power. As the inverter
only needs to operate for the duration of the battery
charge, it can be made much smaller and cheaper.

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 Selecting & Installing Service Entrance SPDs
Warwick Beech
Senior Application Engineer
ERICO, Inc
Abstract: The art of installing an SPD is to ensure compliance with relevant electrical and safety
codes while maintaining optimum performance. This document provides installation examples,
"rules of thumb” and discussion of related industry issues.
The first line of defense in protecting a facility from
externally created electrical surges is the Surge
Protection Device (SPD) installed at the main service
entrance. The term SPD is a generic description defined
by the IEC. Within the USA “SPDs” are further
categorized as:- the Transient Voltage Surge Suppresser
(TVSS) and the Secondary Surge Arrester. In accordance
with UL 1449 listing requirements, a TVSS device must
be installed on the load side of the main over-current
protection. The role of Secondary Surge Arresters,
which are intended for installation on the line side of
the main over-current protection, are discussed later.
Factory Standard Electrical Panels
Most TVSS’s available on the market are self-contained
and designed to be installed next to the electrical panel
board via a short direct nipple connection to the panel as
shown in Figure 1. “Integrated Panels” where the TVSS
is installed inside the panel are becoming more common.
The advantages and shortcomings of these specially
approved Integrated Panels are discussed later.
Short direct connection
Figure 1. Optimal SPD installation.
Page 1 of 6
UL requires the TVSS to be connected on the load side
of the main over-current device. When connecting this
external TVSS to a typical compact electrical panel, it is
often not possible to access the bus between the main
over-current device and the sub-feed/branch circuit
breakers. The TVSS is designed to be connected to the
“first” sub-feed circuit breaker (i.e. the breaker closest to
the main over-current protective device).
Most TVSS’s are supplied with flying leads for quick
connection to the sub-feed circuit breaker. The TVSS's
instructions will list the ampacity requirements of the
breaker to which it should be connected. The connection
lead length has an important effect on the performance of
the protection system and will be discussed more fully
later in this document. The optimal installation is to
direct nipple mount the TVSS to the outside of the
electrical panel next to the circuit breaker to which it is
to be connected.
Some larger TVSS’s are supplied with internal terminals
instead of flying leads, thus allowing the installer to
select the interconnecting wire size. Although the wiring
to the TVSS carries negligible load current (prior to the
presence of a surge), it is normal practice to select the
circuit breaker amperage based on the conductor’s
current carrying ability. If given a choice, utilize the
largest wire size as this provides a small improvement in
the let-through voltage performance. More importantly,
it allows a larger circuit breaker size to be used,
potentially increasing the maximum surge current rating
that the system can protect against. A large surge may be
seen by the circuit breaker as a 50/60Hz short circuit
current causing it to trip, taking the TVSS offline. A
larger rated circuit breaker is less likely to trip. For
example, a 30A breaker will typically trip on a surge
current of 15-25kA 8/20µs while a 50A breaker will
increase this to 20-60kA 8/20µs.
Keep in mind that while 50% of all direct lightning
strikes are greater than 30kA in peak amplitude, only 2%
exceed 120kA. A direct strike to a power line is rare, and
in most cases only 25% of this discharge energy reaches
the service entrance. Although SPD vendors make
devices with surge ratings of hundreds of kA, installing a
circuit breaker larger than 50A only offers a very small
improvement in the statistical protection provided, while
CRITEC Technical Note TNCR019.DOC
increasing the risk of not being able to quickly interrupt
an electrical short circuit during fault conditions.
The convenience of using a sub-feed circuit breaker to
make connection to the TVSS also provides an important
advantage. It allows the TVSS unit to be isolated during
maintenance, while the primary supply to the facility is
still maintained.
It is important to adhere to the manufacturer’s
recommendations on wiring size and fusing requirements
as these are generally based on UL’s “conditions of use”
for the particular device’s Listing.
Larger Custom Designed Panels
For larger custom-designed panels it is often possible to
connect the TVSS device between the load side of the
main over-current protection and the sub-feed breakers
panel. This requires a “T”, or tap connection, to be made
from the bus to the TVSS.
Source
Secondary Service Entrance Panel
Surge
Arrester
Main over-current
protective device
TVSS * (Circuit Breaker)
Feeder/branch
circuits
TVSS TVSS
* NEC 240-21 Applies
Figure 2. Possible SPD connections
To meet relevant electrical and wiring codes, the TVSS
unit is generally installed along side of the electrical
panel via a conduit nipple connection. The location of
the TVSS unit in relation to its connection to the panel,
should be selected to minimize the length of the
interconnecting wiring. This will improve performance
during a surge condition.
The NEC “tap rule” allows for a smaller “tap wire” to be
run from the larger bus to the TVSS. In keeping with the
desire to minimize the length of this connection, the “10’
tap rule” Article 240-21 generally applies. A tap
connection can only be made where the current rating of
the tap connection to the TVSS is greater than 1/10 of
the upstream over-current device’s rating. For example,
assume the maximum wire size which a manufacturer
specifies can be connected to the terminals of his TVSS
device is #3. Reference to Table 310-16 indicates that
this can carry a current rating of 80A. Then by applying
Page 2 of 6
the NEC tap rule, we see that the TVSS unit can only be
directly connected where the service entrance is limited
by an 800A over-current rating. Note: Although such
tap connectors are not generally regarded as load
current carrying, it is normal practice to assume that
they are when sizing to conform to the upstream over-
current protection. It is often easier to do this than to
explain to installers/inspectors the apparent mismatch
in conductor / over-current protection device ratings.
When installing a TVSS device on service entrance
panels with large current ratings the 1/10 tap
requirement may mean that the correct tap conductor size
exceeds the capacity of the TVSS’s terminals. Under
such conditions, a circuit breaker is usually required at
the point at which the tap conductor connects to the
primary supply. The size of this breaker should be chosen
to accommodate the size of the tap conductor rating.
While such a measure provides safety and compliance
with the tap rule, it also add cost, complexity, and the
introduction of extra series components which may
increase the let-through voltage, and which may also
limit the peak surge rating of the system.
To avoid these performance issues, the user needs to
overcome the “1/10” restrictions of Article 240-21 (b.5)
“… field installation where the tap conductors leave the
enclosure or vault in which the tap is made… ”:
1. Some TVSS vendors argue that by installing the
TVSS on the outside of the enclosure and utilizing a
direct nipple connection into the enclosure, the 1/10
requirement does not apply as the wiring “does not
leave the enclosure” – rather, the TVSS wires are
regarded as entering into the enclosure. Whilst it
may be argued that this allows the installer a loop
hole which can be exploited, the intent of the NEC
tap rule is clear – to limit under-rated tap
conductors being connected to large current primary
feeds.
2. Some TVSS vendors also argue (and even
document) that, as their TVSS’s incorporate integral
over-current disconnect devices, no additional
upstream over-current protection is required and the
unit can be installed with small tap conductors on
very large services. The author is not aware of any
NEC Articles that specifically allow this, unless the
TVSS installation is not made as part of a “field
installation” – ref. 3.
CRITEC Technical Note TNCR019.DOC
3. If the installation of a TVSS unit is not carried out
as part of a field exercise, as may be the case when
switchboard builder incorporates the unit as a
component within an electrical panel assembly,
Article 240-21 (b.5) is not applicable and Section
2.b allows the tap to be installed on any current
rated service, provided that the tap conductors are
matched to the rating of the TVSS’s internal over-
current protection.
Rather than exploiting loose interpretations of the 1/10
rule to avoid upstream over-current protection, it is
recommended that upstream over-current protection be
provided at the point the conductors receive their
supply. This safer approach may however introduce
another complication. The NEC mandates a maximum of
6 disconnects off any one primary service feed (Article
230-71). A connection of a TVSS device to this feed is
included in this count. When this limitation is
encountered, the installation of the TVSS device is
normally relegated to connection on the load side of one
of the existing 6 "disconnects". A proposal to exempt the
TVSS connection from this maximum of 6 connection
has been submitted for the 2005 edition of the NEC.
Integrated Panels – TVSS’s installed within the Panel
A growing trend within the industry is the integration of
TVSS devices within the electrical panel itself, usually
by the panel OEM. This practice has recently lead to
panel manufacturers acquiring TVSS manufacturers in
an attempt to increase their competency and market
opportunity in this area. The potential advantages to the
engineer, installer and owner of such integration, are:
§ Simplification of the specification process
§ Reduction in the number of vendors for supply and
support
§ Simplification of installation
§ Improved performance
This said, integrated protection panels may also present
their own deficiencies. Installing the TVSS within the
electrical enclosure should ensure shorter connection
lead lengths and an improvement in the let-through
voltage performance. However, this is often not the case.
The TVSS devices are often mounted at the bottom of
the standard can, and connected to feed-through lugs.
This can increase the lead length, resulting in a much
higher let-through voltage to the equipment connected to
the upper circuit breakers. A performance degradation of
300-500V is possible, increasing the net let-through
voltage to the point where electronic equipment may be
damaged or severely stressed.
§ The panel extension kit may block the ability to feed
cables through the bottom of the electrical
enclosure.
Page 3 of 6
§ If the TVSS is connected directly to the bus, the
entire panel and its load will need to be shut down
to allow replacement of a failed TVSS unit.
Conversely, an external TVSS unit connected to a
dedicated breaker, will allow only that circuit to be
disconnected during service.
§ Generally the TVSS technology integrated by panel
manufacturers is less advanced than that
manufactured by dedicated TVSS manufacturers.
Integrated Protection Panels should be Listed to UL 67
which includes fault current testing of the combination –
10 kAIC, 22 kAIC, 65 kAIC etc. Panelboard extension
kits which are available to add TVSS onto the bottom of
electrical panels are usually Listed to UL 1449.
Short direct
connection
Figure 3. Specialist Integrated panel providing
optimum protection
Appropriate Surge Ratings
The question of appropriate surge rating for Service
Entrance panel protection has been debated within the
scientific community for many years. Unfortunately
TVSS manufacturer’s seeking to out-market one another,
have often started “ratings wars” with ratings up to
600kA 8/20µs and even 1,000kA 8/20µs being noted.
The scientific community through such standards as
IEEE C62.41 have sought to provide some guidance to
the potential end-user as to appropriate surge ratings by
characterizing the electrical environment for the
installation. Proposed changes to the existing C62.41
standard will see two scenarios characterized – Scenario
1 will deal with the effects of induced energy onto
service entrances from a nearby strike while Scenario 2
deals with the effects of a direct lightning discharge to
the facility. Under Scenario 1, currents of 10kA 8/20µs
can be expected while under Scenario 2, currents of up to
100kA 8/20µs or 10kA 10/350µs can be expected.
CRITEC Technical Note TNCR019.DOC

These specifications are intended to provide a much
needed “reality check” to those ratings been promulgated
by various TVSS manufacturers. A typical rating of
100kA for a service entrance device already includes a
safety margin and the only practical reason in requiring a
higher rating would be to provide a longer service life.
With each doubling of surge rating, for the same number
and amplitude of transients, “life” can be increased by a
factor of 5-10 times. Value engineering principles point
to a rating of between 100 to 200kA 8/20µs as being
both practical and cost effective. The need for a surge
rating of 600kA with the claimed typical life expectancy
of 500 years is questionable.
Another problem commonly encountered in the
specification of surge ratings for TVSS devices, is the
practice of claiming a rating based solely on the
aggregate of MOV (or SAD) material contained within
the device. In reality, the single shot capacity of the
device may be significantly less than this due to the
limitations of PCB fuse tracks, thermal of over-current
disconnect devices and terminals used. NEMA LS-1 has
sought to address this concern by recommending that
manufacturers only claim maximum single shot ratings
based on actual test results. Ideally, a device should be
rated by providing both i) its maximum single shot
capacity (tested) and ii) its aggregate surge capacity
(surge material). Such dual ratings better define the
device’s performance and life characteristics.
Note: Often the failure of a TVSS device is attributed to
the number or amplitude of diverted surges, whereas
most failures are the result of temporary over-voltages.
Even so, some well-known TVSS manufacturers
continue to provide TVSS’s with Maximum Continuous
Operating Voltages (MCOV) just over 10% of nominal.
10% above nominal is the continuous limit tested by
UL; anything above this is allowed to safely fail. Many
TVSS manufacturers provide MCOV rating with a more
practical 25% limit, while hybrid technologies are now
available that provide even larger MCOVs – without the
traditional cost of increased let-through voltage.
TVSS’s and Secondary Surge Arresters
The 1999 edition of the NEC defines the application of
Surge Arresters and requires all such devices to be listed.
UL differentiates between Transient Voltage Surge
Suppressors and Secondary Surge Arresters:
§ Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors are tested to
UL 1449 and this document limits their scope of
use on the load side of the main over-current
disconnect. They should not be used on the line side.
§ Secondary Surge Arresters are also listed by UL and
are intended for use on the line side of the main
over-current protection. Note: a loophole currently
exists which allows Secondary Surge Arresters to
Page 4 of 6
also be used on the load side of the main over-
current disconnect, however the 2002 Edition of the
NEC under Article 285 seeks to better address this
problem.
It should be noted that it is possible for a manufacturer
to complementary list an SPD as both a TVSS device as
well as a Secondary Surge Arrester.
Secondary Surge Arresters are tested to less demanding
safety standards and are generally lower performance
products. These devices were originally intended to
protect power system insulation from flash-overs and not
to protect load-side sensitive electronic equipment from
damaging transient voltages. Unfortunately, some
manufacturers have sought to capitalize on this loophole
and provide the cheaper Secondary Surge Arresters in
locations where the intent is that TVSS devices, with
their more stringent test requirements, are intended. .
While most installers and inspectors are accustomed to
checking installed devices for the presence of an
approved Listing logo, few are experienced with the
subtleties of SPDs to correctly differentiate between a
Secondary Surge Arrester and a TVSS device.
The question regarding the need for both Secondary
Surge Arresters and TVSS devices to be installed on a
facility, is often raised. Accepted practice often utilizes
both of these devices. A secondary Surge Arrester may be
installed at the primary service entrance or power pole as
the first line of defense and a TVSS device close to the
equipment actually being protected. This second device
also provides protection against the more common
smaller transients that are generated within the facility
itself by electrical equipment.
A question often asked is whether a Secondary Surge
Arrester installed at the meter socket eliminates the need
for TVSS protection at the Service Entrance Panel.
Figure 4 illustrates the voltage that is added to a meter
socket device’s performance due to its connection
method. In practice, the situation will be much worse as
the Secondary Surge Arrester used here is generally a
poorer performing device than a TVSS installed at the
panel. In a typical installation with 8 feet of wiring
between the meter socket and the Service Entrance panel,
a difference in let-through voltage of between 2,000 and
3,000 volts is possible.
CRITEC Technical Note TNCR019.DOC
 Meter Base
important to note that the NEC requires that the TVSS
Surge Arrester device be tested and Listed in conjunction with the
specific breaker at the specified interrupt current rating.
6-10’
Using a different manufacturer's breaker or at different
fault levels would void this conditions of use of the
TVSS’s Listing. Given the large number of combinations
Meter Panel
ON
that would need to be tested, no manufacturer is likely to
OFF
support this approach.
TVSS

65kAIC Panel 65kAIC Panel

Surge path for Meter Base
Surge Arrester with L-G surge X X
60kAIC X X
Additional lead length of X
Meter Base Surge Arrester
capable X 65kAIC
source breaker
compared to TVSS X X
X X TVSS
56kAIC capability

Figure 4. Let-through voltage according to In this scenario the TVSS must have a
Short Circuit Current Rating of >=56kAIC
Secondary Surge Arresters installed location

Figure 5. Short Circuit Current Rating

Fault Current Ratings

The 2002 edition of the NEC introduces Article 285,
which includes… . 285.6 Short Circuit Current Rating.
The TVSS shall be marked with a short circuit current
rating and shall not be installed at a point on the
system where the available fault current is in excess of
that rating. This marking shall not apply to
receptacles.
This clears up some confusion in the industry on the
applicability of NEC 110-10. It is now clear that TVSS
devices must be selected and installed to ensure
coordination between the supplies short circuit interrupt
capacity and the TVSS's short circuit current rating.
For example, the TVSS shown in Figure 5 requires a
short circuit current rating of 56kAIC or greater. An
alternative to having to use a TVSS device short circuit
current rated to 56 kAIC, is to include a current limiting
circuit breaker. If this approach is adopted, it is
Note: Any circuit breaker installed into the TVSS tap
connection would also need to be coordinated with the
supply’s short circuit current rating.
Connection Lead Length
The performance of a TVSS protected system is
dramatically affected by the TVSS installation. The self-
inductance of the wire connecting the TVSS device to the
panelboard can significantly increase the residual let-
through voltage reaching the equipment being protected
during a surge condition. Figure 6 shows how the
protected circuit experiences the sum of the voltage drop
across the surge protector and that due to the connecting
leads. While a Kelvin connection eliminates this, it is not
practical for most applications. A general rule of thumb
is that for each foot of wiring, an additional 165V of let-
through voltage can be expected

3kA 8/20µs
Impulse (L-G)

ON

OFF

Protected TVSS

Equipment

Figure 6. Voltage Drop of the connecting leads

Page 5 of 6 CRITEC Technical Note TNCR019.DOC

for smaller surges. As shown by Bird & Karmazyn(1),
bundling or twisting conductors together improves
system performance. Increasing conductor size provides
some improvement, but more significantly, can allow for
a larger upstream over-current disconnect device to be
used. This is important as Bird & Karmazyn also showed
that the typical fuse/circuit breaker will have a limiting
factor on the peak surge current that can be protected
against.
For effective real world protection:
1. Wiring length needs to be kept to an absolute
minimum. Every inch counts!
2. Twist / bundle wires together and avoid creating
right-angled bends to lower the self inductance.
3. Protection should be cascaded so that the TVSS
closest to the equipment is not seeing the full surge
energy, just a small fraction let-through by an
optimally installed upstream TVSS.

Branch Panel Protection:

ON
While service entrance TVSS protection has been the
OFF
A main subject of this document, many of the issues dealt
Load A TVSS with also apply to the selection and installation of TVSS
protection on branch distribution panels. Secondary
protection at branch panels is generally required when
B the distance away from the primary service entrance
exceeds approximately 30 feet. This ”secondary” level of
TVSS
Load B protection also provides protection to the local
equipment from the those smaller transient generated
TVSS within one’s own facility by the normal operation of
C electrical equipment.

References
TVSS Let-through Voltage
Position Load A Load B
(1) 20th International Conference on Lightning
A 419V 539V Protection, Interlaken September 1990. A.O Bird
B 459V 627V and H. J. Karmazyn “Specification and installation
of effective overvoltage protection.
C 462V 533V
3kA 8/20µs applied

Figure 7. Let-through voltages for different

installations choices

To adequately protect "typical" 120V electronic

equipment, all surges should be clamped to less than
600Vpk. A good TVSS performance is considered as
limiting a 500A 8/20µs impulse to 330Vpk (a UL 1449
330V SVR – measured with 6” wiring). Due to the lead
length effect, on a 120V circuit a typical TVSS device
with a 330V SVR, would require a wiring length of less
than 12" to adequately protect against a 500A 8/20µs
impulse. The rule of thumb is each foot of wiring adds
an additional 50-200V of let-through voltage. However,
500A 8/20µs is a very small impulse, and with increased
surge amplitudes, an increase in the let-through voltage
occurs. The 600Vpk threshold is exceeded when the
surge amplitude exceeded 3kA on a 6” installed 330V
SVR TVSS. According to a 10 year study of service
entrance surge amplitudes, this dangerous condition
could occur on average 5 times per month.

Page 6 of 6 CRITEC Technical Note TNCR019.DOC

 TN CR 0021

PERFORMANCE TESTING OF 7 & 10 MODE PROTECTORS

Some vendors claim significant performance advantage
in TVSS protection can be provided for three phase
WYE systems by using TVSS with 10 protection Modes
rather than 7. To provide a clear understanding of the
true differences, simple 10 Mode and 7 Mode protectors
were constructed and tested.
• The 7 Mode protector used standard EPCOS
150Vrms 20mm disk MOVs L-N, L-G and N-G (8kA
8/20µs rated).
• The 10 Mode protector was based on the 7 Mode
protector, but with 300Vrms MOVs added Line to
Line.
L1
L2
To simulate performance at a branch panel location,
tests as detailed in Table 1 were completed. The circuit
design for each of the three phases is identical and
initial testing confirmed L1-N let-through voltages
matched that of L2-N and L3-N. Similarly L1-L2 let-
through voltage performance matched L1-L3 and L2-L3.
For clarity, the results of these phases were not
recorded.
Explanation of results (Table 1):
The main performance difference between the two
protectors is evident in setup 5 to 8 where L-L
performance is measured. The 10 Mode circuit
performance was approximately 5% better. However, to
achieve this 5% improvement, a 42% increase in
component count was required.

L3
Although setup #2 and #10 show a large performance
improvement for the 10 Mode protector, simple
N comparison between the 7 and 10 Mode performance
E would lead to a false conclusion. The important point is
7 Modes
that all the let-through voltages are below the results
obtained for setup #6 (L-L tests).
10 Modes
Setup 14 also shows a low let-through voltage but large
percentage change. The difference is likely noise and
Figure 1. 7 and 10 Mode Protection Circuit Diagram generator/measurement accuracy and should be
ignored.
The 7 and 10 Mode MOV circuits were constructed to
allow just the effect of the added Modes to be identified.
Had 7 and 10 Mode products from different
manufacturers been used, the performance differences
may have included technology, MOV clamping voltage,
surge rating, TVSS layout and filter performance
differences.

Figure 2. 10 Mode Protection Circuit Construction

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 Test Condition Let-through Voltage
Setup # Applied Mode of Mode of 10 Mode 7 Mode Difference Difference
Impulse Applied Let-through Protector Protector
Current Impulse Voltage
(8/20µs)* Measured (Volts) (Volts) (Volts) (%)
1 3kA L1 – N L1 - N 538 531 -7 -1.3%
2 3kA L1 – N L1 - L2 350 438 88 20%
3 3kA L1 – N L1 - G 316 328 12 3.6%
4 3kA L1 – N N-G 247 247 0 0%

5 3kA L1 – L2 L1 - N 450 469 19 4.0%

6 3kA L1 – L2 L1 - L2 906 953 47 4.9%
7 3kA L1 – L2 L1 - G 456 475 19 4.0%
8 3kA L1 – L2 N-G 18.4 19.4 1 5.0%

9 3kA L1 – G L1 - N 322 328 6 1.8%

10 3kA L1 – G L1 - L2 375 456 81 17%
11 3kA L1 – G L1 - G 562 562 0 0%
12 3kA L1 – G N-G 272 275 3 1.0%

13 3kA N-G L1 - N 288 288 0 0%

14 3kA N-G L1 - L2 27.8 33.1 5.3 16%
15 3kA N-G L1 - G 297 300 3 1.0%
16 3kA N-G N-G 569 569 0 0%
*Applied Impulse: ANSI/IEEE C62.41 Cat B3/C1 Impulse 6kV 1.2/50µs / 3kA 8/20µs

Table 1. Let-through Comparison for 10 and 7 Mode Protector at Branch Panel

Summary:
The results show a small L-L performance improvement
when the additional Modes are added. However:
1) Even though the 7 Mode protector does not have MOVs
directly connected Line to Line, test setup 2, 6, 10 and 14
prove that L-L protection is provided.
2) The let-through voltages of the 7 Mode protector
(including L-L protection) are more than adequate for
effective equipment protection.
3) The marginal performance improvement of a 10-mode
is not justified technically or economically compared to the
42% increase in components and associated costs.
of a direct or induced lightning strike, and 2) the more
common smaller electrical switching impulse.
The lightning impulses are predominately attempting to find
a path to ground (not to another line) while the switching
surges may be predominately L-N or L-L events. Those
manufacturers of 10 Mode products generally construct all
10 Modes with identical surge ratings. However, ERICO
recommends that the protection in the L-L Mode would
provide far better value if added to the L-N, L-G Modes
where the larger stresses are to be encountered. The
smaller switching surges that may have a L-L component
can be adequately protected by the L-N-L Mode.

Not shown by the simple circuit construction is that when a
10 Mode protector is laid out in a TVSS, additional
component space is required. Lead-length is a major
influence on TVSS let-through voltage performance. The
additional space required can have a detrimental affect on
the overall performance - beyond the reported gains of the
extra three Modes. Using the accepted value of let-through
voltage adding 165V per foot of wiring (at 3kA 8/20µs), the
19V L-N performance improvement of the 10 mode
protector would be eroded if this product was designed or
installed with an additional 1.5”of lead-length. Putting it into
perspective the difference between 7 and 10 Mode
protectors is secondary to good design and installation
practices.
TVSS’s are installed to protect equipment from two main
transient sources: 1) the rare but large destructive energies
The 10 Mode versus 7 Mode is primarily a marketing
gimmick that is unfortunately given consideration due to
human nature's “bigger is better”mentality. Well-designed
7 Mode TVSS’s have successfully provided protection for
many thousands of sites for numerous years.
In conclusion, the number of Modes should not be a
determining factor in the selection of a TVSS. Important
selection parameters are:
• Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage
• Let-through voltages
• Surge Rating
• Ease of optimal installation
• Standards compliance, alarms and indicators, warranty,
etc.
A “good”7 Mode protector will always be better than a
“poor”10 Mode protector.

Frequently Asked Questions
Please also refer to Technical Note TN CR 014 for more
FAQs.
Surge Protection Issues
What is the difference between the terms
"Arrester" and "Suppressor"?
These terms are often used interchangeably and rather
loosely. In the USA, the two terms have different
meanings as determined by the NEC and their Listing.
An Arrestor refers to a surge protective device (SPD)
that is Listed for use before the primary disconnect to a
facility (the service entrance panel), whilst a suppressor
is only Listed to be used after this primary disconnect. A
violation of the NEC occurs if an SPD listed as a
Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor or TVSS device
under (UL 1449 TVSS) is connected ahead of the
primary disconnect to a facility. On the other hand,
Secondary Surge Arresters, as formally known, can be
connected both upstream and downstream of the main-
disconnect. Secondary Surge Arrestors are generally
lower performance devices, and their use after the main
disconnect is not recommended.
Are primary SPDs alone sufficient for
equipment protection?
There is no one correct answer to this question. For a
small facility, a single SPD installed at the service
entrance panel can be sufficient, while for a bigger
facility it is usually necessary to adopt a distributed
protection philosophy where primary protection is
installed at the service entrance panel, and secondary
protection at branch panels. It can even be necessary to
include additional point-of-use SPDs if this equipment is
located some distance (100 ft or more) from the
supplying panel. In addition to providing protection to
the power panels, the installation of additional “multi-
service SPDs”is particularly recommended. Such
devices provide their greatest benefit by ensuring
multiple services entering the facility (such as
telephone, cable and power) are all tied to the same
ground reference.
Phone 800-248-9353 Fax 800-677-8131 www.erico.com
TN CR 0022
Why do I need an SPD when I already have an
isolation transformer?
Isolation transformers provide very good common mode
rejection but do not provide good differential (normal)
mode rejection. In other words, a surge superimposed
equally on both the L and N conductors will see
rejection by the isolation transformer, while a surge
appearing differentially between the L and N conductors
will pass through the transformer.
Do SPDs devices need to be coordinated when
several are applied in one system?
Yes, the Europeans have perfected this approach to
protection by applying robust air gap devices with high
energy handling capabilities at the primary service
entrance, and then “coordinating”these with down-
stream devices, which have lower (better) protection
levels and generally lower energy handling capabilities.
IEC standards, such as IEC61643-12, detail this
approach. In the US, manufacturers tend not to use air
gap type devices and so the coordination problem is not
as big an issue. All said, it is important to coordinate
SPDs with different limiting voltages to ensure that one
does not conduct to the exclusion of the others. The
building wiring between service and branch panels can
provide this coordination if adequate in length (>30ft
typically). Given that such coordination requires careful
understanding and design, which the average installer is
not readily equipped to handle, it is probably safer for
the installer to specify SPDs with similar clamping
characteristics (or MCOV – see later) throughout an
installation.
How does installation affect the performance of
SPDs?
The installation of SPDs is often poorly understood. A
good SPD, incorrectly installed, can prove of little
benefit in real-life surge conditions. The very high rate-
of-change of current, typical of a surge transient, will
develop significant volt drops on the leads connecting
the SPD to the panel or equipment being protected.
This can mean higher than desired voltages reaching
the equipment during such a surge condition. Measures
to counteract this effect include locating the SPD so as
to keep interconnecting lead lengths as short as
possible, twisting these leads together. Using a heavier
gauge AWG cable helps to some extent but this is only
a second order effect. It is also important to keep
protected and unprotected circuits and leads separate to
avoid cross coupling of transient energy.
What are the different power systems in use in
the US and what are the protection needs for
each?
The US power distribution system is a TN-C-S system.
This implies that the Neutral and Ground conductors are
bonded at the service entrance of each, and every,
facility or separately derived sub-system. This means
that the N-G protection mode within a multi-mode SPD
installed at the service entrance panel is basically
redundant. Further from this N-G bond point, such as in
branch distribution panels, the need for this additional
mode of protection is more warranted. In addition to the
N-G protection mode, some SPDs can include L-N and
L-L protection. On a three phase WYE system, the need
for L-L protection is questionable as balanced L-N
protection also provides a measure of protection on the
L-L conductors.
Changes to the 2002 edition of the NEC have precluded
the use of SPDs on ungrounded delta power distribution
systems. Behind this rather broad statement is the
intention that SPDs should not be connected L-G as by
so doing these modes of protection are creating pseudo
grounds to the floating system. Modes of protection
connected L-L are however acceptable. The high-leg
delta system is a grounded system and as such allows
for protection modes to be connected L-L and L-N or L-
G.
What are the SPD issues for USA customers
working in other countries?
Different power distribution systems are encountered in
various other countries. These can include TT, TN, IT
and variants of these. It is important that a clear
understanding of the systems being used by a particular
country is obtained before specifying SPDs. Too often,
only the voltage of the distribution system is considered
and inappropriate protection can result. Most countries
also have their own standards requirements thus a UL
Listing alone can not be sufficient to meet local code
requirements.
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What are multi-mode SPDs - why do I need L-L
and N-G protection?
Multi-mode SPDs are devices, which comprise a
number of SPD components within the one package.
These “modes”of protection can be connected L-N, L-L,
L-G and N-G across the three phases. A three phase
SPD offering “all modes of protection”, will have as
many as 10 modes protected. It is questionable whether
this practice adds much to the overall protection
effectiveness. In Europe, it is common to only protect L-
N (L-PE) and N-PE modes where PE is the Protective
Earth connection or ground.
What is a practical surge rating for service
entrance protection?
This is a difficult question and depends on many
aspects including - site exposure, regional isokeraunic
levels and utility supply. A statistical study of lightning
strike probability reveals that the average lightning
discharge is between 30 and 40kA, while only 10% of
lightning discharges exceed 100kA. Given that a strike
to a transmission feeder is likely to share the total
current received into a number of distribution paths, the
reality of the surge current entering a facility can be
very much less than that of the lightning strike which
precipitate it. ANSI/IEEE c62.41.2 standard seeks to
characterize the electrical environment at different
locations throughout a facility. It defines the service
entrance location as between a B and C environment,
meaning that surge currents up to 10kA 8/20 can be
experienced in such locations. This said, SPDs located
in such environments are often rated above such levels
to provide a suitable operating life expectancy,
100kA/phase being typical. Recent changes to the IEEE
have introduced a new scenario (known as Scenario II)
which covers the situation of a facility sustaining a direct
or near-by strike. Under such conditions, a very large
ground potential rise can result and significant surge
current flow on the G-N and N-L protective modes.
Under such conditions, 100kA 8/20 or 10kA 10/350
energy levels can be expected.
What do waveforms such as 8/20, 10/350, and
10/1000 mean and how are they interrelated?
Lightning induced surge currents are characterized as
having very rapid rising “front edges”and long decaying
“tails”. To a first approximation, the first number in each
example of the above surge waveforms signifies the
time taken for the surge to reach 90% of its peak value,
and the second number, the time taken for this surge to
decay from its peak to its half way value. These times
are measured in microseconds, although convention
does not require that this unit appear after the wave
shape. The ratio between these different waveforms is a
complicated function based on the integration of the
energy content. As a rule of thumb, a 10/350 surge
rating is equivalent to about ten times the surge rating
at 8/20. Put simply, 10 kA 10/350 is about the same as
100kA 8/20. Most MOV (metal oxide varistor) based
SPDs are surge rated using the 8/20 wave shape, while
air gap devices are rated using the 10/350 wave shape.
SAD (silicon avalanche diode) based SPDs are usually
rated using the 10/1000 wave shape.
What about repetitive low level transients?
Concerns have been expressed that electronic
components can deteriorate and fail prematurely under
repeated low-level transient over-voltage activity. While
this can be the case, there is no substantiated body of
evidence to support this theory.
Should I be concerned about really fast
transients?
Switching pulses and subsequent re-strikes in multi-
stroke lightning, can produce very fast transients, with
rise times in the fraction of microseconds. These can
capacitively and inductively couple to equipment and
cause induced over-voltages. The eliminate such fast
spikes, it is usual to incorporate a level of filtering in the
SPD device. This can simply be a capacitor connected
in parallel across the SPD’s output, or it might be a true
series LC filter – often called a two port SPD where
there are distinct sets of input and output terminals.
SPDs incorporating series LC filters generally provide
superior filtering performance, however they are more
expensive and need to be sized for the continuous load
current. It should be point out that SPDs with so called
“filters”would more accurately be described as wave-
shaping devices as the filter’s prime role is to slow the
very fast rate of voltage rise dv/dt rather than to “filter”.
What is meant by dB attenuation in an SPD?
Generally this applies to SPDs, which incorporate filters.
The dB of attenuation stated is usually the point at
which the filter has reduced the incident transient by
3dB (or the voltage by a factor of 20). A more effective
surge filter will have a higher dB at a lower frequency.
For example, an SPD with 60dB attenuation at 30kHz is
more effective than a filter with 60dB at 100kHz. The
attenuation can also apply to in-line, series connected,
type SPDs used in data communications. In such a case
the SPD should have a low attenuation (dB number) at
the operating frequency of the data system.
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For SPDs protecting AC power circuits, it is common for
SPD manufacturers to quote the dB result at 100kHz,
rather than the frequency at which 3dB attenuation
occurs. Rather than quote a single performance figure,
a graph of frequency response from 10kHz to 1MHz is
more useful. Performance above 1MHz is of little value
as at these higher frequencies large variations will occur
between installations. While many specifications call
for 60-80dB at 100kHz, little practical performance
benefit is obtained beyond 30dB.
The subject of SPDs with filters is not complete without
reiterating the point made in the preceding the term
“filter”when applied to a power SPD is confusing. Such
“filtering”devices would more appropriately be
described as wave shaping devices and their
performance expressed by the reduction in dv/dt, which
they present to the steep rising, edge of the surge,
rather than in dBs. Filters per sec are linear attenuation
whilst SPDs with filtering components exhibit a non-
linear action and slope attenuation.
What is Sine Wave Tracking technology?
This is a rather fancy term given to an SPD which
includes some form of RFI/EMI filtering.
What is Transient Discriminating technology?
This is a patented technology where an SPD is able to
discriminate between on the one hand the relatively low
50/60Hz frequency of long duration abnormal over
voltages, such as occur when the utility power is poorly
regulated or a “lost neutral”condition occurs, and on the
other hand the faster transient activity of surges.
Why should filters have air cored inductors?
SPDs, which comprise LC networks with a series ferrite
inductor in the Line side conductor, can experience
saturation under the high current levels during surge
activity. Air gap inductors do not suffer from problems of
saturation, however they are more expensive to
produce for the same figure of inductance than ferrite
wound inductors.
How can I protect equipment that operates on
DC?
Protection of equipment connected to DC sources or
power supplies generally involves installing protection at
the AC input to the power supply. In some cases,
protection might also be required on the DC side of such
power supplies, particularly if long cable lengths are
involved. Most SPDs will indicate if they are suitable for
DC use and the maximum operating voltage to which
they are designed for use on.
What is NEMA LS1?
NEMA LS1 is a voluntary guide established by various
manufacturers of surge protection devices under the
auspices of the National Electrical Manufacturers
Association, which primarily designates how surge
protective devices should be specified. This includes
labeling and testing. Purchasers of SPDs are
encouraged to ensure their supplier adheres to this
guide. An example of the value of the guide can be
seen in how it recommends that the surge rating of an
SPD be specified. It requires that the manufacturer’s
claimed surge rating be independently tested and
verified, rather than the simple, and all too common
approach of simply aggregating surge material or
components within the SPD and claiming this as the
rating. The LS1 approach tests all aspects of the SPD
including the ability of the terminals and internal fuses
to handle the claimed surge current, and possible failure
modes under fault conditions.
What happens to GFIs (RCDs) with downstream
SPDs?
When a mode of protection within an SPD operates to
divert energy to ground (L-G), an imbalance between
currents on the phase conductors and the return neutral
current may be noted by the GFI, causing it to trip. This
“nuisance”tripping can be reduced if only L-N and L-L
modes of protection are used, but this restriction is not
always possible, or desirable. Even with just L-N and L-
L mode protected, nuisance tripping can still occur with
larger transients. This is due to the limited common-
mode rejection ability of the GFI.
What are surges, transients and temporary over
voltages?
These are all forms are over-voltages and confused by
the often loose and interchangeable use of terminology.
The significance of the terms usually relates to their
understood duration. For example, a transient is
generally considered of very short duration (<10us) and
relatively low energy content. Such electrical activity is
often characterized by voltage switching spikes, which
in themselves contain relatively little energy content, but
are sufficient in voltage to cause junction breakdown in
the substrates of semiconductors and failure. Surges
(>10us & <1ms), on the other hand, have a greater
energy component and it is generally this which causes
the damage and charring of electronic components and
appliances. SPDs are designed to protect equipment
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against surges and transients. Temporary over voltages
(TOVs) are created by faults on the utility power
distribution system and can cause extensive damage
since their time domain is much longer (ms to s or
several cycles). Note that while UL 1449 Edition 2
ensures that the SPD will not created a fire or safety
hazard under these conditions, SPDs are not designed
to protect against TOVs.
Speed of response - is this important in itself?
Yes and No! The ability of an SPD or surge component
to respond to a voltage which exceeds its “turn-on”
threshold, will govern the residual clamping voltage
which the downstream equipment will be required to
withstand. If the device is too slow, the clamping
voltage will be high and the equipment may not be
adequately protected. This said, too much is often made
of manufacturers of “speed-of-response”. What is more
important is the “clamping or residual voltage”
performance of the SPD. It is also worth noting that
nanosecond transients can not travel far on power
wiring, thereby limiting their occurrence in practice.
What is distributed protection?
This is the process of coordinating protection between
the primary service entrance to a large facility and the
internal branch distribution panels. Generally an SPD
with high surge handling capacity is installed at the
service entrance while SPDs of lower surge ratings will
be installed on the branch panels or dedicated supplies
feeding sensitive equipment. This approach can be
taken further to include point-of-use SPDs on long lines
where they terminate to sensitive or critical equipment.
A further example of such a distributed protection
philosophy might include hardwired SPDs at the main
and sub-panels and additional plug-in protectors on
select equipment.
Where is the best place to fit protection?
Ideally, protection should be installed at the main
service entrance as close to the N-G bond as possible.
This will ensure that surge energies are routed to earth
by the most direct part. In larger facilities where
distances between this primary protection and the
equipment being protected are long, it is also good
practice to provide point-of-use protection as close to
the terminals of the equipment as possible.
What is UL 1449?
UL1449 is the test procedure required to List (or
Recognize) a Transient Voltage Surge Protection
product to Underwriters Laboratories Inc. It is important
to note that this is a safety, and not performance,
specification.
What changes did Edition 2 of UL 1449 bring?
Edition 2 of this standard required SPDs to meet a
number of new and more onerous test regimens. In
particular a section entitled Abnormal Over-voltage was
introduced by which the safety and failure modes of
SPDs are more extensively evaluated under elevated
operating voltages.
What is the concern about sustained over-
voltages?
Sustained abnormal over voltages of the utility
distribution system can exceed the SPD’s Maximum
Continuous Operating Voltage or MCOV. If this
happens, the SPD’s non-linear clamping elements will
begin to clamp on the crest of the utility voltage (120
times a second on 60Hz systems). This will rapidly
cause the SPD to accumulate heat, which further lowers
the onset of conduction point of the clamping elements.
If this condition exists for an extended time, a thermal
runaway will begin and catastrophic failure will result
with the resultant potential of a fire hazard being created
unless the design had made provision to prevent the
thermal runaway
Are underground cables protected from
lightning?
Underground cables offer greater isolation to the effects
of lightning when compared to aerial cables, however
they are still subject to induced electromagnetic
coupling of energy from nearby ground flashes. As
such, surge protection should be installed on facilities
supplied by both, overhead and underground, power
feeders.
What are NEMA and IP environmental ratings?
NEMA Standards Publication 250-1997, "Enclosures for
Electrical Equipment (1000 Volts Maximum)" provides a
comprehensive definition of NEMA Enclosure Types for
interested parties. Those of interest to installers of surge
protection products in non-hazardous locations include:
Type 1 - Enclosures constructed for indoor use to
provide a degree of protection to personnel against
incidental contact with the enclosed equipment and to
provide a degree of protection against falling dirt.
Type 2 - Enclosures constructed for indoor use to
provide a degree of protection to personnel against
incidental contact with the enclosed equipment, to
provide a degree of protection against falling dirt, and to
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provide a degree of protection against dripping and light
splashing of liquids.
Type 3 - Enclosures constructed for either indoor or
outdoor use to provide a degree of protection to
personnel against incidental contact with the enclosed
equipment. To provide a degree of protection against
falling dirt, rain, sleet, snow, and windblown dust; and
that will be undamaged by the external formation of ice
on the enclosure.
Type 3R - Enclosures constructed for either indoor or
outdoor use to provide a degree of protection to
personnel against incidental contact with the enclosed
equipment. To provide a degree of protection against
falling dirt, rain, sleet, and snow; and that will be
undamaged by the external formation of ice on the
enclosure.
Type 4 - Enclosures constructed for either indoor or
outdoor use to provide a degree of protection to
personnel against incidental contact with the enclosed
equipment. To provide a degree of protection against
falling dirt, rain, sleet, snow, windblown dust, splashing
water, and hose-directed water; and that will be
undamaged by the external formation of ice on the
enclosure.
Type 4X - Enclosures constructed for either indoor or
outdoor use to provide a degree of protection to
personnel against incidental contact with the enclosed
equipment. To provide a degree of protection against
falling dirt, rain, sleet, snow, windblown dust, splashing
water, hose-directed water, and corrosion; and that will
be undamaged by the external formation of ice on the
enclosure.
Type 12 - Enclosures constructed (without knockouts)
for indoor use to provide a degree of protection to
personnel against incidental contact with the enclosed
equipment. To provide a degree of protection against
falling dirt; against circulating dust, lint, fibers, and
flyings; and against dripping and light splashing of
liquids.
What do the markings on a SPD really mean,
and which are important?
Unlike norms for surge protection devices such as
IEC61643 which defines required markings on SPDs,
and have greater adoption in European and Asian
countries, the US does not have as clear a standard on
these issues. UL specifies certain minimum
requirements, but by-in-large manufacturers are given
considerable freedom in this area. Some parameters,
which are important and should be considered when
selecting an SPD, include:
− Nominal voltage – should match the utility system
voltage where the device is to be installed
− MCOV – The Maximum Continuous Operating
Voltage, this is the maximum voltage the device
 can withstand before conduction (clamping) begins.
It is higher than the nominal system voltage.
− Single shot surge rating – measured in kA (not
Joules). Be careful when trying to compare like with
like in this area. Independent test reports should be
available if tested and labeled as per NEMA LS1.
Also look to see that you are comparing surge
ratings of the same wave shape e.g. compare
ratings at 8/20 with ratings at 8/20.
− SVR – Suppressed Voltage Rating. Under UL1449,
a TVSS device is assigned an SVR. This is the
clamping voltage of the device rounded to one of
330, 400, 500, 600V … etc. under specific
conditions of lead length and injected surge current.
The SVR provides a very approximate measure of
an SPD’s clamping performance. It is important to
stress that this test is conducted at an extremely low
current level of 500A 8/20 and as such can not
clearly predict the performance of an SPD under
more realistic conditions to which it is rated. It is
also important to realize that an SPD designed to be
installed on a 110V system, which has an SVR of
400V, is not “better”than an SPD designed to be
installed on 240V which has an SVR of 600V. Also
bear in mind that an SPD with the lowest SVR can
be rendered less than useless if incorrectly installed
with excessive lead lengths.
− Enclosure rating – ensure that the NEMA rating of
the enclosure matches the environmental conditions
at the location where the device is to be installed.
What are the new NEC Short Circuit Current
Ratings requirements?
The NFPA 70, NEC 2002 edition, Article 285,
introduced a new requirement when installing SPDs on
mains powered systems – that the SPD be coordinated
with (rated to) the available short circuit fault current at
the point to which it is to be connected. At this point in
time, TVSS devices passing through UL 1449, have
inherently been Listed to short circuit fault currents of
10kAIC. This new requirement is currently being
reviewed by UL 1449 as they consider how best to test
to higher short circuit fault currents. Products can be
Listed with higher ratings if the manufacturer has
specifically requested this.
Is the Joule rating of an SPD important?
While conceptually an SPD with a larger energy rating
will be better, comparing SPD energy (Joule) ratings
can be misleading. More reputable manufactures no
longer provide energy ratings. The energy rating is the
sum of surge current, surge duration and SPD clamping
voltage. In comparing two products, the lower rated
device would be better if this was as a result of a lower
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clamping voltage, while the large energy device would
be preferable if this was as a result of a larger surge
current being used. There is no clear standard for SPD
energy measurement, and manufacturers have been
known to use long tail pulses to provide larger results.
Additionally confusing this issue is the possibility that
the rating is just the energy absorbed, diverted, or the
sum of both. NEMA LS1 by specific omission does not
recommend the comparison of SPD’s energy ratings.
Comparison of single shot surge ratings and let-through
voltages is considered sufficient.
Grounding Issues
What is Ground Potential Rise?
When a large amount of energy is rapidly deposited into
the ground by a cloud-to-ground lightning strike or by an
electrical fault on a utility power system, the ground
potential at this injection point rises to a higher level
with respect to the more distant ground. This has the
effect of creating a voltage potential gradient in the
earth, which can cause dangerous touch and step
potentials to personnel exist. By creating an equi-
potential ground plane beneath a facility by electrically
bonding all separate “grounds”into a “system”or by
burying ground mats and meshes, this danger to
personnel and equipment can be reduced. It is also
important to note that GPR is not only dangerous to
personnel, it can also cause damage to equipment –
see below.
I have heard I should not use separate
grounding systems?
Indeed! Separate “grounds”or “ground references”can
result in damage to equipment during lightning activity.
A cloud-to-ground discharge can deposit extensive
charge very quickly into the local ground mass of the
earth causing the ground at the injection point to rise up
in voltage with respect to more remote grounds. The
resultant potential gradient established in the ground
means that separate grounds could rise to different
potentials resulting in a loop current and possible
damage to equipment referenced to these two different
points. This phenomenon can present itself in a more
subtle way when equipment is connected to multiple
services. An example of this can be a PC with modem
where connections are made to utility power and
telecom line. If these two services are not referenced
together to create a common, equi-potential, ground
plane, damage can result. In fact, this is one of the
more common causes of equipment damage. A well-
designed multi-port protector will ensure such
equalization between services at the equipment.
What is single point grounding? through adequate bonding. By ensuring this, all
separate pieces of equipment will raise to the same
It is important to ensure that ground potential potential during a surge condition. This statement can
differences are not derived across equipment within a be illustrated by considering the Space Shuttle, it is not
facility during ground potential rises. One way to ensure “grounded”however all the equipment onboard will be
this is to adopt a single point approach to grounding of referenced to an internal equi-potential ground plane.
the equipment and services in the facility. This usually
entails referencing all equipment in the facility to a Some people say impedance and some
single ground bar (or a number of ground bars that are resistance when talking about grounding?
solidly electrically bonded together), and ensuring that
this internal bonded system is connected to the external The lightning surge event is characterized by having
ground system. “Single point grounding”refers to the very fast changes in current and voltage, sometimes
single connection between the internal facility ground called the dv/dt and di/dt. In essence it is a high
system and the external ground network. The external frequency event and as such the ground system is
ground network can utilize multiple grounding elements better considered as an AC impedance rather than DC
such as ground rods and/or counterpoises. resistance. The subject is complicated and requires
knowledge of transmission line theory and special
How do I measure ground resistance? techniques to measure the effective impedance of the
grounding system under impulse condition. Enough
There are a number of techniques for measuring ground said!
resistance, the more popular being the “fall of potential
method”. Measurements require a ground resistance
testing instrument and qualified personnel. With larger
facilities, it is important to take ground resistance
readings by placing the injection and reference
electrodes in the “far field”– essentially some few
hundred feet from the inspection ground point. This will
ensure that false or misleading results are not obtained
by having electrodes too close to buried parts of the
overall ground system. Clamp-on type instruments are
not preferred in such situations due to the possibility of
large errors in results.

What ground resistance must I achieve?

This is probably one of the most often asked questions

of grounding experts. Again there is no one answer. As
a rule of thumb, an effective ground for lightning and
surge protection purposes should be somewhere around
10 ohms. Obviously this can be difficult to reach in poor
soil conditions and a cost benefit relationship comes
into play. It is also important to stress that no definitive
applies to grounding values. As an example, it is
pointless insisting that a contractor achieve a ground
resistance of precisely 10 ohms or less, when the
testing method can be subject to as much as 2 ohms
variation depending on how the test rods are laid. It is
also worth keeping in mind that, the soil water content
can vary as much as 50%, depending on the season of
the year. There are “ground enhancing materials”which
can be used to improve (decrease) the local ground
resistivity.

More important than the absolute value of the ground

resistance, is to ensure that all the equipment in the
facility is referenced to an equi-potential ground plane

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 TN CR 0023

RJ11, 14 & 45 CONNECTORS EXPLAINED

RJ refers to “Registered Jacks”and is a series of Universal
service Ordering Codes (USOC) assigned by the FCC. It is
important to note that the RJ system only identifies the
style of the plug/socket and the number of pins used, not
the purpose of the circuit or its electrical protocols.
RJ connectors are available with either a 4, 6 or 8 position
modular jack. Not all of the available positions may have
pins/wires connected:
• A 4 position plug can be connected to a 4, 6 or 8
position socket
• A 6 position plug can be connected to either a 6 or 8
position socket
• A 8 position plug can only be connected to a 8 position
socket
Incorrectly RJ11 is often used to describe the 4 position
modular jack and RJ12 the 6 position jack.

RJ-xxy

Where “xx” includes:

11 – A 4, 6 or 8 position plug/socket with only the center two wire/plugs connected. The 4 & 6 position
implementation is commonly used for telephone and modem connections
14 - Similar to above, but the next two outer pins/wires are also used, either for 4 wire devices, or for two
phone lines
45 – A 8 position plug/socket with all 8 pins used. This is commonly used for computer network connections,
but can be used for propriety telephone circuits – some use the connector for two separate telephone
circuits, or to connect the propriety signals of office telephones back to the PBX.
48 – The same connector and number of wires as RJ45 but with different pairing. This is most commonly used
for T1 & E1 circuits.

Where “y” includes:

“C” – a surface of flush mount socket
“W” – a wallmount jack
“S – a single-line jack
“M” – a multiple line jack
“X” – a complex multiline jack

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Telecommunication Line Protectors
1.1 The nature of telecom surges
The telecom services considered in this report are
transported on twisted pair. Each service has two wires,
or lines, sometimes called the ‘a’ and ‘b’ wires.
Surges can thus occur from each line to ground, known
as L-G or common mode, or occur across the lines,
known as L-L or differential mode.
The surges that occur from each line to ground, usually
do so of the same magnitude at the same time, hence
the name common mode. This is an important
observation and derives from the fact that these twisted
pairs are balanced, and hence noise signals or surge
energy is coupled onto both wires equally. The receiving
telecommunications equipment is looking for differential
signals, and is most sensitive to noise and surges in the
differential mode. That is, the telecom equipment is
generally more robust against common mode L-G
signals. The following diagram illustrates the idea of a
common mode surge.
We will see later that gas arrester only protection is
usually sufficient for L-G protection.
Surges on balanced pairs usually
start out as common mode.
Telecom equipment is relatively
robust to these signals.
That part is the good news. Problems can arise,
however, that convert these common mode signals to
differential mode. If one wire in the pair actually breaks
down to ground either through insulation failure or
insufficient clearance at a connection point, that wire
drops to ground potential, while the other pair remains at
high voltage potential. Thus, a large voltage then
appears across the line, converting what was a common
mode (L-G on each line) surge into a damaging
differential mode (L-L) surge.
TN CR 0025
In a similar manner, surge protection components
applied from each line to ground must operate at the
same time and behave in the same way. If the surge
protection component on the ‘a’ wire operated before the
surge protection component on the ‘b’ wire, then the
common mode signal would be converted to a
differential signal for the time period between both surge
protection components operating. This phenomena is
worse when independent components are used, such
as two independent gas arresters. To try to minimize this
problem, most protectors use a three terminal gas
arrester. However, the problem is not completely
eliminated as many suppose. The following oscilloscope
display indicates this.
In this test, an equal impulse is applied from L-G on both
leads of a three terminal gas arrester. The lower, left
hand side trace shows this impulse on a scale of 1us per
division, where the absolute peak of this impulse is
around 700V (all traces are 200V per division). The
lower, central, two traces show the voltage on each of
the leads of the gas arrester. Both are climbing equally,
until at around 600V one half of the gas arrester fires,
rapidly reducing the voltage on that lead. However, the
other continues to climb until around 700V until it fires.
The top central waveform shows the difference between
these waveforms – it is a pulse of around 600V, resulting
in the damaging L-L, or differential mode!
So, to summarize this, the following points need to be begins to flow in the surge protector, and we can
understood: measure how much surge current the protector can cope
with.
Differential, or L-L, surges are most
damaging. In practice, either waveform lets us measure the “let-
through” or clamping voltage of a protector, and the
L-G surges can get converted to 8/20us current waveform lets us measure how rugged
damaging L-L surges. the protector is.

The following diagram illustrates a L-L surge.
The following two waveforms are for the IEEE type
waveform. In specifying the voltage waveform, the 1.2us
is roughly the rise time of the impulse, and the 50us is
the time taken for the pulse to decay to half its peak
value. Similarly, for the current waveform, the 8us is
roughly the rise time of the impulse, and the 20us is the
time taken for the pulse to decay to half its peak value.

1.2 Test impulses used to represent typical

telecom surges

In order to develop and test products, various standard

waveshapes are commonly used. For telecom protectors
there are two main generators used as follows:

Generator Voltage Current Generator

(Standard) Waveform Waveform output
impedance
ITU K.20 5kV, 10/700us 125A, 40 Ohms
5/310us
IEEE 6kV, 1.2/50us 3kA, 2 Ohms
C62.45 8/20us
20kV,1.2/50us 10kA, 2 Ohms
8/20us
Similar graphs could be drawn for the ITU type
The first is the ITU (formerly CCITT) type waveform –
waveform.
known as the 5kV, 125A, 10/700us waveform. This
waveform is a relatively low energy one, and is taken to
represent the type of impulse a protector might be Test waveforms let us test and
expected to cope with if it were connected to a pair from compare protectors.
an underground, multi-pair cable (where a nearby
We can measure the “let-through” or
lightning strike would couple into, and share amongst,
clamping voltage.
perhaps 200 pairs).
The current waveform lets us
In specifying waveforms and generators, it is important
to understand that the generator only has one output, measure how rugged a protector is.
and that the voltage waveform is actually the open circuit
voltage that the generator puts out, and the current
waveform is the current that flows into a short circuit on
the generator terminals. From a surge protection point of
view, the voltage output causes the protector to conduct,
and allows us to measure the maximum voltage that the
protector clamps to. Once clamping occurs, current

Page 2 of 6

2 Telecommunications Surge Protector
Topologies
Telecom protectors can be configured in various ways.
Terms often used, mis-used, and mis-understood, are
Points and Stages.
Referring to a protector as a so-many point protector is
explained as follows:
Type Description
2-Point The protector only has 2 connections
Protector – these would connect to each wire of
the pair. It is a parallel protector, not
inserted in series with the pair to be
protected.
3-Point The protector has 3 connections –
Protector these would connect to each wire of
the pair, and one to ground. It is a
parallel protector, not inserted in
series with the pair to be protected.
5-Point The protector has 5 connections –
Protector there are two connections to the input
of the protector, two separate
connections being to the output of the
protector, and one to ground. It is a
series protector, inserted in series with
the pair to be protected.
For example, consider the circuit diagrams below. The
one on the left is a 3-point protector, and other two are 5
point protectors.
3, 5 & 5 Point Protectors
Note that this ‘point’ term really does not say much about
the internal construction of the protector. The center
protector consists of a single gas arrester, but the one
on the right consists of a gas arrester, two series
impedances, and a secondary clamp element. Some
people think that a 5-stage protector contains 5 internal
elements. Now that we’ve looked at these examples, we
know better.
Which brings us to Stages. There is no universal
agreement on exactly what constitutes an n-stage
protector. The idea is that the more stages, the more
Page 3 of 6
complex the schematic of the protector. Using the above
examples, the left two protectors would be considered
single stage protectors, since they contain only a single
primary clamping element. The one on the right would
be considered either a 2-stage protector (because it has
a primary and secondary clamping element), or would be
considered a 3-stage protector (because it has a primary
clamping element, series current-limiting impedances,
and a secondary clamping element). A schematic
diagram is really the only way of determining the
construction of a surge protector.
Confusion exists with the meaning of
Points and Stages.
Use the SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM to
determine what’s in a protector.
3 Primary Overvoltage Protection
All telecom surge protectors contain primary overvoltage
protection. It is the stage of protection providing the
voltage limiting function, and generally diverts the surge
current to ground. Although this element could be a gas
arrester, MOV, or silicon diode, it is virtually universally
recognized that Asian conditions require the primary
protector to be a gas arrester.
Although some designs use two separate 2-terminal gas
arresters, it has been shown in section 1.1 that this can
cause problems, and virtually all designs now use a 3-
terminal gas arrester.
The selection criteria for a gas arrester is its let-through
voltage (turn-on time), and its current handling capability.
When tested to standard waveforms the let-through
performance can vary from around 350V to 800V
depending on arrester manufacturer and construction
technique.
The surge handling capability is usually determined by
the primary overvoltage protector, but may actually be
limited by wiring that fuses or other weaker link. The
normal values for 3-terminal gas arresters are 5kA or
10kA 8/20us from each line to ground.
One final point. Some gas arresters are fitted with a fail-
safe shorting clip. In the event that high AC currents find
themselves on the pair and the arresters fires and does
not go out, it is possible for it to heat to the point where it
could cause a fire. The function of the fail-safe shorting
clip is to react in this situation and irreversibly short out
the gas arrester. This activation usually occurs by
melting solder or plastic piece. This scenario is usually
caused by direct contact of the pair with AC voltages,
and generally not by induction.
4 Secondary Overvoltage Protection
A premium telecom surge protector will have a
secondary overvoltage clamping element. This is usually
configured from line to line and is either a MOV or a
silicon diode. A schematic for such a device is shown:
The secondary element is generally a purpose-designed
telecom protection thyristor component. These
components have developed to the point where they are
robust, have excellent, instant, clamping performance,
and feature low capacitance, and have rendered MOV’s
or Transzorb diodes obsolete in this application.
The secondary L-L clamp is very important since it
provides protection for the damaging L-L voltages as
explained in section 1.1.
The series elements are needed to coordinate the
operation of the primary and secondary clamping
elements. When a surge comes along, the thyristor
instantly clamps, and current begins to flow through the
secondary protector. In the absence of the series
elements, the thyristor would clamp and prevent the gas
arrester from firing, thus forcing the thyristor to take the
entire surge energy. However, the current flowing
through the thyristor flows through the series element
(when present) causing an additional voltage drop, that
added to the thyristor voltage, causes the gas arrester to
fire and take the brunt of the surge energy, while the
thyristor provided low let-through voltage.
The series elements need to be rugged, and experience
has shown that carefully selected wire wound resistors
offer the best combination of low inductance and high
surge current withstand.
Primary gas arresters provide high
energy ability.
Secondary telecom thyristors provide
low let-through voltage.
5 Overcurrent Protection
Where AC power circuits and telecom services are run in
close proximity for large distances, usually external to
the building, another problem can occur. That is, a line to
ground fault on the AC circuit can cause thousands of
Page 4 of 6
amps of fault current to flow in the AC wiring. This in
turn, can couple into the too-close telecom wiring,
causing several amps of AC current to flow in the
telecom wiring. This current can cause failure of the
telecom line cards or other terminating equipment.
In many countries, there are agreements between the
power utilities and the telecom providers that ensure
adequate separation of these services, so this problem
is not a very common occurrence.
The normal way to protect against this problem, is to
have PTC’s in series with each line of the telecom surge
protector. These act like solid-state resettable fuses, and
are normally arranged to operate at around 200mA, a
value chosen to be above the normal telecommunication
line current, yet below the value at which damage
occurs.
Like many good ideas, there is a down-side to providing
PTC’s in the circuit. They need to be carefully matched
in resistance value to avoid unbalancing the line. Not
only does their initial un-tripped resistance need to be
matched (which is difficult with this type of component),
but these PTC’s typically do not return to their initial pre-
tripped resistance after resetting. Thus, their degree of
unbalance gets worse with subsequent tripping.
Unbalance causes crosstalk into adjacent circuits, with
the problem getting worse with higher frequency
services. Impedance Balance and Return Loss are other
measures used to assess the degree of unbalance, and
the suitability for high frequency use.
Given that this type of overcurrent protection is often not
required, it is not usually provided in order to avoid
problems with Impedance Balance and resultant
crosstalk.
Overcurrent protection is often not
required due to the cooperative
agreement between power and
telecom utilities.
Provision of overcurrent protection
can cause crosstalk problems.
6 Frequency Response
A plain ordinary telephone service (POTs) provided on
600 Ohm twisted copper pair requires a bandwidth of
300Hz to 3400Hz. At these low frequencies, provision of
Telecom Surge Protection rarely provides attenuation
problems.
However, with the trend to ever higher frequencies
required to support digital services, the issue of the
attenuation caused by the surge protection can no
longer be ignored.

Surge protectors can inadvertently attenuate the telecom

signal by virtue of series impedance and shunt
capacitance.

Series impedance need to be of low resistance and

especially of low inductance. The resistance component
produces a fixed attenuation independent of frequency,
but any inductance present causes increasing
attenuation with frequency. Similarly, shunt capacitance
causes attenuation that gets worse with increasing
frequency.

The series impedance problem is generally solved by

choosing low inductance resistors. The ideal resistance
value from a surge protector point of view is around 8 to
10 ohms, but can be dropped to less than half that with a
suitably rugged secondary protection element. For
extremely low attenuation, a gas arrester only protector
is used.

As discussed, thyristor elements are typically used for

secondary clamping elements as their capacitance is
lower than MOVs by an order of magnitude or more.
However, if even more reduction in capacitance is
required, an ingenious arrangement of putting the
thyristor within a diode bridge is used. The diodes are
chosen to be able to withstand the same surge energy
as the thyristor, but they are inherently very low
capacitance devices. The resultant capacitance of a
larger capacitance in series with a smaller one is lower
than either one. So, the bridge arrangement gives a very
low overall capacitance at the expense of a few volts
added to the let-through voltage (and the cost of the
diodes themselves).

Need to consider attenuation of

protector on telecom signals.
Secondary protection CAN be
provided with low attenuation.

7 Comparison of some Telecom Surge Protectors

7.1 Protectors Compared

For the purposes of comparing and contrasting the

previous points, three surge protectors available from
ERICO for the Asian market for the KRONE-LSA
disconnect distribution block have been chosen:
Note:
a) CRITEC SLP10-K1F KRONE and Krone-LSA are registered trademarks of
b) CRITEC HSP10-K230 KRONE GmbH, Germany.
c) CRITEC SLP1-K2 CRITEC is a registered trademark of ERICO, Inc., USA.

Page 5 of 6
7.2 Physical and Descriptive Comparison

Protector Description Schematic Photos

CRITEC A 230V gas arrester
SLP10-K1F only, 10 pair protector.

CRITEC A 230V primary gas

HSP10- arrester with
K230 decoupled low
capacitance
secondary thyristor,
10 pair protector.

CRITEC A 230V primary gas

SLP1-K2 arrester with
decoupled secondary
thyristor, single pair
protector.

7.3 Performance Comparison

Protector Pairs Primary GDT Secondary Let-through Analogue Digital

protected Clamp Voltage Bandwidth Performance

CRITEC SLP10-K1F 10 Yes - 10kA No 350 V typ. 12 MHz 8 Mbits

CRITEC HSP10-K230 10 Yes - 10kA Yes 270 V typ. 12 MHz 8 Mbits
CRITEC SLP1-K2 1 Yes - 10kA Yes 250 V typ. 3 MHz 2 Mbits

Notes:
a) The 10 pair protectors offer much lower per-pair cost than the single pair protectors.
b) Let-through figures are for the slower rise time ITU 5kV, 125A, 10/700us impulse. Faster impulses such as the IEEE 6kV 1.2/50us, 3kA
8/20us impulse have the effect of increasing the performance gap between those protectors with secondary protection and those without.

8 Conclusions

In determining the type of protector to employ, it needs to be understood how the various circuit topologies affect
both the level of protection provided, and the underlying telecommunications signal. Given this, the three protectors
above are rated as follows:

CRITEC SLP10-K1F Good protector, giving reasonable protection, and allowing high frequency use.
CRITEC SLP1-K2 Better protector, giving excellent protection, and allowing reasonably high frequency use.
CRITEC HSP10-K230 Best protector, giving excellent protection, and allowing high frequency use.

Page 6 of 6