PDU: Data Stream Protocols:

• This layer serves as the source and destination of

Protocols: communications across data networks. TCP UDP
[Type text]
• Directly accessing the underlying processes that
DNS: used to resolve Internet names to IP
addresses. manage and deliver communication to the human
HTTP: used to transfer files that make up the network.
Web pages of the World Wide Web. • Enabling users to interact with the data network in a
SMTP: used for the transfer of mail messages way that is meaningful and effective.
and attachments (MUA  MTA, MTA  MTA)
POP: mail delivery protocols. They deliver e-
mail from the e-mail server (MDA) to the client
OSI Reference
(MUA)
Model
Telnet: terminal emulation protocol used to PDU: Segment
provide remote access to servers and 7. Application
networking devices.
6. Presentation
Encoding the bits for transmission and decoding them at the 5. Session Dividing data received from an application into segments
destination. Adding a header to identify and manage each segment
4. Transport
Describing the physical, electrical, and mechanical Using the header information to reassemble the segments
characteristics of the physical media and connectors that 3. Network back into application data
interconnect network devices. Passing the assembled data to the correct application
2. Data Link
Enabling data to be directed to the correct application
PDU: bits 1. Physical running on end devices using port numbers.

Variousdifferent
Notes: media and Physical
media layerfiber,
(copper, protocols have different
wireless)
advantages/disadvantages of each kind. When is
data-carrying capacities. Raw data bandwidth tothe
usetheoretical
ST/Cross? PDU: Packet Protocols: IPv4, IPv6
upper
And howlimit of athe
to tell bit difference
transmission. Throughput
between them. and goodput are
PDU: Frame Notes:
different measures of observed
Preparing data layer
Network transfer over for
packets a specific
period of time. placement onto the physical media that L3 uses logical addresses to
transports data. Carrying data from one host to another regardless of identify and route traffic from one
Notes: the type of data. network to another.
Layer 3 IP routing does not guarantee reliable Network/subnet address.
L2 uses physical addresses to identify nodes and deliver
delivery or establish a connection before data is Broadcast address. Host address.
frames in the local network/segment.
transmitted. This connectionless and unreliable Subnet mask.
Ethernet is the most widely used LAN technology.
communication is fast and flexible, but upper layers Public vs. private addresses
CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Token passing must provide mechanisms to guarantee delivery of Default Gateway
data if it is needed. Purpose of the routing table