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Acknowlegement
I would like to thank the CBSE, for
providing me the oppurtunity to
carry out this investigatory project. I
also take this oppurtunity to express
my sincere gratitude to my Physics
teacher, Mr. Kapil Patidar, for
guiding me and imparting a sound
base of knowledge pertaining to this
topic which ensured the succesful
completion of this project. I would
also like to thank him for unending
assistance to enable completion of
the exercise.
INDEX
SL.NO T I T L E PAGE.NO
1 Introduction 2
2. Aim 3
3. Apparatus 4
4. Theory 5
5. Procedure 6
6. Diagram 8
8. Result 12
10. Bibliography 14
4
Introduction
Many optical tasks require several lenses in order to achieve an acceptable level of
performance. One such possible approach to lens combination is to consider the image
formed by each lens as the object for the next lens and so on. This is a valid approach,
but it is time consuming and difficult. Liquid lens experiment can be used to find the
optical constants of a lens and also to find the refractive indices of various liquids.
The theory behind the liquid lens is based on the properties of one or more liquid to
create magnification within a small amount of space. The focus of a liquid lens is
controlled by the surface of the liquid. Water normally form a bubble shape when
adhered to materials like glass. Thos desirable property of water makes it a very
suitable candidate for the production of liquid lens. Essentially the liquid must be
transparent so as to study its properties. To generate a liquid lens, a liquid is
sandwiched between two pieces of a clear plastic or glass. Glycerin can also be used as
a fluid in the liquid lens system. The surface profiles of the liquid determine the focal
length of the liquid lens system and how the liquid lens focuses the light rays.
If we keep the mirror behind the lens and put the object at the focus of the lens
above it, the image of the object will be formed at the same focus where the object is.
If it is an extended object, its image will be inverted and the size of the image is same
as that of the object. This property has enabled the efficient use of liquid lens to find
the refractive index of a fluid by this method. The focal length of the liquid lens can
be calculated knowing the focal length of the combination and that of the convex lens,
from which the refractive index of the fluid can easily be estimated.
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AIM
To determine:-
6
APPARATUS
2. Plane mirror,
3. The liquid
4. Glycerine
7
THEORY
Then,
1 1 1
( n−1 )( + )
f = R1 R2
( R 1 R 2)
n= 1+ f ( R 1+ R 2)
When the lens is placed over some drops of the given liquid on a
planmbination of the vconvex and the e mirror, a plano-concave liquid
lens is obtained. If F is the focal length of the combination of the
convex lens and the plano-concave liquid lens, the focal length of
the liquid lens is given by.
F1= Ff
f −F
If the first face of convex lens is in contact with the liquid surface,
the radius of curvature of the upper surface of the liquid lens is R1.
For the liquid lens,
R1 = R1 & R2 = ∞
Hence
R1
nl = 1+ f 1
8
PROCEDURE
Ff
F1= f −F
9
Repeat the experiment by keeping the second surface on water
and determine f2
10
DIAGRAM
11
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION
(i)To find focal length of lens
Focal length
Sl.no Distance of pointer from
(cm)
T o p o f l e n s Top of mirror
(cm) (cm)
4 10 11 10.5
1st surface
Focal length
Sl.no Distance of pointer from
(cm)
T o p o f l e n s T o p o f m i r r o r
(cm) (cm)
1 15 16 15.5
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Focal length of combination , surface 2
Focal length
Sl.no Distance of pointer from
(cm)
T o p o f l e n s T o p o f m i r r o r
(cm) (cm)
F1 = 15.64 cm
F2 = 15.80 cm
=(R 1 + R 2 ) ( n−1 )
1 1 1
We know, f
= 15.64 (1.33 – 1)
= 5.161 cm
Similarly ,
R2= (1-n) f2
= 15.8 × 0.33
= 5.214 cm
13
Ff
Also f1= f −F =15.576 cm
CALCULATIONS
( R 1 R 2)
n= 1+
f ( R 1+ R 2)
= 1 + 2.663 = 3.663
R1 R1
nl = 1+ f 1 (glycerine) nl = 1+ f 1
(water)
5.161 5.161
= 1+ 19.84 = 1+ 15.64
14
= 1+ 0.46 = 1+ 0.33
=1.46 =1.33
Results
1. Focal length of convex lens = 10.6 cm
2. Radius of curvature of 1st surface = 1
3. Radius of curvature of 2nd surface =
4. Refractive index of material of lens =
5. Refractive index of liquid= 1.33(water) ; 1.46(glycerine)
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PRECAUTIONS
1. The plane mirror should be clean and must have fully shining
surface.
SOURCES OF ERROR
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Physics ncert textbook .
2. www.experimentalphysics.com
3.www.wikipedia.com
4.Practical physics.
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