Classification of

Microorganisms
(Bacteria, Yeast and Mold)

Mochamad Nurcholis
Cholis_federer@yahoo.co.id
 OVERVIEW

• Monera • Fungi
Classification Classification
• Eubacteria • Yeast
• Archaebacteria • Mold
• Mushroom
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Classification of Bacteria

Classification of Yeast

Classification of Mold
 Levels of Classification
• Domain (3) - Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya
• Kingdom – 5
– Monera
– Plantae
– Protista
– Animalia
– Fungi
• Phylum or Division
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
Classification based on Domain

Insert figure 1.15

Woese-Fox System
Perbedaan Sel Prokariota dan Eukariota
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Classification of Bacteria

Classification of Yeast

Classification of Mold
 Bacteria
• Prokaryotes unicellular
organism
• 0.5 -1 µm x 2–5 µm
• One molecule DNA without
membrane (nucleolid)
• Ribosome contain only one
type RNA polymerase
 Bacteria Cell Structure

• Capsule & Slime Layer

• Cell Wall
• Cytoplasm & Membranes
• Pili & Flagella
• Plasmid
• Ribosom
• Nucleoid
• Some bacteria produce
Endospore
 Bacteria Classification

Classified  based on :
• Energy metabolism : autotrophic & heterotrophic
• Endospore forming
• Oxygen needed : aerobic & anaerobic
• Motility  flagella
• Shape  coccus, bacillus, spirals, vibrio
• Gram Staining Gram (+) and Gram (-)
Bacteria Shape

• Coccus
• Bacillus
• Spirilium
• Vibrio
• Spirochetes
 Flagella
• Motility - movement
• Arrangement basis for
classification
– Monotrichous; 1 flagella
– Lophotrichous; tuft at one
end
– Amphitrichous; both ends
– Peritrichous; all around
bacteria
 Reproduction
& Genetics Transfer
• Binary Fission
• Budding
• Fragmentation

• Conjugation
• Transformation
• Transduction
Binary Fission
CONJUGATION
Transduction
 Endospore
Forming Bacteria
• Resistant structure
– Heat, irradiation, cold
– Boiling >1 hr still viable
• Takes time and energy to make
spores
• Location important in classification
– Central, Sub terminal, Terminal
• Bacillus stearothermophilus -spores
– Used for quality control of heat
sterilization equipment
Escherichia coli
Karakteristik :
Enterobacteriaceae
Gram (-)
Flagellated rod-shaped
Facultative anaerob
Oxidase (-)
Indole (+)
Citrate (-)
Ferments glucose
Producing acid & gas
Optimum 35-37oC
 Enterobacteriaceae

Salmonellosis Karakteristik Facultative

Salmonella anaerob
spp

Gram (-) Rods shape

 Staphylococcus
aureus
1 Present in skin & nasopharinx area of human & animal
2 Growth in danger zone temperature of food (5-60oC)
3 Optimal temp ; 18-40oC
4 Grow at lower Aw (<0,85)
5 Can utilize mannitol
6 Produce Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs)
7
Intoxication : vomit & diarrhea (without fever)
8
Intoxication : 4-12 h after consumption of food contaminated SEs
9
10 Level S. aureus > 106 CFU/g  sufficient to produce enough SEs toxin
Foods commonly associated with SEs : deli meats
(ham), deli salads (ham, chicken, potato, cream puff)
 Archaea
• Cell wall not have peptidoglycan
• Most live in extreme environments :
temperature, pH, oxygen concentration or
salinity
• Ribosome contain some type RNA polymerase
• Have distinctive lipids in their membranes
• 2 group : Crenarchaeota & Euryarchaeota
 1. Crenarchaeota

• Most are acidophil and

thermopiles
• H2S as source of energy
• Life in hot sulfur
springs, die of cold at
131°C ex. Sulfolobus
 2. Euryarchaeota

1. Some methanogens, produce CH4 from CO2

• Responsible for 80-90% atmospheric methane
• Ex. Lachnospira multiparus, Ruminococcus
albus

2. Some halophiles
• Pigment bacteriorhodopsin
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Classification of Bacteria

Classification of Yeast

Classification of Mold
Yeast / Khamir

Saccharomyces

• Unicellular fungi
• P 1-50 µm x L 1-10 µm
• Budding , Binary fission,
Budding Fission &
sporulasi
• Slime Capsule, heterotrof
Candida
Yeast Reproduction
 True Yeast • Fungi imperfecti
• Asporogneous (Wild
• Sporogenous yeast)
• Ascomycetes • Ex. Torulopsis
• Ex. Saccharomyces, Candida,
Schizosaccharomyces, Rhodotorula,
Zygosaccharomyces, Brettanomyces,
Pichia, Hansenula, Kloeckera dan
Debaryomyces, Trichosporon
hanseniaspora dan
Nadsonia
False Yeast
 Peranan Yeast

Wine Bread Beer

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Classification of Bacteria

Classification of Yeast

Classification of Mold
Mycology
• Myco  Mycota : jamur
• Logy  Logos : ilmu

• Fungi  jamur ( jamak )

• Fungus  jamur ( tunggal)
 Karakteristik Mold
• Eukariota
• Multiseluler
• Memiliki hifa dan miselium (kumpulan
hifa)
• Non motil
• Non vascular
• Heterotrof
• Reproduksi seksual & aseksual
 Reproduksi
• Spora (Seksual & Aseksual)
• Terbentuk :
– Hifa (fragmentasi)
– Di dalam sporangia
– Fruiting bodies (badan buah)
Penicillium hyphae

Pilobolus sporangia
Amanita fruiting body
Klasifikasi Fungi

Berdasarkan jenis spora 

Phylum :

a. Chytridiomycota
b. Ascomycota
c. Zygomycota
d. Basidiomycota
 asci
basidia
zygosporangia

motile spores Classification &

Phylogeny
 Chytridiomycota – “chytrids”

• Simple fungi
• Produce motile spores
• Mostly saprobes and
parasites in aquatic
habitats
• Could just as well be
Protists
• Ex. Chytridium

Chytridium growing on spores

 Ascomycota
• Non septat hyphae
• Spora seksual : askospora
• Kotak spora : ascus
(jamak : asci)
• Penyatuan seksual dalam
askus
• Bentuk askospora
bermacam-macam
• Contoh : Saccharomyces,
Neurospora, Monascus,
Penicillium dll
Ascomycota
Life Cycle
 Zygomycota

• Spora seksual :
zygospora

• Zygospora penggabungan
2 hifa serupa, mungkin dari
miselium yg sama / beda

• Contoh : Rhizopus, Aspergillus,

Mucor, dll.
 Plasmogami Sexual Cycle
Sexual zygsporangium
with one zygospore
Somatic Hyphae

Asexual sporangium Germination

with spores inside

Asexual Cycle
Life Cycle of
Rhizopus sp.
 Basidiomycota

• Multiselular fungi
• Spora seksual : basidiospora
• Terdapat dlm basidium
• Basidiokarp (fruiting bodies)
• Miselia  besar, membentuk
badan buah (fruiting bodies)
• Septate hyphae
Basidiomycota

fruiting bodies

mycelium
 Basidiomycota

• Volvariella volvacea (j. merang)

• Auricularia polytricha (j. kuping)
• Agaricus bosporus (j. kancing)
• Amanita phaloides (j. champignon)
• Pleurotus ostreatus (j. tiram)
• Boletus edulis
• Amanita muscaria
Molds / Kapang

• Filamentous Fungi
• Rapidly growth
• Sexual & Asexual Spores
Rhizopus pada Strawberry
• Ex. Rhizopus, Mucor,
Penicillium, Neurospora,
Saprolegnia, etc

 Food spoilage
 Food products
 Antibiotics, etc.

Noble Rot - Botrytis

 Peranan Jamur
• Dekomposer (Saprofit)
• Agen pembusuk makanan (Food spoilage),
penghasil toksin (mikotoksin : aflatoksin)
• Food Industry : produk fermentasi (tempe, keju,
kecap, oncom, tauco, keju, tape, asam organik)
• Jamur Konsumsi  kebanyakan Basidiomycota
• Penghasil enzim (amilase)
• Antibiotic : Pennicillium  pennicillin
• Penyebab penyakit infeksi
 TUGAS INDIVIDU
• Buatlah tabel perbedaan antara prokariota
dan eukariota !
• Buatlah tabel perbedaan khamir, jamur,
bakteri
• Jelaskan perbedaan spora bakteri dengan
spora jamur !
REFERENCES
• Talaro KP. 2012. Foundation in Microbiology
6th Edition. The McGraw Hill Companies.
• Ray B. 1996. Fundamental Food Microbiology.
CRC Press. Boca Raton.
• Pelczar and Chan. 1988. Elements of
Microbiology. McGraw Hill Book Company.
• Tortora et al.
• Scientific articles from internet/website
Te Ri Ma Ka Sih