Training Programme on

"Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges (IRC:112-2011)”

18-22 JULY, 2016 AT IAHE, NOIDA

ACTIONS & THEIR

COMBINATIONS WITH
WORKED OUT EXAMPLES
(SECTION 5)

PROF MAHESH TANDON

MANAGING DIRECTOR, TANDON CONSULTANTS PVT LTD
PRESIDENT , INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS, INDIAN SOCIETY OF WIND ENGINEERING
FORMER DISTINGUISHED VISITING PROFESSOR IITs @ KANPUR, ROORKEE, GANDHINAGAR
24 LETTERS 
ACTIONS DEFINED IRC:6-2014
(Clause 202)
ACTIONS CAN BE REPRESENTED IN A DIAGRAM AS
GIVEN BELOW:

4
Combination of actions required to check:
 The Equilibrium (Overturning, Sliding, Uplift)
 The Structural Strength
 The Serviceability Criteria
Actions to be considered for checks:
 Permanent
 Variable
 Accidental
 Seismic
NEW CONCEPT OF ‘LEADING LOAD’ and
‘ACCOMPANYING’ LOAD for VARIABLE ACTIONS
5
Table 3: Partial Safety Factors for Actions for
Equilibrium
Unfavorable Favorable
Action
Effect Effect
1.05 0.95
Permanent

1.50 0
Variable

1.0 1.0
Accidental
Seismic action 1.5 1.0

Prestress As specified in As specified in

IRC:112 IRC:112
(Clause 7.9.5) (Clause 7.9.5)
6
Table 4: Partial Safety Factors for Actions for Structural
Strength

Unfavorable Favorable
Action
effect effect
 g  1.35  g  1.0
Permanent
 q  1.50 q 0
Variable

Pre-Stress Clause 7.9.5 Clause 7.9.5

 PARTIAL FACTOR

Uncertainty in modeling the effect of action

= 1.15 for permanent action
= 1.10 for Variable action
Unfavorable deviation of action
= 1.17 for permanent action
= 1.36 for Variable action
So partial factor for permanent action
= 1.15 x 1.17 = 1.35
For variable action = 1.10 x 1.36 = 1.50
 Refer IRC: 6

Table 3.1 Gives Partial Factors to Check Equilibrium of Structure

Table 3.2 Gives Partial Factors for Verification of Structural Strength

Table 3.3 Gives Partial Factors for Serviceability Limit State

Table 3.4 Gives Partial Factors for Design of Foundation

THE EQUILIBRIUM
(OVERTURNING, SLIDING, UPLIFT)

Check only under ULS

BASIC COMBINATION
ACCIDENTAL COMBINATION
SEISMIC COMBINATION
• Different partial load factors for ‘restoring’
and ‘overturning’.

• Wind & Thermal Loads are not to be taken

simultaneously. Wind and Seismic Loads are
not to be taken simultaneously.

• One variable load to be considered as

‘Leading’ and rest ‘Accompanying’
 Table No. 1
Partial Safety Factor for Verification of Equilibrium
Actions Basic Combination Accidental Combination Seismic Combination
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Overturning Restoring Overturning Restoring or Overturning Restoring
or Sliding or or Sliding Resisting or Sliding or Resisting
or Uplift Effect Resisting or Uplift Effect Effect or Uplift Effect
Effect Effect
Permanent Actions:
Dead Load, SIDL except
surfacing, Backfill weight, 1.05 0.95 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
settlement, creep and
shrinkage effect

Surfacing 1.35 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0

Prestress and Secondary (Refer Note 5)

effect of prestress
Earth pressure due to 1.50 - 1.0 - 1.0
Back Fill

Variable Actions:
Carriageway Live Load,
associated loads (braking,
tractive and centrifugal
forces) and Pedestrian
Live Load
(a) As Leading Load 0 0.75 0 - -
1.5
(b) As accompanying Load 1.15 0 0.2 0 0.2 0
(c) Construction Live Load 1.35 0 1.0 0 1.0 0
 Table No. 1
Partial Safety Factor for Verification of Equilibrium
Actions Basic Combination Accidental Combination Seismic Combination
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Overturning Restoring Overturning Restoring or Overturning Restoring
or Sliding or Resisting or Sliding Resisting or Sliding or
or Uplift Effect Effect or Uplift Effect Effect or Uplift Effect Resisting
Effect
Thermal Action
(a) As Leading Load 1.50 0 - - - -
(b) As accompanying Load 0.9 0 0.5 0 0.5 0

Wind
(a) As Leading Load 1.50 0 - - - -
(b) As accompanying Load 0.9 0 - - - -

Live Load Surcharge 1.20 0 - - - -

effects (as accompanying
load)

Accidental effects:
i) Vehicle collision (or) -
ii) Barge Impact (or) - - 1.0 - -
iii) Impact due to floating
bodies

Seismic Effect -
- - - 1.5 -
(a) During Service -
- - - -
(b) During Construction 0.75
 Table No. 1
Partial Safety Factor for Verification of Equilibrium
Actions Basic Combination Accidental Combination Seismic Combination
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Overturning Restoring Overturning Restoring or Overturning Restoring
or Sliding or Resisting or Sliding Resisting or Sliding or
or Uplift Effect Effect or Uplift Effect Effect or Uplift Effect Resisting
Effect
Construction Condition:
Counter Weights:
a) When density or self - 0.9 - 1.0 - 1.0
weight is well defined
b) When density or self - 0.8 - 1.0 - 1.0
weight is not well defined
c) Erection effects 1.05 0.95 - - - -

Wind
(a) Leading Load 1.50 0 - - - -
(b) Accompanying Load 1.20 0 - - - -

Hydraulic Actions
(Accompanying Load):
Water current forces
1.0 0 1.0 - 1.0 -
Wave Pressure
1.0 0 1.0 - 1.0 -
Buoyancy
1.0 - 1.0 - 1.0 -
 THE STRUCTURAL STRENGTH
BASIC COMBINATION
ACCIDENTAL COMBINATION
SEISMIC COMBINATION

• One variable load to be considered as ‘Leading’ and rest

‘Accompanying’
• Not valid for bearings and Expansion Joints
• Wind action and thermal action need not be taken
simultaneously.
• Partial safety factor for prestress and secondary effect of
prestress shall be as recommended in the relevant codes.
• Wherever Snow Load is applicable, Clause 221 shall be referred
for combination of snow load and live load.
• Seismic effect during erection stage is reduced to half when
construction phase does not exceed 5 years.
 Table No. 2
Partial Safety Factor for Verification of Structural Strength
Ultimate Limit State

Basic Combination Accidental Seismic

Combination Combination
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Permanent Actions:
Dead Load, SIDL except surfacing, effects:
(a) Adding to the effect of variable action 1.35 1.0 1.0
(b) Opposing the effect of variable action 1.0 1.0 1.0

Surfacing:
Effects adding to the effect of variable action 1.75 1.0 1.0
Effects opposing the effect of variable action 1.0 1.0 1.0
(Refer Note 2)
Prestress and Secondary effect of prestress - - -

Back fill Weight 1.5 1.0 1.0

Earth pressure due to Back Fill

(a) Adding to the effect of variable loads 1.50 1.0 1.5
(b) Relieving the effect of variable loads 1.0 1.0 1.0

Variable Actions:
Carriageway Live Load and associated
actions (braking, tractive and centrifugal
forces) and Pedestrian Live Load:
(a) Leading Load 1.5 0.75 0
(b) Accompanying Load 1.15 0.2 0.2
(c) Construction Live Load 1.35 1.0 1.0
 Table No. 2
Partial Safety Factor for Verification of Structural Strength
Ultimate Limit State

Basic Combination Accidental Seismic

Combination Combination
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Wind during service and construction
(a) Leading Load 1.50 - -
(b) Accompanying Load 0.9 - -

Live Load Surcharge (as accompanying load) 1.2 0.2 0.2

Construction Dead load 1.35 1.0 1.35

Thermal Loads
a) As leading load 1.5 - -
b) As Accompanying load 0.9 0.5 0.5

Note: 1) For Combination principles, refer Para 3.

 Table No. 2
Partial Safety Factor for Verification of Structural Strength
Ultimate Limit State

Basic Combination Accidental Seismic

Combination Combination
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Accidental Effects:
i) Vehicle Collision (or) 1.0
ii) Barge Impact (or) - 1.0 -
iii) Impact due to floating bodies 1.0

Seismic Effect
(a) During Service - - 1.5
(b) During Construction - - 0.75

Hydraulic Actions (Accompanying Load):

Water Current Forces 1.0 1.0 1.0
Wave Pressure 1.0 1.0 1.0
Buoyancy 0.15 0.15 0.15

Note: 1) For Combination principles, refer Para 3.

 THE SERVICEABILITY CRITERIA

RARE COMBINATION
FREQUENT COMBINATION
SEMI- PERMANENT COMBINATION

1. Not valid for bearings and Expansion Joints

2. Wind and thermal action need not be taken simultaneously
3. One variable load to be considered as ‘Leading’
and rest ‘Accompanying’
 Table No. 3
Partial Safety Factor for Verification of Serviceability Limit State
Rare Frequent Semi Permanent
Combination Combination Combination
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Permanent Actions:
Dead Load, SIDL excluding surfacing 1.0 1.0 1.0
Surfacing
a) As leading load 1.2 1.2 1.2
1.0 1.0 1.0
b) As Accompanying load

1.0 1.0 1.0

Back fill Weight

Prestress and Secondary effect of prestress (Refer Note 4)

Shrinkage and Creep Effects 1.0 1.0 1.0

Earth Pressure due to Back Fill 1.0 1.0 1.0
Settlement Effects
(a) Adding to the permanent effect 1.0 1.0 1.0
(b) Opposing the permanent effect 0 0 0
 Table No. 3
Partial Safety Factor for Verification of Serviceability Limit State
Rare Frequent Semi Permanent
Combination Combination Combination
(1) (2) (3) (4)

Variable Actions:
Carriageway Live Load and associated loads
(braking, tractive and centrifugal forces)
and Pedestrian Live Load 1.0 0.75 -
(a) Leading Load 0.75 0.2 0
(b) Accompanying Load

Thermal Actions 1.0 0.6 -

(a) Leading Load 0.6 0.5 0.5
(b) Accompanying Load

Wind
(a) Leading Load 1.0 0.60 -
(b) Accompanying Load 0.60 0.50 0

Live Load Surcharge (Accompanying Load) 0.80 0 0

Hydraulic Actions (Accompanying Load):

Water Current Forces 1.0 1.0 -
Wave Pressure 1.0 1.0 -
Buoyancy 0.15 0.15 0.15
 WORKED EXAMPLES
8.1, 8.2, 8.3. 8.4 OF HANDBOOK pp226
8.0 Examples
Partial factors are taken from IRC 6: 2010. The examples will illustrate
the methods to carry out the stability check and to work out the Bending
moment for the various combinations.

8.1 Stability Check: To Check the Stability of the Structure

Example 1:
Overhang Beam Stability Check.
Self weight of member g = 15kN/m
Concentrated Dead Load G = 6kN
Live Load Q1 = 9kN/m
Q1= 9kN/m

g= 15kN/m G= 6kN
4.5 m 3.0 m

Fig. 1 Loading Diagram
Contd.
THE STRUCTURE CAN OVERTURN WITH RESPECT TO B
Overturning Moment
=   1.05 × 15 × + 1.05 × 6 × 3 + 1.50 × 9 ×
=   70.87 + 18.9 + 60.75 = 150.52 kNm

Restoring Moment
× .
=    0.95 × = 144.28 kNm
144.28 kNm < 150.52kNm

Structure overturns and hence unstable. To make it stable either

reduce the cantilever length or, reduce the concentrated load or
provide anchoring at A.  
8.2 Calculation of Design Bending Moments:
Examples:
(1) Moments under ultimate Limit State Taking the same Example of
Over Hanging Calculation of Design Bending Moments:
(a) Moment due to Concentrated Load

(b) Moment due to Self Weight

Contd.
(C) Moment due to Variable Load (Live Load)

(b) Design of Moments

i) Maximum (-) moment at B = -(1.35 (18+67.5) + 1.5 X 40.5) = - 176.2 kNm

i) Maximum (+) moment at Mid Point of AB = 1.0 (-9 + 4.21) + 1.5 X 22.78 = 29.38 kNm
It is to be noted as the dead load effects oppose the live load effect, the
partial safely factor 1.0 has been used for dead load moment

iii) Maximum (-) moment of Mid Point AB = {1.35 (-9 + 4.21) – 1.5 x 20.25} = -36.84 kNm

Contd.
8.3 Calculation of Design Bending Moments in a Continuous
Beam:

Contd.
Contd.
Contd.
Ultimate Moment Diagram
8.3 Design Moments for Superstructure

Contd.
Contd.
 Actions & their Combinations
Ultimate Limit State Serviceability Limit State
Limit
Comb. States
Factors For all accompanying For accompanying
0 imposed actions in Basic imposed actions in Rare
Combination Combination

1 For leading imposed For leading imposed

action in Accidental actions in Frequent
Combination Combination

For other imposed

For other imposed
actions in frequent
actions in Accidental
2 combination and for all
Combination and
imposed actions in Semi-
Seismic Combination
Permanent Combination
 Table 1: Applicability of Combination Factors

Limit
Ultimate Limit Serviceability Limit
Combination States
State State
Factors
For all
 accompanying For accompanying
0 imposed actions imposed actions in rare
in basic combination
Combination
 For leading
For leading imposed
imposed action in
1 Accidental
actions in frequent
Combination
Combination
For other imposed For other imposed
 actions in actions in frequent
Accidental combination and for all
2 Combination and imposed actions in
Seismic Semi-Permanent
Combination Combination 35
 Table 2: Combination Factors

0 1 2
Combination
Factors
Loads

For all imposed loads 0.75 0.75 0.2

For wind loads 0.6 0.6 0.5 (for

frequent
combination)
0 (for other
combination)

For temperature loads 0.6

0.6 0.5

Note: If any imposed load produces favorable effect, the same shall not be
considered