Umesh Rajshirke Material Properties and Their Design Value PDF

SPECTRUM
MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN

VALUES
(IRC 112 : 2011)
By
Umesh Rajeshirke
Managing Director,
SPECTRUM Techno Consultants Pvt Ltd,
Navi Mumbai
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SPECTRUM
MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES
• Section 6 of IRC 112 deals with Material Properties & their

Design Values
• We need to know the properties of material for analysis &
design of bridge and its elements
• We need to know their Physical, Mechanical and Chemical
properties and the changes in the same due Load, time &
processes
• Mechanical Properties:
• Strength, stress- strength curves in tension and compression,
elongation before failure (ductility),
• Response to dynamic loading in earthquake and blast loading.
• Bond between steel and concrete.
• Durability and resistance to corrosion
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• Actual Properties and Design Properties
Design properties are simplified descriptions of mechanical
properties of material
Although the Design Process uses the simplified descriptions
of properties, the actual properties of materials are somewhat
different from the assumed design properties
• The actual properties, are taken from standard literature.
They are referred to in this presentation while explaining the
factors which influencing such properties.
• This knowledge will help in understanding and appreciating
the behaviour of structures in normal situations as well as in
the special situations in which effects normally considered as
secondary are likely to become significant (e.g. those
involving large sized structures, exposure to extreme
temperatures, etc).
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• Material properties are described in following clauses:

• Reinforcement : Clause No 6.2
• Prestresing steel : Clause No 6.3
• Concrete : Clause No 6.4
• Apart from the properties given in this code, the code allows to
use the data available in international codes, literature, and Lab
or field test results with proper validation.
• Not just the properties, the code even allows to use different
materials conforming to other international standards
4
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Un-tensioned Steel Reinforcement
• Reinforcement Types:
• hot rolled,
• thermo-mechanical or
heat-treated rods,
• de-coiled rods or
• cold worked steel of
various grades
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SPECTRUM MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES
The minimum strength:

• the yield strength for mild steel & Hot rolled/heat treated HYSD steel
• 0.2 percent proof strength in case of cold worked steel, is notionally
taken as the characteristic strength, fyk
Stress-strain diagrams:
Ductility: measured by ratio ft / fyk and minimum elongation are given in Table 18.1
The modulus of elasticity, E can be taken as 200 GPa i.e 2 x 106 MPa
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Idealised bilinear or simplified bilinear diagram for design purposes
Idealised Bilinear
ft ft
ft / s
fyk
fyd = fyk
s
1 Simplified Bilinear
E
Factored Simplified Design Bilinear
Factored Idealised Design Bilinear
ud = 0.9 uk

uk
Reinforced Concrete
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Example :
Grade of steel : Fe500

γs = 1.15
fyk = 500 Mpa
hence, fyd = fyk/ γs = 500/1.15 = 435 MPa.

Strain at this point = 435 MPa / 200 Gpa
= 0.002174
Tensile strength, ft
= minimum value given in Table 18.1
=108% of fyk (i.e. 540 MPa) for Fe 500
=110% of fyk ( i.e. 550 MPa ) for Fe 500D
Thus ft/ys = 469.5 MPa for Fe 500

=478.2 MPa for Fe 500D
The value of Ɛuk = 5% ( as given in table 18.1

& IS 1786 )
Hence, the strain limit for sloping arm of the
curve shall be 0.9 Ɛuk = 4.5%.
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• Products with improved corrosion resistance:
• Galvanised reinforcement:
• by hot dipping process in which steel reinforcement is dipped in a bath of molten
zinc and cooled in a controlled manner.
• The coating is chromate treated to avoid reaction between zinc and fresh cement
paste. In this process, zinc is chemically bonded with steel surface in layers with
varying percentage of zinc contents.
• The requirements of coating are as per IS:12594-1988.
The strength as well as elongation and bond properties are not adversely affected by
galvanising
• Epoxy-coated reinforcement:
• Reinforcing bars can be coated by fusion bonded epoxy conforming to
IS:13620:1993.
• The coating forms a continuous layer (free of holidays) which has high electrical
resistance and prevents setting up of corrosion cells. It also provides physical
barrier to the harmful elements from environment, controlling their rate of
penetration.
• On the other hand, the holidays have a tendency to concentrate the corrosion
currents in these areas leading to faster localised corrosion.
• the lap length and anchorage lengths should be increased by 25%
• Stainless steel reinforcement
• Although stainless steel reinforcement has not yet been covered by the Indian 9
standards, it has been used for applications where any corrosion is not acceptable,
SPECTRUM

Chemical Composition - Types of alloy steels:
Depending upon the contents of alloying components (by volume)

steel types are divided into:
Non-alloyed steels : < 2.5% alloying components (<1% Mn)

(Carbon steels)
Low- alloyed steels: <5%alloying components (>1% Mn)
Alloyed steels: >5% alloying components
Micro-alloyed steels: <0.12% micro-alloying elements

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Chemical Composition – Types of alloy steels:
Effect of addition of 0.1% of alloying material by weight
Alloying Yield Stress Tensile Strength Deforma-bility
Component Increase [N/mm2] Increase
[N/mm2]
Carbon (C) 28.0 70.0 Worsen
Silical (Si) 5.6 9.2 Worsen
Manganese (Mn) 8.4 8.0 Worsen
Phosphorus (P) 55.0 46.0 Worsen
Chromium (Cr) 5.5 7.4 Worsen
Nickel (Ni) 4.5 3.4 Improved
Notes: 1. For Carbon Steels (Non-alloyed steels) the quantity and, therefore, influence
of components other than Carbon are not significant.
2. For reinforcing steels for C% of 0.24% the maximum tensile strength is about
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550 N/mm2
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EFFECT OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES
• Indian standards specifying reinforcing and prestressing steels

give user’s requirements of physical and mechanical
properties and broad limits of chemical compositions. The
methods of achieving the same through suitable technological
processes is left to the manufacturer.
• These processes contribute to the final properties of steel,

and in fact are specifically designed to achieve the desired
end properties.
• The following selective list of important treatments in the

production processes is intended for bringing out the
differences in steels of apparently similar characteristics.
12
SPECTRUM ……continued
4.2 Methods used in production process

1. Production of molten steel
Method1: The first step in making any steel product is
production of molten steel from iron ore, cock, lime etc. in
blast furnaces. Using Basic Oxygen Steel making (BOS) process
carbon contents and impurities are controlled, alloying
components regulated and semi finished products like ingots
and then slabs, billets, rods etc. are made for further rolling
and heat treatments.
Method 2: Alternatively, a mixture of steel scrap and other
steel products like reduced iron, iron carbides etc. are
charged in a cold form in Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) where
they are melted using heat from electric arc, chemical
composition controlled and steel rolled into intermediate
forms for further treatment.
13
2. Hot Rolling
Products from primary mills (from BOS), or semi-finished
products (from EAF) are re-heated up to 12000C for re-rolling
into final shape. The billets pass through several rolling stands
in ‘long product mills’. The last few stands provide ribs on the
re-bars as per requirement. The hot steel is cooled in a
controlled manner, normally using water, but some times
cooled in air. This is a very important step since the
mechanical properties of end product depend largely on the
cooling history.
3. Heat Treatment
Heat treatment is a thermal process applied to steel in a solid
state. Often, it is applied in line with the hot rolling process,
but can be applied independently later.
14
• In ‘Tempcore Process’ after leaving the last stand of rolling

mill the steel is rapidly cooled (Quenched) from about 950° C
to a lower temperature in a special equipment till the surface
layer is transformed from austenitic to martensitic structure.
It is then allowed to cool on cooling beds. The internal heat
from the core flows outwards and in a self-tempering process
the martensite is annealed. The treatment allows partial
diffusion of carbon from martensite, which is hard but brittle.
The inner core becomes ferrite and pearlite – which is ductile
but less strong. The combination of these properties give
finished product the desired overall strength and ductility.
15
4. Cold Forming
• Semi-finished, hot rolled products with suitable chemical compositions,

(C<0.1% & Mn between 0.5% and 0.7%) are deformed in the cold
condition by mechanical stretching, drawing, twisting, cold-rolling and/or
combination thereof to the final shape. (The un-worked length at the end
where bars are gripped shall not exceed 100 mm or 4xdiameter)
16
Effects of cold working In cold forming, the material is typically
stressed beyond yield in the plastic
deformation. This process does not change the
basic stress-strain characteristic of the hot
rolled steel but changes the loading/unloading
path due to residual plastic deformations.
The reduced cross-section due to poisson’s
effect becomes the new basis of calculating
stress, which gives steel its apparent high
strength. This, of is a trade-off at the cost of
reduced (remaining) ductility.
17

5. Coiling and Straightening of Small Diameter Bars
Small diameter bars are sometimes supplied in continuously
wound coils which need straightening by the fabricator before
incorporating in structure. Both the coiling and straightening
operations involve a small degree of additional cold working.
This adversely affects the ductility which is not controlled at
site by fabricators.
This, in fact, is theoretically true for bars of all diameters
which are bent cold to any degree before incorporating in the
structure. However, the overall ductility of the manufactured
straight bars is expected to have enough margin to cover this
local effect. The bend and re-bend tests confirm the same
indirectly.
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Methods Used For Prestressing Steels (HTS)
Hot Rolling
• Up to this stage of production of billets the process of hot rolling is
the same as that of reinforcing steel. The differences in strength and
ductility of semi-finished products is due to differences in the
chemical composition of steel.
Further Processes
• After this stage the other processes like quenching, tempering, cold
stretching, stress relieving are followed in different combinations
and extent to produce various products like bars, wires and strands.
Stranding
• It is a mechanical winding of small diameter wires around a central
wire at desired pitch under small tension to produce strands.
Stabilising
• is one of the operation which consists of low temperature (4000C)
heat treatment combined with simultaneous stretching upto 1% to
produce low relaxation steel.
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DESIGN PROPERTIES OF REINFORCING STEELS

Stress-strain And Modulus Of Elasticity
Stress-strain curves of linear members of
steels produced by various techniques are
mostly similar in shape but differ in details in
zones covering yield and strain hardening and
ultimate elongation. Typical comparative
curves are shown in Fig. 5.1
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21

Ductility and its importance
Ductility of reinforcement is an ESSENTIAL CHARESTERISTIC for
many reasons. It is a basic requirement for many DESIRABLE
design behaviors to remain valid or at least for their
descriptions to be sufficiently and acceptably correct. These
are listed below:
• Warning before failure of statically determinate and
indeterminate structures by occurrence of large deflections. (
True of under reinforced structures)
• Linear elastic analysis, which demands a certain ductility in
plastic areas, because the actual distribution of moments
differs from the assumed distribution for elastic behavior due
to concrete cracking and the subsequent change in
distribution of stiffness along the member.
22
……continued
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Ductility and its importance ( Cont…)
• Linear elastic analysis with moment redistribution, which requires a

rotation capacity in the plastic areas to allow for the assumed
degree of redistribution to take place..
• Elasto-plastic analysis, which is based on the assumption of

indefinite plasticity of the member.
• Equilibrium methods which are valid only if compatibility of

displacements can be achieved (e.g. truss models, strut and tie
models) - to apply these models the reinforcement needs to be
ductile enough to allow for the change from elastic stress
distribution to that assumed by the models (particularly it demands
ductility for shear reinforcement).
• Resistance against imposed deformations (e.g. due to temperature,

support settlement, shrinkage, creep), which requires plastic
adaptability of the structure to avoid unacceptable stresses. 23
Ductility and its importance
• Ability to withstand unforeseen local impact and accidental

loading without collapse (robustness).
• Redistribution of internal forces in statically indeterminate

structures under fire attack
• Energy dissipation under cyclic (e.g. seismic) loading.
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Prestressing Steel:
Specifications, grades, strength, elongation and relaxation
Plain or indented wires
Stress-relieved multi-ply strands
High tensile steel bars
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Prestressing Steel (Cont..)
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Stress-strain properties for design:
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Example :
As per IS 14268, for strand of dia. 15.2,

fpk = 260.2 kN / 140 mm2 = 1862 MPa.
Yield point is defined at 0.1% proof stress

(fp0.1k) = 0.87 times of fpk.
Hence, fp0.1k = 0.87 * 1862 = 1619 MPa
fpd = 1619/1.15 = 1409 MPa with strain of

1409 MPa / 195 GPa = 0.007224.
In absence of accurate data, the value of

Ɛud can be taken as 0.02.
28

Relaxation Loss for Design
General
• Creep meaning increase in strain with time without increase
in stress, and relaxation, meaning reduction in stress/load
with time without change in strain are the two manifestations
of the same property of steel.
• In practical situations, both stress and strain may undergo

time-dependent changes and reach as an intermediate state
of equilibrium. In prestressed concrete analysis, relaxation is
considered as an appropriate tool for arriving at the time-
dependent equilibrium of stress and strain. The effect of
creep of concrete further complicates the assessment, making
the combined effect less adverse then the sum of two effects
estimated separately and added up. However, in practice, the
later approach is considered as sufficiently accurate and
erring on the safe side. 29
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Relaxation loss for design :
Effect of High Temperature Curing on Relaxation of Steel:

An equivalent time should be added to the time after tensioning t in the
relaxation time functions to cater for the effects of the heat treatment
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Relaxation Loss for Design ( Cont…..)
Codal Specifications:
• The codes classify steels into two categories: Normal

relaxation , and low relaxation. The conformity tests are bases
on the measured relaxation at the end of 1000 hour test at
initial stress of 70% of UTS at200 C. Since the relaxation is
expressed as % loss of initial stress, the codes also gives the
values of relaxation at other levels of initial stress.
• It is interesting to note that at initial stress of 50% of UTS (and

bellow) relaxation does not take place.
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Codal Specifications (Cont…)

The long term values of relaxation at 70 years is taken as
three times of 1000 hr. value for both normal and low
relaxation steels.
This is a simplification of actual situation. For normal
relaxation steel the long term value is two times of 1000 hr.
value[i.e.10% of .7% of UTS]
If the final value is taken as the same for both steels, i. e. 10%,
but realising that a part of the total relaxation has already
been achieved while manufacturing in factory, which is not
measurable in tests [2.5%] the remaining 7.5% is 3 times the
1000 hr value specified for low relaxation steel [2.5%].
32
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Concrete
Grade designations:
Ordinary Concrete is made on the basis of

nominal mix proportioned by weight of
cement, coarse and fine aggregates and water.
Standard Concrete is made on the basis of

design mix proportioned by weight of its
ingredients,
High Performance Concrete is similar to

standard concrete but contains additional one Characteristic Strength Is the lower 5%
or more mineral admixtures providing binding fractile value of the statistical distribution of
characteristics and partly acting as inert filler 28 days strength , each sample consisting of
material which increase its strength, reduce its 3 cubes of 150 mm size. The grade
porosity and modify its other properties in designation is the nearest lower limit of the
fresh as well as hardened condition. Concretes range in multiple of 5 MPa within which the
upto Grade M90 are included in this type. actual characteristic strength falls. 33
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Use of Strength other than 28 days Strength:

Actual strength achievable (or achieved) at other than 28 days strength, but
not at more than 84 days in case of slow setting concretes, can be chosen to
base the design/construction choices, if found more appropriate.
This decision should be based on achievement of early/delayed strength, and

the age at which the first design load, apart from the self-weight, is expected to
be resisted by the structure.
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Design properties of concrete:
Depending on the purpose of analysis, it is necessary to use appropriate
probabilistic value of these properties, i.e. either their mean value or 5%
fractile or 95% fractile.
e.g. for a section design, concrete strength shall be taken as lower 5% fractile
i.e. fck, whereas, the mean value of the modules of elasticity (Ecm) shall be used
for calculating the deflection of the members
Young’s modulus, E:
Different type of E are specified in the Code depending on purpose of analysis.
E.g. for static & quasi-static loads acting for short duration, and dynamic loads
such as Earthquake & wind loads, secant modulus of elasticity, Ecm is
recommended.
For analyzing impact / shock loading, dynamic modulus of elasticity to be used

which can be taken as 1.25 times of Ecm.
For analysis for seasonal variation of temperature 0.5 Ecm shall be used.
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Design properties of concrete, such as fcm, fctm , fctk,0.05 , fctk,0.95 , Ecm , are
given directly in Table 6.5 of the code for grade of concrete M15 to M90
and their correlation with fck are given in Annexure A2.
36
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Compressive strength and strength development with time:
= 0.2 for rapid hardening & 0.38 for slow hardening cement
37
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Effect of sustained loading and gain of strength with time:
Concrete exhibits reduction of strength under the effect of sustained loading .
This long term effect together with effect of the size of the structural element
is taken into account while recommending design values of strength in this
Code e.g. long term compressive strength in structure is taken as 0.67 times 28
days cube strength. (It is directly incorporated in formula for ultimate bending
strength).
Verification of early age strength by testing:

the field testing results based on small number of samples are a measure of
the mean value of early age strength and not of the characteristic value of early
age. The values thus obtained should be reduced by 1 .645 x (standard
deviation for the grade of concrete).
Use of strengths beyond 28 days strength:

Not for new structures (except for low setting cements) but for evaluation or
retrofitting of old bridges.
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Tensile strength & strength development with time:
Direct tensile strength , fctm
fctm = 0.9 fct.split.cyl

= 0.6 fb for beam size of 100x100 x 400 mm and
= 0.66 fb for beam size of 1 50 x 1 50 x 600 mm
Where, fb = modulus of rupture measured as per IS 516

fct.split.cyl = spilt cylindrical tensile strength.
For members fully in tension, having more or less uniform tension (like
bottom/top slabs of box girders) fctk,0.05 given in Table 6.5 may be used
39
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Tensile Strength gain with time:
influenced by curing and drying conditions as well as by the dimensions of the
structural members
40
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Stress-strain relationship and modulus of elasticity:
• exhibits non-linearity and time-dependent changes.
• depends upon the rate of loading and loading history, creep and shrinkage
• Where greater accuracy is desired and for non-linear elastic analysis
Annexure-A2 and specialist literature should be referred.
• For static and quasi-static loads acting for short duration, secant modulus
of elasticity of concrete (slope of line connecting the origin to stress/strain
diagram to 0.33 fcm ) may be used. Values of Ecm are given in Table 6.5 for
different grades of concrete.
• Effect of early age loading on Ecm
41
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Stress-strain relation for design of sections:
Unconfined concrete:
Parabolic rectangular stress-strain block:
42
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Unconfined concrete:
Parabolic rectangular stress-strain block (cont…)
43
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Other Simplified Stress-Strain Relationship for Design of Cross-Section
44
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Multi-axial state of stress / Confined Concrete : The multi-axial
compressive strength of concrete is higher than the uni-axial compressive
strength
45
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Effect of High Temperature on Strength:
The effect of elevated or reduced temperatures within the range 0 - 80°C on
the maturity of concrete may be taken into account by adjusting the concrete
age according to the following expression:
46
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Basic Equations for Determining the Drying Shrinkage Strain:
47
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Shrinkage :
• depends upon the constituents of concrete, size of the member and
environmental conditions.
• mostly influenced by the total amount of water present in the concrete at
the time of mixing and to a lesser extent, by the cement content.
48
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Shrinkage ( Cont…)
49
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Shrinkage ( Cont…)
50
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Creep:
Creep of concrete depends, on the stress in the concrete, age at loading and
duration of loading in addition to the factors affecting shrinkage. As long as the
stress in concrete does not exceed 0.36 fck , creep may be assumed to be
proportional to the stress.
51
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Creep (Cont…)
52
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Thank you
53

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SPECTRUM

MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN

• Section 6 of IRC 112 deals with Material Properties & their

• Material properties are described in following clauses:

Un-tensioned Steel Reinforcement

The minimum strength:

Factored Idealised Design Bilinear

ud = 0.9 uk

Grade of steel : Fe500

hence, fyd = fyk/ γs = 500/1.15 = 435 MPa.

Thus ft/ys = 469.5 MPa for Fe 500

The value of Ɛuk = 5% ( as given in table 18.1

Un-tensioned Steel Reinforcement

Depending upon the contents of alloying components (by volume)

Non-alloyed steels : < 2.5% alloying components (<1% Mn)

Low- alloyed steels: <5%alloying components (>1% Mn)

Alloyed steels: >5% alloying components

Micro-alloyed steels: <0.12% micro-alloying elements

Un-tensioned Steel Reinforcement

EFFECT OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES

• Indian standards specifying reinforcing and prestressing steels

• These processes contribute to the final properties of steel,

• The following selective list of important treatments in the

MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES

4.2 Methods used in production process

• In ‘Tempcore Process’ after leaving the last stand of rolling

• Semi-finished, hot rolled products with suitable chemical compositions,

MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES

MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES

DESIGN PROPERTIES OF REINFORCING STEELS

MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES

MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES

MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES

Ductility and its importance ( Cont…)

• Linear elastic analysis with moment redistribution, which requires a

• Elasto-plastic analysis, which is based on the assumption of

• Equilibrium methods which are valid only if compatibility of

• Resistance against imposed deformations (e.g. due to temperature,

MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES

Ductility and its importance

• Ability to withstand unforeseen local impact and accidental

• Redistribution of internal forces in statically indeterminate

• Energy dissipation under cyclic (e.g. seismic) loading.

As per IS 14268, for strand of dia. 15.2,

Yield point is defined at 0.1% proof stress

Hence, fp0.1k = 0.87 * 1862 = 1619 MPa

fpd = 1619/1.15 = 1409 MPa with strain of

In absence of accurate data, the value of

MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES

• In practical situations, both stress and strain may undergo

Effect of High Temperature Curing on Relaxation of Steel:

MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES

• The codes classify steels into two categories: Normal

• It is interesting to note that at initial stress of 50% of UTS (and

MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR DESIGN VALUES

Codal Specifications (Cont…)

Ordinary Concrete is made on the basis of

Standard Concrete is made on the basis of

High Performance Concrete is similar to

Use of Strength other than 28 days Strength:

This decision should be based on achievement of early/delayed strength, and

For analyzing impact / shock loading, dynamic modulus of elasticity to be used

Verification of early age strength by testing: