This experiment aims to illuminate the concept of thermodynamics by doing various

experiments using glass syringe and describe the relationship between pressure,
volume and temperature.

The set-up was constructed in the same manner, only varying in the water used, in
which for every 15 minutes the water is replaced, varying from ambient, cold, hot
and then ambient temperatures.

The mass of the piston itself along with the mass of the set of weights were
necessary for the data obtained.

As the temperature was changed from ambient to cold, the piston was rapidly
pushed to a certain volume.

On the other hand, as the temperature was changed from ambient to hot, there was
as well a rapid movement of the piston, however, opposite to the aforementioned
result, lifting it up to a certain volume.

Based on the results obtained, it is shown that Piston 2 which is larger than Piston 1,
showed a relatively large force to lift the other piston.

The force that was exerted by the gas in the syringe depends on the gas volume.

That’s why it is a must that the syringe should be dry and clean for the piston to
move in-and-out the syringe.

The volume of test tube must be 35% of the volume of syringe to avoid errors in
heating or cooling and lifting or pulling the piston of syringe.

In the contrary, using a “too small” of a size for the glass syringe, yes, it would cool
or heat faster, however, the lifting or pushing of the piston would be more difficult
to achieve.

In conclusion, it was demonstrated that pressure, volume and temperature are

indeed interrelated with each other.

The

Ksp

for PbCl2 dissociation was found. Three trials were performed using about
0.770 g PbCl2 each time. One trial was performed in 25.00 mL pure water;
one trial was performed in 25.00 mL 0.10 M NaCl; and, one trial was
 performed in 25.00 mL 0.10 M Pb(NO3)2 so the effect of additional dissolved
ions could be assessed.

Ksp

of PbCl2 was found to be 1.59 × 10–5. Even though it was hard to measure the
Pb2+ and Cl– concentrations, the results were pretty good.
B
Equilibrium dissociation constants that compare favorably with literature
values can be obtained by the gravimetric method used in this work. The
solubility product constant,

Ksp,

of lead (II) chloride was found to be 1.59 × 10–5 ± 6.00 × 10–7 at 298 K, which is
within 1% of the accepted value. Primary sources of error can be minimized if the
work is performed carefully.
C
We calculated

Ksp

for PbCl2 which is an ionic compound that doesn't dissolve in water too
much but does a little bit depending on factors like temperature and other
things. We had to do three tests with solid PbCl2 and pure water or 0.10 M
NaCl or 0.10 M

Pb(NO3)2

and then figure out how much Pb2+ and Cl– were in the solution part. We got
a

Ksp

that was close to the value our TA said was right.

D
PbCl2, an "insoluble" ionic compound, has a low solubility product constant
(
 Ksp

) of 1.6 × 10–5 at 25°C. Using gravimetric analysis, the experimentally

determined

Ksp

of PbCl2 was found to be 1.59 × 10–5 ± 6.00 × 10–7. The small percent
difference between the expected and observed

Ksp

values indicates that this method of analysis is a valid and accurate way of
determining the extent of dissociation of slightly soluble ionic compounds in
water. Problems such as precipitate loss and/or contamination during filtration
can introduce error if care is not taken during the experiments.In this

In this experiment, glass syringes were used to experimentally validate the concepts of
thermodynamics such as pressure, volume, temperature. The glass syringes were used
to construct a thermometer and a miniature hydraulic press. It was demonstrated that
temperature scales are arbitrary and show cased the concept of Charles’s and Boyle’s
law. These results were shown to be an effective way of verifying the concept of
thermodynamics with the use of glass syringes

This experiment aims to illuminate the concept of thermodynamics by doing various

experiments using glass syringe and describe the relationship between pressure,
volume and temperature.

The set-up was constructed in the same manner, only varying in the water used, in
which for every 15 minutes the water is replaced, varying from ambient, cold, hot
and then ambient temperatures.

The mass of the piston itself along with the mass of the set of weights were
necessary for the data obtained.

As the temperature was changed from ambient to cold, the piston was rapidly
pushed to a certain volume.

On the other hand, as the temperature was changed from ambient to hot, there was
as well a rapid movement of the piston, however, opposite to the aforementioned
result, lifting it up to a certain volume.

Based on the results obtained, it is shown that Piston 2 which is larger than Piston 1,
showed a relatively large force to lift the other piston.

The force that was exerted by the gas in the syringe depends on the gas volume.

That’s why it is a must that the syringe should be dry and clean for the piston to
move in-and-out the syringe.

The volume of test tube must be 35% of the volume of syringe to avoid errors in
heating or cooling and lifting or pulling the piston of syringe.

In the contrary, using a “too small” of a size for the glass syringe, yes, it would cool
or heat faster, however, the lifting or pushing of the piston would be more difficult
to achieve.

In this activity, the experiment went as expected, proving that the experiment was a
success.

1. On the other hand, as the temperature was changed from ambient to hot, there
was as well a rapid movement of the piston, however, opposite to the
aforementioned result, lifting it up to a certain volume.
2. The volume of test tube must be 35% of the volume of syringe to avoid errors in
heating or cooling and lifting or pulling the piston of syringe.
3. This experiment aims to illuminate the concept of thermodynamics by doing
various experiments using glass syringe and describe the relationship between
pressure, volume and temperature.
4. In the contrary, using a “too small” of a size for the glass syringe, yes, it would
cool or heat faster, however, the lifting or pushing of the piston would be more
difficult to achieve.
 5. As the temperature was changed from ambient to cold, the piston was rapidly
pushed to a certain volume.

In this experiment, glass syringes were used to experimentally validate the concepts of
thermodynamics such as pressure, volume, temperature. The glass syringes were used
to construct a thermometer and a miniature hydraulic press. From obtained results in
syringe thermometer, the temperature scale from the syringe itself was attained.
Referring from the equation y= mx + b, the volume (2.50 mL) of the minimum temperature
was used as the ‘y’ in the equation. This shows that while the relationship between
Fahrenheit and Celsius produces a linear function. In syringe machine, at a given force, if
the surface area is smaller, the pressure will be greater. However, if a larger surface area
is used, the force is then being spread out, resulting to a smaller pressure. It was
demonstrated that pressure, volume and temperature are indeed interrelated with each
other. When pressure is held constant, increasing the temperature will increase the
volume as well. Contrary to that, when temperature is held constant and pressure is
increased, the volume will decrease.

The main source of error in this lab was inaccuracy in reading the
syringe. This is random error; sometimes we were a little high and
sometimes a little low, as seen in our graph. There are also slight
inaccuracies in the Data Logger, which rounds numbers to two
decimal places. To correct for misreadings of the syringe, we could
do more trials or use a more finely divided syringe.

Our experiment verified Boyle's law - pressure and volume vary

inversely when temperature is constant. One way to improve the lab
would be to perform more trials to improve our accuracy and help get
rid of some of our random error.