SD Anwararsyad 21429 Correctedlatest

Facies Modelling and Depositional
Environmental Studies of Cycle IV, V Field EX

in Central Luconia
by
Anwar Arsyad Bin Ahmad Fuzi

21429
Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of

the requirements for the
Bachelor of Technology (Hons)
Petroleum Geoscience
December 2018
Department of Geosciences
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar
Perak Darul Ridzuan
CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL
Facies Modelling and Depositional

Environmental Studies of Cycle IV, V Field EX
in Central Luconia
by
Anwar Arsyad Bin Ahmad Fuzi
21429
A project dissertation submitted to the

Petroleum Geoscience Programme
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
BARCHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (Hons)
(PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE)
Approved by,
_____________________________
(A.P. Dr. Jalal Douraghinejad)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS

BANDAR SERI ISKANDAR, PERAK
September 2018
CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this

project, that the original work is my own concept as specified in the
references and acknowledgements, and that the original work contained
herein have not been undertaken or done by unspecified sources or
persons.
_________________________________
ANWAR ARSYAD BIN AHMAD FUZI
i
ABSTRACT
A detailed petrographic study on the samples from namely well A and well B
of Field EX, Central Luconia, Offshore Sarawak. Out of it, facies will be established
which what will become the basis for the depositional environmental study. Field EX
is still under appraisal which has been identified to be gas reservoir with an oil rim with
substantial volume. However, reservoir facies identification and its distribution are yet
to be well-defined. A little knowledge on the presence of an impermeable dolomite
layer which may affect the reservoir overall performance Thus, provided with thin
section data of well A and B, core data, well data and seismic data, study had been
conducted to gain a better understanding of the subsurface geology of Field EX, Central
Luconia.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises to the Almighty for his mercy and grace, I have been able to complete
my Final Year Project. Firstly, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my
supervisor, A.P. Dr. Jalal Douraghinejad for his guidance and support throughout these
8 months period towards completing this project. I am grateful to have a very passionate
and dedicated supervisor in ensuring the best potential out of this project.
I would also like to dedicate my gratitude towards the SEACARL department

especially to Saw Bing Bing and Prof. Dr. Michael C. Poppelreiter for the guidance
given as well as providing the necessary materials and facilities throughout this project.
I also thank my internal examiner Mdm. Fathiyah Jamaludin for the feedbacks and
advice given to further elevate the project outcomes.
Finally, to my family members and my colleagues, thank you for the

overwhelming support given throughout this project.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………...i
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………..…….………………… 1
1.1 Background of Study…………………….…..………...1
1.2 Problems Statements…………...………………...…....4
1.3 Objectives…………...……………………….……….. 5
1.4 Scope of Study……………………………………..…..5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………5
2.1 Geological Settings of Study Area……………………..5
2.2 Regional Geology of Central Luconia…….……….…..7
2.3 Stratigraphy of Central Luconia…………………….…8
2.4 Carbonates of Central Luconia ……………....…..……9
2.5 Architecture of Carbonate Platform …....……….…...11
2.6 Depositional Environment of Carbonate
Platform………………................................................13
2.7 Depositional Area Identifications Based on Fossil
Assemblage...………………………………………...15
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY…………………..….………………….16
3.1 Petrography Analysis……………………………..….16
3.2 Petrophysical Logs Studies…..………………………14
3.3 Facies Identification……………....………………….16
3.4 Depositional Environment Model...……...………..…16
3.5 FYP 1 & FYP 2 Gantt Chart………………...……….17
3.6 Project Milestones…………….…………...…………18
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS…………………………..19
4.1 Introduction…………………………………………..19
4.2 Map of Study Area...........…………………...……….19
4.2.1 Base Map…………………….……………….19
4.2.2 Geological Map…………………….………...20
4.2.3 North-South Seismic Cross Section..………...21
4.3 Petrography Analysis.....……………………………..22
4.3.1 Petrography Summary....……………….…….22
4.3.2 Thin Section Analysis......................................25
4.3.3 Depth vs. Porosity……….…………………...54
iv
4.4 Petrophysical Log Study........ ………………………..55
4.5 Microfacies Identifications………………….……..…57
4.5.1 Microfacies Descriptions……………………….59
4.5.2 Microfacies Distributions………………………63
4.6 Depositional Environmental Study…………………..65
4.6.1 Seismic Study…………………………………..65
4.6.2 Depositional Environment Characteristics……..67
4.6.3 Microfacies Interpretations and its Depositional
Environments……………………………….….71
4.6.3.1 Lagoon……………………………………….71
4.6.3.2 Backreef……………………....……………...71
4.6.3.3 Deep Marine………………………………….72
4.6.4 Microfacies and Depositional Environment
Plot……………………………………………..73
4.6.5 Depositional Environmental Model……………75
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS……..…...77
5.1 Conclusion.…………………………………………..77
5.2 Recommendations………………………………...….79
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………...…80
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1 The major provinces of the Offshore Sarawak (Madon, 1999)……………...4
Fig. 2 The study area of Central Luconia, Offshore Sarawak (Zampetti, et. al.,
2004)……………………………………………………………………6
Fig. 3 (A) The growth history of Carbonate Platform of Luconia Province, Offshore
Sarawak. (B) The eight sedimentary cycles of the Luconia Province, Offshore
Sarawak (Zampetti, Schlager, et. al., 2004)………………………………….8
Fig. 4 The NNW-SSE cross section of the continental shelf, Offshore Sarawak
(Janjuhah, et al., 2017)………………………………….………………...….9
Fig. 5 The distribution of the carbonate platforms throughout Offshore Sarawak

(Janjuhah, et al., 2017) .……………………………………….………..10
Fig. 6 The relationship between the rate of carbonate production and relative sea-level
fluctuations and its effect on its geometry (Epting, 1980)……… ……...…12
Fig. 7 The depositional environment and its characteristics (Epting, 1980)……… 13
Fig. 8 Depositional area of the respective fossil assemblage (Ali & Abolins,
1999)………………………………………………………………….15
Fig. 9 The base map on the area of study ……………………………….………19
Fig. 10 The structure map of Field EX carbonate platform……………..………...20
Fig. 11 The N-S seismic cross section of Field EX .……………………………...21
Fig. 12 5772.2 ft. thin section………………...………………………………..…25
Fig. 14 5800.2 ft. thin section………………...……………………………....….27
Fig. 15 5805 ft. thin section………………...………………………...…...….….28
Fig. 16 5814 ft. thin section………………...…………………………...........….29
Fig. 17 5818.1 ft. thin section………………...…………………………........….30
Fig. 18 5823.3 ft. thin section………………...………………………….…...….31

vi
Fig. 19 5829 ft. thin section………………...…………………..……………..….32
Fig. 20 5831.2 ft. thin section………………...………………….…………....….33
Fig. 21 5839 ft. thin section………………...…………………………………….34
Fig. 22 5845.7 ft. thin section………………...……………………………...….35

Fig. 23 5847.7 ft. thin section………………...…………………………….....….36
Fig. 24 5857.7 ft. thin section………………...……………………………......…37
Fig. 25 5864.7 ft. thin section………………...………………………...……...…38
Fig. 26 5867 ft. thin section………………...………………………………....….39
Fig. 28 5883.6 ft. thin section………………...…………………………...…...…41
Fig. 31 5891 ft. thin section………………...………………………………...….44
Fig. 32 5897 ft. thin section………………...………………………………...….45
Fig. 34 5909.4 ft. thin section………………...……………………………......…47
Fig. 37 5933.8 ft. thin section………………...……………………...………...…50
Fig. 38 5942.4 ft. thin section………………...…………………………...…...…51
Fig. 39 5948.3 ft. thin section………………...…………………………...……...…52
Fig. 40 6133.5 ft. thin section………………...…………………………...…........…53
Fig. 41 The depth vs porosity plot on the interval of 5772.2 ft. to 6133.5 ft………...54
Fig. 42 The intervals of tight layers identified over well A ………….….…...……...56
Fig. 43 The Microfacies Distributions……………………………………………....63
Fig. 44 The division of carbonate platform EX..……………………………………66
vii
Fig. 45 (a) The composition of texture for well A…………………………………..68
(b) The composition of texture for well A sequence 4 ……………………..68
(c) The composition of texture for well A sequence 5…………………...…68
Fig, 46 The Depositional Environment Characteristics………………………...…...70
Fig, 46 The Microfacies and Depositional Environment Plot………………………73
Fig. 47 The Depositional Environment Model…………………………….….…….75
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 The petrographic summary of the thin section samples.…….……….……22
Table 2 The depth-porosity data on the interval of 5772.2 ft. to 6133.5 ft …………54
Table 3 The 9 microfacies established…………………………………….….57
ix
CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Central Luconia had been known for its natural gas resources based off
carbonate reservoir. Over the decades, a number of carbonate reservoirs had been
developed and produced, and yet, there still a number that are currently being appraised.
One of which is the carbonate platform in Field EX. From the previous studies, the
respective carbonate platform had been appraised with hydrocarbon gas with oil rim on
cycle IV and V. However, limited knowledge of the carbonate platform may be the
setback from it being developed.
Given its importance as a hydrocarbon gas reservoir, Field EX still lacks an

understanding on its facies and its distributions, as well for its depositional
environment. Thus, this study will revolve around the petrographic study of well A
which penetrates the carbonate platform EX at the depth interval of 5568.2 ft. to 6133.5
ft. This well covers on the targeted petroliferous Miocene carbonate of cycle IV and
cycle V. Petrographic studies conducted will be focusing on the component
compositions and texture which will be the base for the facies and depositional
environment identifications. Through the integration of the seismic data, well data, and
core and thins sections samples, this study will be conducted in the effort of establishing
a better understanding of the geology of carbonate platform EX.
1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTS
EX field is still under appraisal where the geology as a potential reservoir of this
field is still poorly understood. Previous study on the respective field has shown the
presence of the targeted porous permeable dolomite and the tight layer limestone which
raises question on the overall performance of the reservoir as their characteristics and
distributions are not known. Thus, a better understanding is needed to be achieved for
Field EX of Central Luconia.
Up to date, along with the present seismic data, few wells have been drilled in the
study area of Field EX. Central Luconia providing a glimpse of the subsurface geology.
These 2 data (seismic and well data) are fundamental in providing the characteristic and
behaviors of the subsurface which reflect their geology as a potential reservoir
(lithology, porosities, permeabilities, etc.). However, this does not take the microfacies
aspect into account which analyze on its petrography and paleontological criteria.
Thus, in this study, we will be looking into the thin section samples in the effort of
establishing its microfacies. Few sets of thin section samples from the well A and well
B had been brought in. These data are the fundamentals to this study whereby the
analysis and the interpretations will be made, which will be the key in the facies and
depositional environment identifications. This would provide a better look on the
reservoir distributions and its paleoenvironment, thus establishing a better
understanding of the subsurface geology of Field EX, Central Luconia.
2
1.3 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the research are:
1. To gain a better understanding of the subsurface geology in Field EX, Central

Luconia.
2. To identify the facies of the Miocene carbonate and its distributions of Field
EX, Central Luconia.
3. To provide a simplified depositional model based on the identified microfacies.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
This study covers the microfacies study of thin section samples of Well A and
B. This study looked into the petrographic elements of the carbonate sample from the
depth of 5568.2 ft. to 6133.5 ft. for well A and 5804.5 ft. to 6347.5 ft. for well B which
represent the cycles IV and V.
Petrographic analysis had been made upon the samples which evaluates its
petrographic contents in the effort of establishing its facies while at the same time,
petrophysical assessments on the reservoir properties (porosities, permeabilities, etc.)
also had been quantified in the effort of identifying the reservoir qualities over the Field
EX of Central Luconia. Facies identified which were based on the petrographical
findings will give us an insight into its extent and distribution. This, in turn, will provide
us with the information on its depositional history thus leading to conceptual
depositional environment model.
Towards the end of this project, these two elements had been established;
(i) Facies distributions.

(ii) Depositional environmental model.
3
CHAPTER 2
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS OF STUDY AREA
Over the past century, Sarawak remains to be one of the most important
hydrocarbon contributors of Southeast Asia. Making journey from the first hydrocarbon
oil production of the Miri well onshore to the first carbonate reservoir discovery by
Shell. Ever since then, Offshore Sarawak has been booming with active exploration and
production activities with numerous hydrocarbon reservoirs being discovered offshore
over the Sarawak Basin (Gutteridge, et al., 2017; Vahrenkamp, 1998).
The hydrocarbon in context here covers both oil and gas resources which both
have been proven to be economically viable in quantity over the Central Luconia.
Sarawak in general contributes to 23% of the Malaysia oil reserves and about 51% of
the total gas reserve. In a study by Madon (1999), it has been suggested that the Sarawak
alone is accounted for 78% of the total natural gas production, with a cumulative of
over 5.5 TSCF. All of which are mostly offshore throughout the Sarawak Basin
provinces especially the Balingian, West Baram Delta and most importantly, Central
Luconia.
Fig. 1 shows The major provinces of the Offshore Sarawak (Madon, 1999)
4
The offshore of Sarawak had been subdivided into about 7 major provinces; SW
Sarawak, West Luconia, Tatau, Balingian, Central Luconia, Tinjar, and the West and North
Luconia Provinces as shown in Fig. 1 (Hoces, 2006; Madon, 1999). This study focuses
into the Central Luconia where its size covering at about 250 km by 240 km of area in
particular and has been acknowledge as one of the largest of the southeast Asia
carbonate provinces (Abang Hasbollah & Junin, 2017 ; Vahrenkamp, 1998).
The offshore Sarawak houses to more than 200 carbonates build ups that had
been mapped (Vahrenkamp, 1998). To date, 55 fields have proven to contain
economical volume of hydrocarbon. These carbonates reservoir ranges from the Early
Miocene to Late Miocene in age (Vahrenkamp, 1998). The Tertiary sediments of
offshore Sarawak was classified under 8 different stratigraphic cycles, separated by the
regressive cycles (Lunt & Madon, 2017; Zampetti, et. al., 2004). The Miocene
carbonates revolve around cycles III, IV and V (Jamaludin, et. al., 2014).
5
Fig. 2 shows The study area of Central Luconia, Offshore Sarawak (Zampetti, et. al., 2004).
This study is further narrowed down to Field EX of Central Luconia as shown

in Fig. 2. Field EX has the dimension of about 11,000m in N-S direction and on 500m
wide in E-W direction with the height of about 200m. The N-S elongation is separated
by the presence of saddle in the middle. It has been identified to be a gas reservoir with
a presence of oil rim. Currently, there are 2 wells over the area that will be used in this
study, namely Well A and B.
6
2.2 REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF CENTRAL LUCONIA
Central Luconia is positioned in the South China Sea and it is bounded to the
east and west by Baram Delta separated by the West Baram Line and Rajang (West
Luconia) Deltas (Abang Hasbollah & Junin, 2017; Janjuhah, et al., 2017; Zampetti, et.
al., 2004; Epting, 1980). It is situated in the intermediate position between the
subsidence and extensional from the continuous opening of the South China Sea Basin
to the north and compressional Balingian Province to the south (Abang Hasbollah &
Junin, 2017; Epting, 1980; Gutteridge, et al., 2017; Jamaludin, et. al., 2014; Janjuhah,
et al., 2017; King, et. al., 2010; Zampetti, et. al., 2003, 2004).
From a study shown by Zampetti, et. al. (2004), tectonic activities were
widespread during the early Miocene and decrease towards Pliocene (Zampetti, et. al.,
2004). One of the most prominent tectonic occurred during the Oligocene to Early
Miocene where the presence of NNE-SSW trending faults which triggers the formation
of horst and graben. The southern part of the Luconia Province is characterized as an
area underwent transition from coastal plain to inner neritic deposits while the northern
part were experiencing both inner and outer neritic (Hoces, 2006; Jamaludin, et. al.,
2014). It was later during the Middle Miocene when the presence of dextral strike-slip
faults which played a significant role which had induced the structural highs where
carbonate platforms had formed on (Hoces, 2006). Tectonic activities pace are found
to decrease towards the Late Early Miocene. (Jamaludin, et. al., 2014).
These tectonic activities that went throughout the tertiary played a significant
role in the basement control, they serve as an onset for carbonate deposition which
manipulate the shape and size of the carbonate platform (King, et. al., 2010). This will
further affect the carbonate distribution pattern and reservoir property as a whole
(Jamaludin, et. al., 2014; King, et. al. 2010; Zampetti, et. al., 2003).
7
2.3 STRATIGRAPHY OF CENTRAL LUCONIA
Fig. 3 shows (A) The growth history of Carbonate Platform of Luconia Province, Offshore
Sarawak. (B) The eight sedimentary cycles of the Luconia Province, Offshore Sarawak
(Zampetti, et. al., 2004)
The Central Luconia is known to have undergone several series of

sedimentation which has now becomes the basis for the subdivision of stratigraphy into
8 regressive cycles distinguished by major transgressions ranging in age from the
Eocene to Present as shown in Fig. 3. (Abang Hasbollah & Junin, 2017; Lunt & Madon,
2017; Zampetti, et. al., 2004).
These cycles are numbered from I to VIII. Carbonate deposition in the Luconia
Province was first initiated during the Early Miocene (Cycle III) but was most prolific
during the Middle to late Miocene (Cycles IV and V) (Jamaludin, et. al., 2014). The
end of Cycle V is marked by the prograding Baram and Rajang-Lupar deltas extended
offshore burying portions of the Central Luconia carbonate platforms (Zampetti, et. al.,
2003)
8
Fig. 4 shows The NNW-SSE cross section of the continental shelf, Offshore Sarawak
(Janjuhah, et al., 2017).
2.4 CARBONATES OF CENTRAL LUCONIA

A biodiversity hotspot or high ecological diversity of Indo Pacific region were
originated near modern Sarawak, Malaysia during the Early Miocene (Janjuhah, et al.,
2017). This would imply on Central Luconia as well, the area of study. This had led to
the widespread carbonate build up during the Miocene (Gutteridge, et al., 2017;
Vahrenkamp, 1998).
These carbonate platforms may range from few meters up to 200 km in size
(Jamaludin, et. al., 2014; Vahrenkamp, 1998). To date, more than 200 carbonate
platforms had been mapped and more than 50 of them had been identified to contain a
commercial amount of hydrocarbons (Abang Hasbollah & Junin, 2017; Jamaludin, et.
al., 2014; Janjuhah, et al., 2017; Vahrenkamp, 1998; Zampetti, et. al., 2003, 2004). The
carbonate platforms of Central Luconia covers both oil and gas reservoir.70% of gas
discoveries in Malaysia owe to the carbonate reservoir in Central Luconia (Abang
Hasbollah & Junin, 2017). On the southern part of Central Luconia, the carbonate
platform tends to show thicker and larger in size compared to those towards the northern
which suggest the long-term tectonic subsidence to the southeast (Hoces, 2006).
9
Fig. 5 shows The distribution of the carbonate platforms throughout Offshore Sarawak
(Janjuhah, et al., 2017).
The formation of such reservoir occurred in episodes which are as follow;

deposition on the Early Miocene, extensive carbonate platform during the Mid Miocene
and finally the demise of the carbonate platform in the late Miocene (Abang Hasbollah
& Junin, 2017; Janjuhah, et al., 2017; Vahrenkamp, 1998). In general, the carbonate
deposition was prevalent throughout the Early Miocene to Late Miocene (King, et. al.,
2010; Vahrenkamp, 1998). In a recent study by Jamaludin, et. al. (2014), the increase
in reef build-up pace towards the late Early Miocene owes to the fact that the tectonic
activities at that point of time starts slowing down. The mid and the late Miocene
carbonate had been accounted to be the prolific compared to the others (Jamaludin, et.
al., 2014). From Fig. 5, it can be observed that these carbonate platforms are densely
populated in the area of study, Central Luconia making the province familiar with
hydrocarbon exploration.
The end life of these platforms is dated towards the late Miocene to Pliocene are
closely related to the drowning of the platforms from the rise of the sea level and basinal
tectonic along with the interplay between carbonate and deltaic siliclastics deposition
which buried the platform (Epting, 1980; Gutteridge, et al., 2017; Janjuhah, et al., 2017;
10
Mihaijevic, et. Al., 2014). On the other hand, a different opinion had also been pointed
out by Vahrenkamp (1998) which suggested that and subaerial exposure caused by a
sea-level fall had terminate the carbonate growth.
2.5 ARCHITECTURE OF CARBONATE PLATFORM

As previously stated, the basement morphology had contributed to the carbonate
deposition which in turn affect the distribution of the carbonate facies and also its
reservoir properties (King, et. al., 2010). Epting (1980) proposed that the architecture
of the carbonate platforms is manipulated by two major processes which are (i) the rate
of carbonate production (ii) relative sea-level fluctuation (related to the subsidence).
The interplay between these two variables will affect the overall geometry of the
carbonate platform produced. These cases are depicted in Fig. 6.
According to Epting (1980), once carbonate deposition commenced on the

structural highs, the rate of carbonate deposition exceeded the rate of subsidence
resulting in a lateral expansion of the carbonate buildup. The sediments have shown
fine grained muddy back-reef and lagoonal carbonates with intercalation of tidal
deposits. It is then followed by a transgressional period which resulted in the
development of the build-in system and the disappearance of the reef flat. It is further
followed with the replacement of cycle IV deposits with argillaceous open marine
carbonates of the lower cycle V. Major of time during the Cycle V, the rate of carbonate
deposition on par with the rise of the sea level and experiencing the Main Buildup
Phase. However, towards the end of Cycle V, the Upper Cycle V experience an
invasion of prograding Baram and Rajang-Lupar deltas sediments burying the
carbonate facies which lead to the demise of the reservoir system on the southern part.
Towards the norther part, the clastic sediments may grow up to cycle VI or younger.
11
Fig. 6 shows The relationship between the rate of carbonate production and relative sea-level
fluctuations and its effect on its geometry (Epting, 1980).
12
2.6 DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF CARBONATE
PLATFORM
Fig. 7 shows The depositional environment and its characteristics (Epting, 1980)
13
According to Epting (1980), the depositional environment of Central Luconia
can be divided into 4 different zones; protected, reefoid, shallow open marine and deep
open marine as shown in Fig. 7. Each have their own characteristics and properties as
follows;
1) Protected – it covers variety of zones which occur behind the reef flat. It ranges
in size relative to the whole complex to the extent of covering up to 90% of the
overall build-up. In terms of its sediments texture and size it may vary according
to the depositional environment; supratidal flats, mangrove swamps and
lagoons. Commonly, texture of mudstone and wackestone in the sheltered part
of the lagoon. The restricted marine environment is reflected through the
abundant occurrence of imperforated benthonic foraminifera.
2) Reefoid – It exist as a narrow belt around the complex. It is reflected by the
abundance occurrence of coral colonies along with encrusting and branching
calcareous algae, encrusting and free benthonic organism such as foraminifera,
gastropods, echinoids, etc. the coral act as the platform to which the other
organisms attach themselves to. They are prone to modification by the
biological and early diagenetic process which include micritization,
encrustation, cementation etc.
3) Shallow Open Marine – it exists on the seaward slope or the submerged bank.
The sediments may vary in 2 different scenarios; reef derived debris mixed with
normal marine fauna and calcareous algae, or minimum reef debris with
abundant calcareous algal ball for the submerged bank. They also may exhibit
the rate of deposition through its clay content.
4) Deeper Marine Environment – it exists further down the slope from the
‘Shallow Open Marine’ or the deeply submerged bank. Both environments
reflecting a low reef debris. Carbonate mud, platy corals and planktonic
foraminifera represent the bulk sediment of the environment.
14
2.7 DEPOSITIONAL AREA IDENTIFICATION BASED ON FOSSIL
ASSEMBLAGE
The fossil assemblage is an important indicator in the depositional

environmental study. Given with the division of the depositional environment of a
carbonate platform, only certain organisms may thrive under the specific environment
which suits their conditions and preference as shown in Fig. 8. Thus, through the
petrography study, fossil assemblage present will be identified which will be the
foundation to the depositional environment identification.
Fig. 8 shows The depositional area of the respective fossil assemblage (Ali &
Abolins, 1999)
15
CHAPTER 3
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
A microfacies analysis on thin section samples from well A and well B

from the depths of 5568.2 ft. to 6133.5 ft. m and 5804.5 ft. to 6347.5 ft. The thin
sections are impregnated with blue epoxy resin. The study had been conducted
using the transmitted light microscopy under the polarized light. An analysis
was made based on its paleontological and petrographic components and thus
be recorded accordingly (Núñez-Useche, & Barragán, 2012).
3.2 PETROPHYSICAL LOGS STUDIES
The petrophysical logs data has been derived from the well data. The
derived data includes the porosity, permeability, etc. which basically are the
attributes contributing to the overall reservoir properties and qualities. Through
these data, the tight layers present will be identified.
3.3 FACIES IDENTIFICATION & ITS DISTRIBUTIONS
Facies were built based on the petrographic analysis conducted. The

facies identified should reflect on the microfacies contents and its texture. The
vertical distributions of the microfacies had been plotted on the respective well.
3.4 DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT STUDY
From the petrographic analysis and facies identification as well

supported by the seismic study, depositional environments had been established
and defined. Out of it, conceptual depositional environment had been built
accordingly.
16
3.5 FYP 1 & FYP 2 GANTT CHART
Facies Modelling and Depositional Environmental Studies of Cycle IV, V Field EX in Central Luconia
ANWAR ARSYAD BIN AHMAD FUZI 21429 Period Highlight: Plan Duration Actual Start % Complete Actual (beyond plan ) % Complete (beyond plan)
ACTIVITY PLAN START

PLAN ACTUAL ACTUAL PERCENT FYP 1 FYP 2
DURATION START DURATION COMPLETE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 100%
Selection of Project Title 1 1 1 1
100%
Confirmation of Project Title 2 1 2 1
100%
Establish project objectives, problem statement and scope of studies 2 1 2 1
100%
Collecting and Organizing Information 3 1 3 1
Preliminary Research Work 3 1 3 1

100%
100%
Petrographic Studies 4 9 4 9
100%
Extended Proposal 5 2 5 2
100%
Petrophysical Logs Studies 7 2 7 2
100%
Proposal Defense 7 2 7 2
100%
Interim Report 12 3 12 3
100%
Facies Identifications 2 3 2 3
Depositional Environment Model 5 9 5 9

100%
100%
Progress Report Submissions 7 2 7 2
100%
Pre-SEDEX 9 2 9 2
Technical Paper 10 3 10 3
100%
100%
Dissertation (Soft Bound) 10 3 10 3
100%
0%
Viva 12
0 20 12
0 20
100%
0%
Dissertation Hard Bound) 14
0 20 14
0 20
17
3.6
WEEK 1
WEEK 3
WEEK 6
PROJECT MILESTONES
WEEK 7
WEEK 8
WEEK 14
WEEK 2
WEEK 5
WEEK 8
WEEK 10
WEEK 12
WEEK 12
WEEK 13
FYP 2
FYP 1
WEEK 14
18
CHAPTER 4
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This section presents on the findings from petrographic study of well A and well B of
field EX, Central Luconia. The distributions of the microfacies established for the 2
wells (well A and well B) along with the seismic analysis will become the pillar to
support depositional environment study.
4.2 MAP OF STUDY AREA

4.2.1 BASE MAP
Fig. 9 shows The base map on the area of study.
As presented in Fig. 9, Field EX is situated in SK319 block of Central Luconia,

it is positioned to the west of Balingian Province next to the EY field. EX field has a
given coordinate of 653694 mE 476178 mN in UTM 49 N.
19
4.2.2 GEOLOGICAL MAP
Well B
Well A
Fig. 10 shows The structure map of Field EX carbonate platform.
From Fig. 10, it can be deduced that EX field is an elongated field extending N-
S with a dimension of about 500m * 11000m * 200m (width* length * height). There
is a presence of saddle in the middle which separate the northern and southern buildup.
20
4.2.3 NORTH-SOUTH SEISMIC CROSS SECTION
A B
TOP LAYER
BASE LAYER
Fig, 11 shows The N-S seismic cross section of Field EX
Fig. 11 presets the seismic cross section extending N-S through the well A to well B. As seen in the structure map, the presence of the
saddle separating the northern and southern part of the EX field can be observed through the seismic cross section as well. A quick interpretation
on the carbonate platform has produced the carbonate top layer (yellow) and base layer (green). However, the lithology of the lower facies below
the base layer is yet to be identified as no data (well data, samples, etc.) had been acquired up to those depths.
21
4.3 PETROGRAPHY ANALYSIS
Through the study conducted of about 29 thin sections from well A. All
components that are present had been recorded, texture and lithology had been assigned
while few of the key petrographic properties (e.g. porosities, components percentage,
etc.) had been quantified.
4.3.1 PETROGRAPHY SUMMARY

Table 1 shows The petrographic summary of the thin section samples.
Large Benthic Foraminifera Diagenesis features
Recrystallization
Dolomitization
Neomorphism
Amphistegina
Lepidocyclina
Cementation
Micritization
Cycloclypeus
Operculinids
Compaction
Miogypsina
Alveolinella
Dissolution
Encrusting
Fracturing
depth
limestone Lithology
Gypsina
packstone Texture
Sorites
mud 13
cement 10
5772.2 20% 70% 10% X X X X X
components 74
pores 3
mud 4
grainstone wackestone wackestone wackestone wackestone grainstone
limestone
cement 16
5795.7 20% 60% 20% X X X X X X
components 76
pores 4
mud 25
limestone
cement 28
5800.2 100% X X X X X X
components 26
pores 21
mud 13
limestone
cement 29
5805 40% 20% 30% 10% X X X X X
components 55
pores 3
mud 36
limestone
cement 10
5814 100% X X X X X X
components 31
pores 23
mud 25
limestone
cement 30
5818.1 100% X X
components 45
pores
mud 25
limestone
cement 35
5823.3 40% 40% 20% X X X
components 40
pores 2 X X
mud 60
wackestone-packstone wackestone packstone
limestone
cement 10
5829 43% 10% 32% 15% X X X
components 30
pores X X
mud 35
limestone
cement 10
5831.2 100% X X X X X X X
components 40
pores 15
mud 40
limestone
cement 40
5839 100% X X X
components 19
pores 1
wackestone-packstone
22
mud 30
limestone
5845.7 cement 15 100% X X X
components 50
pores 5
Recrystallization
Dolomitization
Neomorphism
Amphistegina
Lepidocyclina
Cementation
Micritization
Cycloclypeus
Operculinids
Compaction
Miogypsina
Alveolinella
Dissolution
Encrusting
mudstone wackestone mudstone wackestone wackestone wackestone-packstone
Fracturing
depth
limestone Lithology
Gypsina
Texture
Sorites
mud 30
cement 15
5845.7 100% X X X
components 50
pores 5
mud 35
limestone
cement 10
5847.7 X X X X X
components 40
calcitic dolomite
pores 15
mud 63
cement 7
5857.7 X X X
components 25
pores 5
mud 95
dolomite
cement
5864.7 X X X
components
calcitic dolomite
pores 5
mud 69
cement 15
5867 X X X X X X X
components 10
pores 6
mud 90
dolomite
cement
5875.5 X X
components 4
calcitic dolomite calcitic dolomite
pores 7
mud 52
cement 5
5883.6 X X X
components 40
pores 3
mud 75
wackestone
cement 5
5887.3 components 10 X X X
pores 10
mud 75
calcitic dolomite
wackestone
cement 5
5888.7 X X X X
components 10
pores 10
calcitic dolomitecalcitic dolomite
mud 75
wackestone
5891 cement 7 X
components 15
pores 3
mud 15
cement 19
5897 100% X X X X
components 62
pores 4
mud 50
wackestone
dolomite
5904.8 cement 11 100% X X X X X

components 30
pores 9
mud 10
Grainstone
limestone
cement 25
5909.4 components 63 10% 10% 50% 30% X X X X X
pores 2
mud 100
Mudstone
limestone
5917.4 cement
components
pores 23
Recrystallization
Dolomitization
Neomorphism
Amphistegina
Lepidocyclina
Cementation
Micritization
Cycloclypeus
Operculinids
Compaction
Alveolinella
Miogypsina
Dissolution
Encrusting
Fracturing
depth
limestone Lithology
Gypsina
wackestone wackestone wackestone wackestone Mudstone Texture
Sorites
mud ##
cement
5917.4
components
pores
mud 90
limestone
cement
5927.7
components 10
pores
mud 80
limestone
cement 10
5933.8 X X X
components 10
pores
mud 90
limestone
cement
5942.4
components 10
pores
mud 70
limestone
cement
packstone-grainstone
dolomititc limestone
5948.3 X X
components 30
pores
mud 17
cement 10
6133.5 65% 35% X X X X X
components 70
pores 3
All petrographic observations made at the interval of 5772.2 ft. to 6133.5 ft. of
Well A has been summarized in Table 1. These observations include its depths,
lithology, texture (Dunham), petrographic compositions, porosities percentage,
foraminifera present and the diagenetic feature present. These data will be the main key
in delineating the geology and the paleoenvironment identifications.
Dolomite presence has been noted in the interval of 5857.7 ft. to 5904.8 ft. From
the foraminifera identified, it had assured that the formation studied were deposited
during the Miocene as the foraminifera present thrived during the respective age. The
studied thin section samples from Well A at the interval of 5772.2 ft to 6133.5 ft. (most
bottom part of the well) had shown a significant diagenetic sign through the presence
of fractures, stylolite, etc. At these intervals with an increasing pressure and
temperature, they are subjected to profound diagenesis processes
24
3.3.1 THIN SECTION ANALYSIS
Depth : 5772.2 ft.
Cycloclypeus sp.
Well A
Depth 5772.2 ft.
Lithology limestone
Dunham Texture Wackestone
Fig. 12 shows 5772.2 ft. thin section.
Thin section samples from 5772.2 ft. had shown a composition of mud (13%),
cement (10%), components (74%) with an insignificant porosity (3%). In terms of
Dunham texture, it has been identified to be Packstone (grain-supported with mud
present). Its component is dominantly dominated with large benthic foraminifera,
Cycloclypeus sp. with prominent blocky cement. Overall, these components had shown
a good preservation of the components. The porosity is dominant with the inter-particle
porosity with minor mouldic and fracture porosities which marked the sample subjected
to compaction.
25
Depth : 5795.7 ft.
Lepidocyclina sp.
Brachiopod
Cycloclypeus sp.
Well A
Depth 5795.7 ft.
Lithology limestone
Dunham Texture packstone
Dunham texture, it has been identified to be packstone (grain-supported with
insignificant mud present). Its component is dominantly dominated with large benthic
foraminifera, Lepidocyclina sp. (up to 2 mm), Cycloclypeus sp. (2 mm) as well as other
components such as echinoid debris, bryozoa, and brachiopod with prominent blocky
cement. The benthic foraminifera of Lepidocyclina sp. in the thin sections had shown
the presence of its juvenile. Overall, these components had shown a partial to complete
preservations. The porosity is slightly higher on the inter-particle compared to intra-
particle porosity.
26
Depth : 5800.2 ft.
Fragmented
Cykoclypeus sp.
Bryozoa
Well A
Depth 5800.2 ft.
Lithology limestone
Dunham Texture wackestone
cement (28%), components (26%) with a significant porosity (21%) which is mostly
contributed by the inter-particle porosities. In terms of Dunham texture, it has been
identified to be wackestone (matrix-supported with allochems present). Its component
consists of large benthic foraminifera Cycloclypeus sp. (2 mm), echinoid debris,
bryozoa, and bivalves with prominent blocky cement. Overall, these components had
shown low preservations index as most of the allochems are exposed to a degree of
dissolution and fracturing (e.g. fractured Lepidocyclina sp.).
27
Depth : 5805 ft.
Operculina sp.
Amphistegina sp.
Well A
Depth 5805 ft.
Lithology limestone
packstone-
Dunham Texture grainstone
Fig. 15 shows 4805 ft. thin section.
Thin section samples from 5805 ft. had shown a composition of mud (13%),
cement (30%), components (55%) with a significant porosity (2%). In terms of Dunham
texture, it has been identified to be wackestone. Although in it appears to have a high
percentage in components, we can still observe the matrix-supported. Its components
are dominant with of large benthic foraminifera followed by (2 mm), bryozoa, echinoid
debris, small benthic foraminifera and brachiopod with prominent blocky cement. The
large benthic foraminifera may include Amphistegina sp., Lepidocyclina sp.,
Cycloclypeus sp. and Operculinid sp. while the small benthic foraminifera of miliolid.
Overall, these components had shown partial preservations index. The porosities are
mostly contributed by the inter-particle porosity as well as microporosity.
28
Depth : 5814 ft.
Well A
Depth 5814 ft.
Lithology limestone
cement (10%), components (31%) with a significant porosity (23%). The high porosity
percentage had been credited to the significant inter- and intra-particles porosities. In
terms of Dunham texture, it has been identified to be wackestone as it is matrix-
supported. Its components are dominant with bryozoan followed with the presence of
large foraminifera, echinoid debris and brachiopod. The large benthic foraminifera had
been identified to be encrusting foraminifera with its size range up to 3.5 mm. Overall,
these components had shown partial preservations index. The presence of fracturing
and mouldic porosities had suggested that the samples has been subjected to significant
compaction and dissolution.
29
Depth : 5818.1 ft.
Echinoid
Well A
Depth 5818.1 ft.
Lithology limestone
Dunham texture, it has been identified to be wackestone (matrix-supported). Its
component is prominently dominated with echinoids, followed by small fractions of
such as bryozoa, red algae and large foraminifera, Operculinid sp. with a dominant
blocky cement. Overall, these components mostly had shown a complete preservation.
30
Depth : 5823.3 ft.
Bryozoa
Well A
Depth 5823.3 ft.
Lithology limestone
cement (35%), components (40%) with a significant porosity (2%). In terms of Dunham
texture, it has been identified to be wackestone (matrix-supported with allochems
present). Its components are mainly comprised of large benthic foraminifera of
Amphistegina sp. (1 mm), Operculinid sp. (1 mm), and Sorites sp. along with other
allochems such as echinoid debris, bryozoa, and red algae with prominent blocky and
micritic cement. Overall, these components had shown partial to complete
preservations index. The presence of fracturing had suggested that it has been subjected
to compactions.
31
Depth : 5829 ft.
Amphistegina sp.
Well A
Depth 5829 ft.
Lithology limestone
cement 10%), components (35%) with an absent in porosity. In terms of Dunham
texture, it has been identified to be wackestone (matrix-supported with low percentage
of allochems present). Its component comprises of large benthic foraminifera,
gastropod, echinoid debris, and bryozoa with prominent micritic cement. The thin
section samples has presented a wide range benthic foraminifera, this includes
Amphistegina sp., Operculinid sp., encrusting foraminifera, and Cycloclypeus sp. with
significant in size (ranges from 0.8mm to 3 mm). Most of these components had shown
good preservations index. However, the presence of stylolites had suggested the
exposure of high compactions at the respective depth.
32
Depth : 5831.2 ft.
Amphistegina sp.
Well A
Depth 5831.2 ft.
Lithology limestone
cement (10%), components (40%) with a significant porosity (15%). The high porosity
percentage are mostly contributed by the inter-particle which stands for 70% of the total
porosities. In terms of Dunham texture, it has been identified to be wackestone (matrix-
supported). Its component is dominantly dominated with large benthic foraminifera of
Amphistegina sp. (1 mm), followed by other components such as massive corals and
brachiopod. Overall, these components mostly had shown a good preservation. The
presence of compaction is clearly reflected by the fracturing of the brachiopod in one
of the thin section samples of the respective depth.
33
Depth : 5839 ft.
Coral
Well A
Depth 5839 ft.
Lithology limestone
wackestone-
cement (40%), components (19%) with an insignificant channel porosity (1%). In terms
of Dunham texture, it has been identified to be wackestone-packstone. Its component
is prominently dominated with massive corals and large foraminifera with prominent
blocky cement. Overall, these components mostly had shown a very low preservation.
Most of the components were subjected to micritization and recrystallization.
34
Depth : 5845.7 ft.
Operculina sp.
Well A
Depth 5845.7 ft.
Lithology limestone
Dunham Texture wackestone-packstone
cement (15%), components (50%) with porosity (5%). The porosities are mostly
contributed by the inter-particle porosities which adds up to 95% of the total porosities.
In terms of Dunham texture, it has been identified to be wackestone-packstone. Its
component is prominently dominated with large foraminifera of Operculinid sp. and
red algae with isopachous cement. Overall, these components mostly had shown a good
preservation. However, there has been signs of minor fractures (can be observed on Fig.
22) which suggested the thin section samples had been exposed to some degree of
compactions.
35
Depth : 5847.7 ft.
Coral
Well A
Depth 5847.7 ft.
Lithology limestone
contributed by the intra-particle porosities of the massive. In terms of Dunham texture,
it has been identified to be wackestone. Its component is prominently dominated with
massive corals and red algae with prominent isopachous cement. Syntaxial
recrystallization of the components has also been observed on thin sections of the
respective depth. Overall, these components mostly had shown a good preservation.
36
Depth : 5857.7 ft.
Echinoderm
Red Algae
Well A
Depth 5857.7 ft.
calcitic
Lithology dolomite
cement (7%), components (25%) with porosity (5%). The inter-particle porosities are
owing up to 95% of the total porosities. In terms of Dunham texture, it has been
identified to be wackestone. It has been observed through the thin section samples at
the respective depth to contain red algae, brachiopod and echinoid debris under
following composition; 40%, 40% and 20% respectively with an absent of foraminifera.
Overall, these components mostly had shown a partial preservation. In this depth of
5857.7 ft., there has been no major sign on the diagenetic features except for
micritization.
37
Depth : 5864.7 ft.
Well A
Depth 5864.7 ft.
Lithology dolomite
Dunham Texture mudstone
with porosity (5%) from the mouldic and inter-crystalline porosities. In terms of
Dunham texture, it has been identified to be mudstone (matrix-supported). Through the
observation of the thin section samples, there were hardly any components present in
the respective depth. In this depth of 5864.7 ft., there has been no major sign on the
diagenetic features except for micritization.
38
Depth : 5867 ft.
Well A
Depth 5867 ft.
calcitic
Lithology dolomite
cement (15%), components (10%) with porosity (6%). The total porosities are owing
to the presence of the interparticle porosities and the microporosities. In terms of
Dunham texture, it has been identified to be wackestone. The components are mostly
comprised of echinoid debris with small percentage of red algae present. Overall, these
components mostly had shown a low preservation of the components. In this depth of
5857.7 ft., there has been no major sign on the diagenetic features except for
micritization.
39
Depth : 5875.5 ft.
Well A
Depth 5875.5 ft.
Lithology dolomite
Dunham Texture mudstone
components (4%) with porosity (5%) from the inter-crystalline and mouldic porosities.
In terms of Dunham texture, it has been identified to be mudstone (matrix-supported).
Through the observation of the thin section samples, there were hardly any components
present in the respective depth. In this depth of 5875.5 ft., there has been no major sign
on the diagenetic features except for micritization.
40
Depth : 5883.6 ft.
Red Algae
Well A
Depth 5883.6 ft.
Lithology limestone
wackestone-
contributed by the inter-particle porosities which adds up to 65% of the total porosities.
In terms of Dunham texture, it has been identified to be wackestone-packstone. Its
component is prominently dominated with large foraminifera of Operculinid sp.
followed by echinoid debris and red algae with dolomitic cement. Overall, these
components mostly had shown a low preservation. Some of the diagenetic features that
has been identified over the depth of 5883.6 ft. includes dolomitization, micritization
and recrystallization.
41
Depth : 5887.3 ft.
Red Algae
Well A
Depth 5887.3 ft.
Lithology limestone
cement (5%), components (40%) with porosity (3%) owing to inter-particle porosities.
In terms of Dunham texture, it has been identified to be wackestone. Its components
include echinoid debris, red algae, brachiopod with a composition of 45%, 35% and
20% accordingly. Overall, these components mostly had shown a low preservation. In
terms of its cement type, it has been identified to be isopachous cement. Some of the
diagenetic features that has been identified over the depth of 5887.3 ft. includes
dolomitization and micritization.
42
Depth : 5888.7 ft.
Red Algae
Well A
Depth 5888.7 ft.
Lithology calcitic dolomite
cement (5%), components (10%) with porosity (10%) owing mostly to vuggy
porosities. In terms of Dunham texture, it has been identified to be wackestone. Its
components include echinoid debris (60%) and red algae (40%) with dolomitic cement.
Overall, these components mostly had shown a partial preservation. The diagenetic
features that has been identified over the depth of 5887.3 ft. includes dolomitization,
micritization and dissolutions.
43
Depth : 5891 ft.
Red Algae
Well A
Depth 5891 ft.
Lithology limestone
cement (7%), components (15%) with a porosity (3%) contributed by the inter-particle
porosities. In terms of Dunham texture, it has been identified to be wackestone (matrix
supported). The only components that has been observed for its presence is the red alga
with a partial preservation. In terms of its cement type, it has been identified to be
dominant with isopachous cement.
44
Depth : 5897 ft.
Operculina sp.
Well A
Depth 5897 ft.
Lithology calcitic dolomite
wackestone-
cement (19%), components (62%) with porosity (4%) which mostly attributed to the
inter-particle and inter-crystalline porosities. In terms of Dunham texture, it has been
identified to be wackestone-packstone. The thin section samples in the respective depth
has shown high percentage of large benthic foraminifera of Operculinid sp. (100% of
the total components) with a partial preservation. In terms of its cement type, it has been
identified to be dominant with dolomitic cement. The diagenetic features that are
present includes micritization, dolomitization, recrystallization and neomorphism.
45
Depth : 5904.8 ft.
Miogypsina sp.
Well A
Depth 5904.8 ft.
Lithology Dolomite
cement (10%), components (27%) with porosity (13%) which mostly attributed to the
inter-particle porosities. In terms of Dunham texture, it has been identified to be
wackestone (matrix-supported). The components over the respective depth are given
with the presence of red algae (55%), brachiopod (25%), and large benthic foraminifera
(20%) of Miogypsina sp. with prominent dolomitic cement and syntaxial cement. The
presence of fractures and horsetail cement, suggested that the depth studied were
subjected to compactions.
46
Depth : 5909.4 ft.
Lepidocyclina sp.
Well A
Depth 5909.4 ft.
Lithology limestone
Dunham Texture Grainstone
cement (25%), components (63%) with a near absent in porosity (2%). In terms of
Dunham texture, it has been identified to be packstone (grain supported with presence
of mud). The thin section samples in the respective depth has shown a variety of
components, this includes large benthic foraminifera, gastropod, brachiopod,
echinoderm and red algae. Overall, these components mostly had shown a partial
preservation. In terms of its cement type, it has been identified to be dominant with
syntaxial cement and isopachous cement. The depth studied were subjected to
compactions as proven with the presence of fracture marks as well as the prominent
presence of stylolite.
47
Depth : 5917.4 ft.
Well A
Depth 5917.4 ft.
Lithology limestone
Dunham Texture Mudstone
Thin section samples from 5917.4 ft. had shown a composition of 100% mud.
Thus, it has been identified to be mudstone (matrix supported with an absent of grain).
Study over the thin section under the microscope had shown a homogeneous feature.
48
Depth : 5927.7 ft.
Brachiopod
Well A
Depth 5927.7 ft.
Lithology limestone
components (10%) with an absent in porosity (2%). In terms of Dunham texture, it has
been identified to be wackestone (matrix supported with few presence of components).
The component that has been observed in this depth is brachiopod with a complete
preservation.
49
Depth : 5933.8 ft.
Echinoderm
Well A
Depth 5933.8 ft.
Lithology limestone
cement (10%), components (10%) with an absent in porosity. In terms of Dunham
texture, it has been identified to be wackestone (matrix supported with few presence of
components). The components identified includes echinoderm debris (70%) and large
benthic foraminifera of Operculinid sp. (30%). Overall, these components mostly had
shown a partial preservation. The depth studied were subjected to compactions as
proven with the presence of fracture marks as well as the prominent presence of solution
seams.
50
Depth : 5942.4 ft.
Brachiopod
Well A
Depth 5942.4 ft.
Lithology limestone
components (10%) with an absent in porosity. In terms of Dunham texture, it has been
identified to be wackestone (matrix supported with few presence of components). The
component that has been observed in this depth is brachiopod with a complete
preservation.
51
Depth : 5948.3 ft.
Well A
Depth 5948.3 ft.
Lithology limestone
components (30%) with an absent in porosity. In terms of Dunham texture, it has been
identified to be wackestone (matrix supported with few presence of components). The
components present cannot be identified as they low in their preservation making
component identification hard. However, it has been concluded that there is still a
percentage echinoderm debris along with small benthic foraminifera of Textularia sp.
within the fragmented components.
52
Depth : 6133.5 ft.
Operculina sp.
Well A
Depth 6133.5 ft.
Dolomitic
Lithology limestone
packstone-
Dunham Texture grainstone
cement (10%), components (70%) with a near absent in porosity (3%). In terms of
Dunham texture, it has been identified to be packstone-packstone (grain supported). Its
components include of red algae, large benthic foraminifera of Operculinid sp. and
encrusting foraminifera, brachiopod, bryozoan and small benthic foraminifera of
Miliolid sp. Overall, these components mostly had shown a partial preservation. In
terms of its cement type, it has shown a prominent dolomitic cement. Some of the
diagenetic features that has been identified over the depth of 5887.3 ft. includes
dolomitization, micritization and compaction as proven through the fractures present
(e.g. fragmented brachiopod)
53
4.3.2 POROSITY VS. DEPTH
Porosity vs. Depth

Depth Porosity
Lithology (ft) (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25
limestone 5772.2 3 5760
limestone 5795.7 4 5770
limestone 5800.2 21
5780
limestone 5805 3
limestone 5814 23 5790
limestone 5818.1 0 5800
limestone 5823.3 2
5810
limestone 5829 0
limestone 5831.2 15 5820
limestone 5839 1 5830
limestone 5845.7 5
5840
limestone 5847.7 15
calcitic dolomite 5857.7 5 5850
dolomite 5864.7 5 5860
calcitic dolomite 5867 6
5870
dolomite 5875.5 7
calcitic dolomite 5888.7 0
5900
calcitic dolomite 5891 3
calcitic dolomite 5897 4 5910
dolomite 5904.8 9 5920
limestone 5909.4 2
5930
limestone 5917.4 0
limestone 5927.7 0 5940
limestone 5933.8 0 5950
limestone 5942.4 0
limestone 5948.3 0 5960
dolomitic limestone 6133.5 3 5970
5980
Table 2 (left) shows The depth-porosity data on the interval of 5772.2 ft. to 6133.5 ft.
Fig. 41 (right) shows The depth vs porosity plot on the interval of 5772.2 ft. to 6133.5 ft.
As it goes from one depth to another, it presents uneven increase and decrease
in porosities. However, through the depth vs porosity plot for the depth interval of
5772.2 ft. to 6133.5 ft. in Fig. 41, it can be agreed that the porosity generally have a
decreasing trend as it goes deeper in depth. The low porosities of 5917.4 ft. to 5948.3
ft. may indicate the presence of tight layer in the formation
54
4.4 PETROPHYSICAL LOG STUDY
In this study, tight layers by definition means the intervals at which having a poor
porosity (<0.1) and poor permeability (<0.1). Through the petrophysical log study, few
tight layers had been identified. Their identifications are made based on the porosities (grey
plot) and permeabilities (red plot) logs.
The cut-off for the porosity log had been made to be (<0.1) and anything above would
be considered to be reservoirs unit. Through this mean, 3 tight layers (Fig. 42) had been
identified over well A, Central Luconia at the interval of:
1. 5655 ft. - 5710 ft (1st layer).

2. 5800 ft. – 5820 ft. (2nd layer).
3. 5980 ft. - 6055 ft. (3rd layer).
Through the available petrophysical log as well, it can be observed that the gamma ray
(GR) log may vary significantly throughout the depth with respect to its argillaceous mud
contents. High GR would indicate a high argillaceous mud content whereas low GR indicate
low argillaceous mud content. On some depth intervals, we may observe the GR spikes
present indicating the higher argillaceous mud content.
55
1ST TIGHT LAYER
2ND TIGHT LAYER
3RD TIGHT LAYER
Fig. 42 shows The intervals of tight layers identified over the well A.
56
4.5 MICROFACIES IDENTIFICATIONS
As set out in the objectives, this study will be moving towards delineating the
conceptual depositional environment. However, prior to the depositional environment
identifications, the petrographic studies will first be proceeded with the assignment of
the facies. Assignment of the facies is important as it eases the correlation and
consequently lead to a better interpretation of the depositional environment.
Aside from the analysis of 29 thins sections conducted for the base well A as
previously presented, there are also other thins sections being studied at which covers
the other depth intervals of A as well for the B well. The integration of these data will
form a solid foundation for the establishment of the microfacies for EX carbonate
platform. These collectively forms an integrated scheme for the establishment of the
geological concept for EX carbonate platform.
Thus, the interpretations of both wells had been brought together where the
petrographic contents along with its texture had been observed in the effort of
establishing its microfacies. The microfacies established will encompass these two
features (petrographic contents and texture). Table 3 shows the Microfacies which had
been identified.
Table 3 shows the 9 microfacies established
No. Microfacies type

MF-1 Crystalline
MF-4 Cycloclypeus wacke-packstone
MF-3 Amphistegina wacke-packstone
MF-2 Lepidocyclinid wacke-packstone
MF-5 Operculinid-wacke-packstone
MF-6 Encrusting wacke-packstone
MF-7 Algal wacke-packstone
MF-8 Coral wacke-packstone/floatstone
MF-9 Mudstone
57
The 9 microfacies established were designed to accommodate the whole depth
intervals of well A which means either microfacies would fit the description of any
given depths. The whole facies distribution for well A are presented in Fig. 43.
58
4.5.1 MICROFACIES DESCRIPTIONS
No. Descriptions
MF-1 Crystalline (MF-1)
This microfacies is dominantly made up
of crystalline cement. Some components
which may be present within this
microfacies include large benthic
foraminifera, algae, coral and bryozoan.
It is Limestone in lithology. Overall, this
microfacies showing poor porosities as a
result of cementations. It is identified
with backreef environment.
MF-2 Cycloclypeus wacke-packstone (MF-2)

This microfacies is dominated by the
abundance of Cycloclypeus sp. On some
depth, it is accompanied by other
foraminifera such Operculinid sp.,
Lepidocyclina sp., etc. It is Limestone in
lithology. The grain size is medium-
coarse (may range up to 4 mm) and it is
poorly sorted. Fracture diagenesis are
prominent limiting the preservations of
the components. Overall, this microfacies
showing poor porosities. It is identified
with deep marine environment.
MF-3 Amphistegina wacke-packstone (MF-

3)
This microfacies is characterized as
having a highest Amphistegina sp.
percentage compared to other benthic
foraminifera. However, their percentage
may not vastly differ. It is Limestone in
lithology. The grain size is fine-medium
(may range up to 2 mm) and it is poorly
59
sorted. On some depth, the prominent
diagenesis present include fracturing
which proven by the presence of stylolite.
Overall, this microfacies showing poor
porosities (some have none). It is
identified with backreef environment.
MF-4 Lepidocyclinid wacke-packstone (MF-

4)
This microfacies had shown a high
percentage of Lepidocyclina sp. it does
not comes in number but rather in size. It
is commonly accompanied by other
components such as brachiopods and
echinoids. It is Limestone in lithology.
The grain size is medium-coarse (may
range up to 4 mm) and it is poorly sorted.
Prone to fracturing, proven by the
fractured components and stylolite
present. Overall, this microfacies
showing poor porosities. It is identified
with backreef environment (close to
lagoon).
MF-5 Operculinid-wacke-packstone (MF-5)

This microfacies is dominated by the
abundance of Operculinid sp.
Commonly, in this microfacies,
Operculinid sp. would thrive with the
absence of other foraminifera. It is
Limestone in lithology. The grain size is
fine-medium (may range up to 2 mm) and
it is moderately sorted. The components
are usually moderately-fully preserved.
Overall, this microfacies showing poor-
fair porosities which mostly contributed
by inter-particle and inter-crystalline
porosities. It is identified with backreef
environment.
60
MF-6 Encrusting wacke-packstone (MF-6)
This microfacies is identified with a
dominant percentage of Encrusting
Foram Same as MF-5, in this microfacies,
Encrusting Foram. would thrive with the
absence of other foraminifera. It is
medium-coarse (may range up to 5 mm)
and it is moderately sorted. Overall, this
microfacies showing significant high
porosities which mostly contributed by
inter-particle porosities. It is identified
with backreef environment (close to
lagoon).
MF-7 Algal wacke-packstone (MF-7)

This microfacies is marked by the present
of algae as the main component. Mostly,
this microfacies would have a high mud
contents as a complement to the algae.
The lithology may vary from Limestone
to Dolomite. The grain size is very fine-
medium (may range up to 1 mm) and it is
moderately sorted. This microfacies is
denser towards the bottom part of the
well. Overall, this microfacies showing
fair porosities. It is identified with
backreef environment (close to lagoon).
MF-8 Coral wacke-packstone/floatstone

(MF-8)
This microfacies is characterized by the
high percentage in coral components. It is
medium-coarse and it is moderately
sorted. Overall, this microfacies had
shown a varying porosity percentage
61
(poor-high porosity). It is identified with
backreef environment (close to Reef
Crest).
MF-9 Mudstone (MF-9)

This microfacies is identified with 100%
mud contents with an absence of
allochems. It is Limestone in lithology.
The grain size is very fine and it is well
sorted. Overall, this microfacies showing
poor porosities. This microfacies is
denser towards the bottom part of the
well. It is identified with lagoon
environment.
62
4.5.2 MICROFACIES DISTRIBUTIONS
Depth Microfacies
5568'2" cycloclypeus wacke-packstone
cycloclypeus wacke-packstone
5569'0" Crystalline
5570'4" operculinid-wacke-packstone
operculinid-wacke-packstone
5572'5" cycloclypeus wacke-packstone
5575'4" Mudstone
5583'6" lepidocyclinid
lepidocyclinid wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
5589'3" lepidocyclinid wacke-packstone
5600'9" encrusting wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
5609'5" cycloclypeus
wacke-packstone
5614'1" Mudstone
5640'4" lepidocyclinid
wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
5648'3" Coral wacke-packstone/floatstone
wacke-packstone/floatstone
wacke-packstone
5659' lepidocyclinid
wacke-packstone
5665'2'' Algal wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
5729'1" amphistegina
amphistegina wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
5734' cycloclypeus
wacke-packstone
5735' Coral wacke-packstone/floatstone
wacke-packstone
5767'10' Coral wacke-packstone/floatstone
wacke-packstone
5775'3" Algal wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
5784'7" amphistegina wacke-packstone
Coral wacke-packstone/floatstone
wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
5864'1" Mudstone
wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
5889'4'' lepidocyclinid
wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
5909'4'' lepidocyclinid
wacke-packstone
Fig. 43 shows The 5917'4" Mudstone
5927'7" Mudstone
Microfacies 5933'8" amphistegina
wacke-packstone
5942'4" Mudstone
Distributions 5948'3" Algal wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
wacke-packstone
63
From the Fig. 43, 2 main observations can be concluded which are: -
1. The mudstone and algal microfacies are denser in the lower part of well A
and progressively decrease towards the upper part of the well.
2. Increasing trend of benthic foraminifera and coral components as it moves
from base towards the upper part of the well.
64
4.6 DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
Referring to Fig. 43, the integration of the microfacies identified along with
petrographic data (thin sections and core data), well data and seismic will be the
supporting premise to the depositional environmental study.
4.6.1 SEISMIC STUDY

A quick stratigraphic study had been done upon the seismic to identify on its
depositional sequences. Based on the seismic alone, the EX carbonate platform
generally had been identified with 5 depositional sequences as shown in Fig. 44 below.
Each of these depositional sequences have their own geometry which reflects on its
carbonate production–sea level relationship during its time of depositions.
The EX carbonate platform buildup had been deposited during the cycle III, IV,
and V of the Miocene. It started off on its 1st depositional sequence where the carbonate
productions were prevalent at the time of depositions. This had resulted in the first
emergence or ‘start up’ of the EX carbonate platform. Proceeding the 1st depositional
sequence, this had led to the 2nd depositional sequence where the carbonate productions
had increased exponentially exceeding the sea level. This had cause the prograding
build out of the carbonate platform which in turn had resulted extensive lateral growth
of EX carbonate platforms. During the 3rd and the 4th stage of the depositional sequence,
the carbonate productions generally had slowed down which had led to the
transgression ingrowth of the carbonate platform as proven by the presence of onlap
terminations. Finally, the 5th depositional sequence had marked the end of EX carbonate
platform. During this stage, the rise in sea level had exceeded the carbonate production
at which the carbonate deposition cannot catchup with the rise in sea level which had
led to the demise of the EX carbonate platform. The features during this stage includes
the prominent inwards build-in of the carbonate platform and the presence of pinnacle
structures. However, this study concern is only on sequence 3, 4 and 5 where the studied
well A penetrated.
In terms of its depositional environment, based on the seismic section alone, the
depositional environment of well A is generally at the backreef as seen in the seismic.
65
A B
Carbonate Rim
Fig. 44 shows The depositional sequences of carbonate platform EX.
66
4.6.2 DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS
Progressing from the deep to the shallower part of the well (from sequence 4 to
sequence 5), it can be observed that there has been a progressive change occurring from
an algal dominated sediment to coral and benthic foraminifera dominated sediments.
Generally, presence of benthic of foraminifera are observed for the whole well.
However, their abundance can be noted to increase towards the shallower part of well
A.
Progressing through time, the backreef depositional environment generally

remains the same throughout the EX well. However, the changes of the component’s
composition are due to the fact that the depositional environment’s condition relatively
had changed through time. These 2 conditions are identified as follows; (1) relative sea
level and (2) its proximal distance to the carbonate rim which had changed throughout
sequence 3 to sequence 5.
As illustrated in Fig. 46, from the base of the well A to the depth of about 5775.3
ft. which are situated in the 3rd and 4th sequence have a relatively shallower sea level
during its time of deposition. Thus, the shallow sea level of the 3rd and 4th sequence had
created a conducive light-exposed environment (photic zone) which allow the algal to
thrive. However, the energy during the time of deposition is low due to the fact that they
are far from the carbonate rim as seen in the seismic cross-section in Fig. 44. This had
resulted in a higher percentage of mud content. Thus, it can be found that the primary
microfacies at this depth include Algal wackestone-packstone and Mudstone.
During the 5th sequence, the rise in sea level had limit the amount of light passing
through which create a less conducive environment for algae to thrive. Thus, leading to
the decrease in the algal populations in these depths. At these depths, the composition
of algal had reduced and the benthic foraminifera becomes the more notable component.
The rapid increase in sea level also had induced a build-in which resulted in smaller
carbonate geometry compared to sequence 4 and sequence 3. This had resulted in the
closer proximity of the well to the carbonate rim. This means that during sequence 5, it
is now closer to the rim where the coral thrives. Differing from the 3rd and 4th sequence,
the energy during the time of deposition of sequence are higher as they are closer to the
67
carbonate rim. The primary microfacies at this depth include benthic foraminiferal
wacke-packstone and coral wacke-packstone/floatstone.
a WELL A
b WELL A SEQUENCE 4 c WELL A SEQUENCE 5
Fig. 45 shows (a) The composition of texture for well A (b) The composition of texture for
well A sequence 4 (c) The composition of texture for well A sequence 5.
In terms of the depositional energy, all three sequences of well A concerned

generally are having low-moderate energy reflecting backreef environment. This is
reflected by the texture identified throughout the wells which are mostly wackestone to
packstone as illustrated in Fig. 45 (a). Even for the packstone, the mud composition
would revolve around 25%-55% which represents low-moderate energy. Generally, we
would observe a decreasing trend in the mudstone facies and increasing wacke-
packstone facies, going from the base (sequence 4) to the top (sequence 5) of well A as
illustrated in Fig. 45 (b) and Fig. 45 (c). It shows that the energy had relatively increase
towards the top of the well which washed away the mud sedimentations. This, by
68
definition means that the sea level had transgressed and the backreef depositional
environment had progressed closer to the rim on the upper part of the well which
resulted in the higher depositional energy. This is in concordance with the findings
observed from the seismic. On few certain depths, grainstone may be found representing
high energy environment.
Another significant observation worth to be noted here includes the presence

Cycloclypeus sp. present on the upper part of the well and absent on the lower part of
the well. Its presence can be noted starting from the depth of 5734 ft. upwards.
Cycloclypeus sp. which had been identified to be in the deep marine depositional
environment, it raises some questions on its presence over well A (backreef
environments). Relating to the stratigraphic study findings, we can deduce that during
the 5th sequence, the rapid rise in sea level had caused an influx of Cycloclypeus sp.
from the deep open marine into the backreef of the EX carbonate platform.
All observations and its depositional characteristics had been recorded in Fig. 46.
69
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT CHARACTERISTICS
SEQUENCE 5
5568.2 ft. to
5775.3 ft.
SEQUENCE 4
5775.3 ft. to
6000.0 ft.
SEQUENCE 3
6000.0 ft. to
6133.5 ft.
Fig. 46 shows The Depositional Environment Characteristics

70
4.6.3 MICROFACIES INTERPRETATION AND ITS
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
In this section, the 9 identified facies had been grouped according to its
depositional environment.
4.6.3.1 Lagoon
The microfacies covered in lagoon depositional environment include MF-9

Mudstone where it is identified as having a low energy fine grained deposit. This is in
concordance with the backreef characteristic as having a low depositional energy. The
well sorted and fine-grained of the mud had filled up the spaces between the grain
particles inhibiting the porosities.
As it moves from the lagoon and closer to the backreef, it starts to show the
presence of algal components as seen in MF-7. This is due to the fact that the
depositional environments getting shallower up to a point in the photic zone (light
exposed environment). This, in turn, promotes the growth of algal population.
4.6.3.2 Backreef
The microfacies covered in Backreef depositional environment include MF-1,

MF-4, MF-4, MF-5, MF-6, MF-7, and MF-8 where mostly are having wacke-packstone
texture. These textures would reflect on the relatively higher depositional energy of the
backreef environment. They are characterized as having dominant benthic foraminifera
content followed by coral. These components are all deposited in situ (backreef in
origin). Within this depositional environment, most of which had shown medium-
course grained with poorly sorted configurations.
Within the backreef environment-closer to the lagoon, it shows a higher MF-

7 algal wacke-packstone and decreases towards the reef crest. Whereas, within the
backreef environment-closer to the reef crest, it shows a higher MF-8 Coral wacke-
packstone/floatstone and benthic foraminifera which includes MF- 4, MF-6.
71
4.6.3.3 Deep Marine
the microfacies covered in deep marine depositional environment include MF-

2 Cycloclypeus wacke-packstone. It is characterized as having the presence
Cycloclypeus sp. which specifically thrive in the protected deep marine environment.
The presence of MF-2 (deep marine in origin) in backreef is reasoned with the fact that
there has been an influx of Cycloclypeus sp. from the deep marine into the backreef
during the rapid rise in sea level in Sequence 5. That being said, it would reflect a poorly
sorted configuration.
Fig. 48 shows finalized depositional environments model for each of the microfacies
identified.
72
4.6.4 MICROFACIES AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT PLOT
PT MT DE
LEGEND
Pore Types (PT)
Mouldic
Intra particles
Inter-particles
Fracture
Micro
Stylo
Inter-crystalline
Vuggy
Microfacies Type (MT)

Crystalline
encrusting wacke-packstone
Algal wacke-packstone
Coral wacke-packstone/floatstone
Mudstone
Depositional Environment (DE)

Deep Marine
Backreef-closer to Reef Crest
Backreef-closer to Lagoon
Mudstone
Fig. 47 shows The Microfacies and Depositional Environment Plot
73
From Fig. 47, we may observe the facies distributions changes from mudstone
and algal wacke-packstone dominated in the bottom well towards the benthic
foraminiferal wacke-packstone and coral wacke-packstone/floatstone dominated on the
upper part of the well.
This in turn reflects on depositional environmental changes occurred throughout

well A. Generally, well A have a backreef depositional. However, we can observe
progressive changes occurred going from the bottom of the well towards the top of the
well, from lagoonal environment to backreef-reef crest environment.
A look on the porosity study of well A had shown that the mouldic porosity had
been the biggest contributor to the total porosity which followed by microporosity and
vuggy porosity. We can deduce that the dominant porosity of mouldic and
microporosity falls within the ‘unfavorable porosity’ category (porosity not inter-
connected porosity, having low permeability). The favorable inter-particle porosity also
had been noted on some of the depth., but it presents in a smaller percentage.
74
4.6.5 DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MODEL
MF-8 MF-1 MF-5
MF-6
MF-7
MF-3
Backreef environment near In the backreef In the backreef
the carbonate rim (Reef environment environment
Crest) In the backreef
environment
Low energy photic
environment of the backreef
In the backreef
MF-9 environment near to Reef
Crest
MF-4
Low energy environment of

the lagoon-backreef
In the backreef environment

near to Reef Crest
No. MICROFACIES of E6-2 DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT

MF-1 Crystalline MF-2
MF-2 Cycloclypeus wacke-packstone
MF-3 Amphistegina wacke-packstone
MF-4 Lepidocyclinid wacke-packstone
MF-5 Operculinid-wacke-packstone
MF-6 Encrusting wacke-packstone
MF-7 Algal wacke-packstone In a calm protected
environment of the Deep
MF-8 Coral wacke-packstone/floatstone Marine
MF-9 Mudstone
Fig. 48 shows The Depositional Environment Model 75

Fig. 48 shows the finalized depositional environment model for each of the
microfacies identified. Well A of Field EX has been identified with 3 depositional
environments: -
1. Lagoon (MF-9)
2. Backreef (MF-1, MF-3, MF-4, MF-5, MF-6, MF-7, and MF-8)
3. Deep Marine (MF-2)
For the backreef environment facies, some may thrive closer to the lagoon (MF-
7) and others may thrive closer towards the Reef Crest (MF-4, MF-6, MF-8).
76
CHAPTER 5
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the subsurface geology of Field EX of Central Luconia will be

established through the studies conducted. This will incorporate the petrographic and
paleontological aspect of the field sample along with its petrophysical properties
through the petrophysical log study. The petrographic study conducted will reveal the
facies distributions, depositional history of the carbonates, and the paleoenvironment
of Field EX, Central Luconia.
Based on the petrographic results obtained from the thin sections study from the
depth of 5772.2 ft to 6133.5 ft. we can conclude that the EX platform properties as a
reservoir generally decrease towards deeper depths. We can infer this through the
Porosity vs. Depth plot in Fig. 41. The diagenetic processes are also believed to be
prominent on these depths of 5772.2 ft to 6133.5 ft. through the presence of diagenetic
features such as stylolite, fractures etc. The exposure to compactions in this great depth
may be the biggest setback which contributes the eliminations of the reservoir
properties (e.g. porosity). The presence low porosities interval of 5917.4 ft. to 5948.3
ft. may indicate the presence of the tight layers present in the formation.
Through the stratigraphic study, a total of 5 depositional sequence had been

identified; 1st sequence; 2nd sequence (build-out); 3rd sequence (build-up); 4th sequence
(build up) and 5th sequence (build-in). Each of these depositional sequences are the
results of the interplay between sea level and carbonate production. This study had
focused on depositional sequence 3, 4, and 5. Seismic analysis had supported the
backreef depositional environment as suggested from the petrographic findings.
A total of 9 microfacies had been identified which shows the texture ranging
from mudstone to packstone. 7 of these microfacies; MF-1, MF-3, MF-4, MF-5, MF-
6, MF-7, and MF-8 are having wacke-packstone texture and had been identified with
backreef environment. They are characterized as having high percentage of benthic
foraminifera and coral. In the backreef environment-closer to the lagoon, it shows an
77
increase in the algal percentage. MF-9 which is mudstone in texture had been identified
to be deposited in the lagoon depositional environment. It is characterized by the high
mud contents. MF-2 which is Cycloclypeus wacke-packstone is characterized by the
presence of the Cycloclypeus sp. This benthic foraminifera which specifically thrives
in deep marine environment had been concluded to have a deep marine depositional
environment. Its presence on well A (backreef) had been concluded to have caused by
the influx during rapid rise in sea level during sequence 5. Thus, it can be concluded
through the depositional environmental study of field EX, 3 depositional environments
had been identified; (1) lagoon (MF-9), (2) Backreef (MF-1, MF-3, MF-4, MF-5, MF-
6, MF-7, and MF-8), and (3) Deep Marine (MF-2).
78
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
To increase the accuracy of the results, it recommended to have the thin section
to be sampled at a lower interval. This helps to capture more data of the formations
without losing too much data in between. For an example, between sample 5948.3 ft
and sample 6133.5 ft., there is a gap interval of about 200 ft in data information.
Omitting these data could lead to a misleading result. Thus, it is recommended to reduce
the interval of the thins section sampling.
Moreover, when conducting petrography analysis, it is recommended to play

with the magnifications especially when studying the porosities and cement type. A
detailed study on the porosities is needed when it comes to the microporosities as this
type of porosities may not be the porosity of interest as it not interconnected. Whereas,
for cement type study, we need to have a magnified view of the cement to determine
accurately either it may be blocky cement, dolomitic cement, etc. Thus, it is
recommended to have a finer look into the thin sections through the manipulations of
the microscope magnification to gain a better observation and results.
Lastly, this study is conducted in the Field EX of Central Luconia where the
dimension is about 11,000m N-S direction and on 500m wide in E-W direction.
Compared to this study, it is conducted through the petrographic and petrophysical
analysis of only 2 wells. To realize that the ratio of well to the area is quite big, it may
cause some uncertainty in the results and interpretations of its extension and its
distribution especially in the N-S extent as it proceeds further away from the wells
studied. In the area of close proximity to the wells, it is still accurate and reliable but as
it gets further away, it starts loses reliability and accuracy, and raises ambiguity.
Based on the data available today, the results from this study is still acceptable.
However, this limitation may need to be looked into in the future for further appraisal
of the field EX of Central Luconia. Thus, the recommendation would be to have more
wells down in Field EX of Central Luconia to be drilled to have more data and control
of their distribution throughout the area.
79
REFERENCES
Abang Hasbollah, D. Z., & Junin, R. (2017). Assessment of geological CO2 storage potential
in central Luconia province. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences,
44-48.
Ali, M. Y., & Abolins, P. (1999). Central Luconia Province. In The Petroleum Geology and
Resources of Malaysia (pp. 371-392). Kuala Lumpur: Petroleum Nasional Berhad
(PETRONAS).
Epting, M. (1980). Sedimentology of Miocene Carbonate Buildups, Central Luconia Sarawak,
Offshore Sarawak. Gelogical society of Malaysia, 17-30.
Gutteridge, P., Garland, J., Vincent, B., Thompson, S., Morgan, J., Turney, J., & Jerram , D.
(2017). Southeast Asian Carbonate system and reservoir development: An up-to-date
synthesis,. Cambridge Carbonates Ltd.
Hoces, S. O. (August 2006). Controls on Isolated Carbonate Platform Evolution and Demise,
Central Luconia Province, South China Sea.
Jamaludin, S. F., Pubellier, M., & Menier, D. (December 2014). Relationship between syn-
depositional faulting and carbonate growth in Central Luconia Province, Malaysia.
Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 77-83.
Janjuhah, H. T., Gamez Vintaned, J. A., Salim, A. A., Faye, I., Shah, M. M., & Ghosh, D. P.
(October 2017). Microfacies and Depositional Environments of Miocene Isolated
Carbonate Platforms from Central Luconia, Offshore Sarawak, Malaysia. Acta
Geological Sinica, 1778-1796.
King, T. K., Chung, E., & Aljaaidi, O. (June 2010). Evolution and controlling factors of
Miocene Carbonate build-up in Central Luconia, SE Asia: Insights from integration
of geological and seismic characterization. ICIPEG. Kuala Lumpur.
Lunt, P., & Madon, M. (June 2017). A review of the Sarawak Cycles: History and modern
application. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 77-101.
Madon, M. (1999). Geological Setting of Sarawak.
Mhmod, M., Yan, L. H., & Xuan , F. (2016). Performing Spiking and Predictive
Deconvolution on 2D Land Data. Journal of Geology & Geophysics.
Mihaijevic, M., Renema, W., Welsh, K., & Pandolfi, M. J. (2014). Eocene–Miocene Shallow-
Water Carbonate Platforms And Increased Habitat Diversity In Sarawak, Malaysia.
PALAIOS, 378-391.
Núñez-Useche, F., Barragán, R., 2012, Microfacies analysis and paleoenvironmental dynamic
of the Barremian-Albian interval in Sierra del Rosario, eastern Durango state,
Mexico: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, v. 29, núm. 1, p. 204-218
80
Suarez , C. R. (2000). Advanced Marine Seismic Methods: Ocean-Bottom and Vertical Cable
Analyses. CREWES.
Sheriff, E. R. (2004). What Is Deconvolution?*. Search and Discovery .
Sim, D., & Jaeger , G. (2013). Tectonostratigraphy and trap styles of the Half-Graben sub-
province in West Luconia, offshore Sarawak. Petroleum Geology Conference &
Exhibition, (pp. 17-18). Kuala Lumpur.
Vahrenkamp, V. C. (December 1998). Miocene carbonates of the Luconia province, offshore
Sarawak: implications for regional geology and reservoir properties from Strontium-
isotope stratigraphy. Geological Society of Malaysia, 1-13.
Zampetti, V., Schlager, W., Konijnenburg, J.-H. v., & Everts, A.-J. (2004). Architecture and
growth history of a Miocene carbonate platform from 3D seismic reflection data;
Luconia province, offshore Sarawak, Malaysia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 517-
534.
Zampetti, V., Schlager, W., Konlinenburg, J.-H. V., & Everts, A.-J. (December 2003).
Depositional history and origin of porosity in a Miocene carbonate platform of
Central Luconia, offshore Sarawak. Geological Society of Malaysia, 139-152.
81

SD Anwararsyad 21429 Correctedlatest

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

SD Anwararsyad 21429 Correctedlatest

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Facies Modelling and Depositional

Environmental Studies of Cycle IV, V Field EX

Anwar Arsyad Bin Ahmad Fuzi

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of

Facies Modelling and Depositional

A project dissertation submitted to the

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS

This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this

ANWAR ARSYAD BIN AHMAD FUZI

I would also like to dedicate my gratitude towards the SEACARL department

Finally, to my family members and my colleagues, thank you for the

Fig. 1 The major provinces of the Offshore Sarawak (Madon, 1999)……………...4

Fig. 5 The distribution of the carbonate platforms throughout Offshore Sarawak

Fig. 7 The depositional environment and its characteristics (Epting, 1980)……… 13

Fig. 9 The base map on the area of study ……………………………….………19

Fig. 10 The structure map of Field EX carbonate platform……………..………...20

Fig. 11 The N-S seismic cross section of Field EX .……………………………...21

Fig. 12 5772.2 ft. thin section………………...………………………………..…25

Fig. 13 5795.7 ft. thin section………………...………………………………..…26

Fig. 14 5800.2 ft. thin section………………...……………………………....….27

Fig. 15 5805 ft. thin section………………...………………………...…...….….28

Fig. 16 5814 ft. thin section………………...…………………………...........….29

Fig. 17 5818.1 ft. thin section………………...…………………………........….30

Fig. 18 5823.3 ft. thin section………………...………………………….…...….31

Fig. 20 5831.2 ft. thin section………………...………………….…………....….33

Fig. 21 5839 ft. thin section………………...…………………………………….34

Fig. 22 5845.7 ft. thin section………………...……………………………...….35

Fig. 24 5857.7 ft. thin section………………...……………………………......…37

Fig. 25 5864.7 ft. thin section………………...………………………...……...…38

Fig. 26 5867 ft. thin section………………...………………………………....….39

Fig. 27 5875.5 ft. thin section………………...………………………………..…40

Fig. 28 5883.6 ft. thin section………………...…………………………...…...…41

Fig. 29 5887.3 ft. thin section………………...………………………...……...…42

Fig. 30 5888.7 ft. thin section………………...………………………………..…43

Fig. 31 5891 ft. thin section………………...………………………………...….44

Fig. 32 5897 ft. thin section………………...………………………………...….45

Fig. 33 5904.8 ft. thin section………………...………………………………..…46

Fig. 34 5909.4 ft. thin section………………...……………………………......…47

Fig. 35 5917.4 ft. thin section………………...………………………...……...…48

Fig. 36 5927.7 ft. thin section………………...………………………...……...…49

Fig. 37 5933.8 ft. thin section………………...……………………...………...…50

Fig. 38 5942.4 ft. thin section………………...…………………………...…...…51

Fig. 39 5948.3 ft. thin section………………...…………………………...……...…52

Fig. 40 6133.5 ft. thin section………………...…………………………...…........…53

Fig. 42 The intervals of tight layers identified over well A ………….….…...……...56

Fig. 43 The Microfacies Distributions……………………………………………....63

Fig. 44 The division of carbonate platform EX..……………………………………66

Fig, 46 The Depositional Environment Characteristics………………………...…...70

Fig, 46 The Microfacies and Depositional Environment Plot………………………73

Fig. 47 The Depositional Environment Model…………………………….….…….75

Table 1 The petrographic summary of the thin section samples.…….……….……22

Table 3 The 9 microfacies established…………………………………….….57

Given its importance as a hydrocarbon gas reservoir, Field EX still lacks an

The objectives of the research are:

1. To gain a better understanding of the subsurface geology in Field EX, Central

3. To provide a simplified depositional model based on the identified microfacies.

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

(i) Facies distributions.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

This study is further narrowed down to Field EX of Central Luconia as shown

The Central Luconia is known to have undergone several series of

2.4 CARBONATES OF CENTRAL LUCONIA

The formation of such reservoir occurred in episodes which are as follow;