401.4.6 This chapter does not apply to the design and
8 Construction Documents and Design Records
installation of concrete piles. drilled piers, and caissons
embedded in ground except as provided in (a) or (b):
a. For portions in air or water. or in soil incapable of
providing adequate lateral restraint to prevent
buckling throughout their length. See also Sect.
418.13.].2.
b. For structures in region of high seismic risk or
assigned to high seismic performance or design
categories
401.4.7 This chapter does not govern design and
construction of slabs-on-ground. unless the slab transmits
vertical loads or lateral forces from other portions of the
structure to the soil.
401.4.8 For unusual structures, such as arches. tanks.
reservoirs. bins and silos. blast-resistant structures. and
chimneys. provisions of this section shall govcm where
applicable. For tanks and reservoirs refer also to AC1 350.
AC1 334.1R. and AC1372R.
401.4.9 This chapter does not govern the composite
design of structural concrete slabs cast—in—place.
composite steel form deck. Concrete used in the
construction of such slabs shall be governed by Sections
40] to 406 of this chapter. where applicable. Portions of
such slabs designed as reinforced concrete are governed
by this chapter.
401.5 Interpretation
401.5.1 The principles of interpretation in this Section
shall apply to this Chapter as a whole unless otherwise
stated.
40152 This Chapter consists of sections and
appendices. including text. headings. tables. figures.
footnotes to tables and figures. and referenced standards.
401.5.3 This Chapter shall be interpreted in a manner
that avoids conflict between or among its provisions.
Specific provisions shall govern over general provisions.
401.5.4 This chapter shall be interpreted and applied in
accordance with the plain meaning of the words and terms
used. Specific definitions of words and terms in this
section shall be used where provided and applicable.
regardless of whether other materials. standards. or
resources outside of this section provide a different
definition.
401.
401.55 The following words and terms in this section
SECTION 402
shall be interpreted in accordance with (a) through (e):
401.8,] The licensed design professional shall provide NOTATION AND TERMINOLOGY
a. The word "shall“ is always mandatory: in the construction documents the information required in
Section 426 and that required by thejurisdiction. 402.1 Scope
b. Provisions of this section are mandatory even if the
word “shall" is not used; 401.8.2 Calculations pertinent to design shall be filed 402.1,] This section defines notation and terminology
with the construction documents if required by the used in this chapter.
c. Words used in the present tense shall include the building official. Analyses and designs using computer
future: programs shall be permitted provided design assumptions. 402.2 Notation
user input. and computer—generated output are submitted.
(1. The word “and" indicates that all of the connected Model analysis shall be permitted to supplement a : shear span. distance between
items. conditions. requirements. or events shall apply; calculations. concentrated load and face of
supports. mm.
e. The word “or“ indicates that all of the connected 401.9 Testing and Inspection a : depth of equivalent rectangular stress
items. conditions. requirements. or events are block. mm.
alternatives. at least one of which shall be satisfied. 401.9.1 Concrete materials shall be tested in av : shear span. equal to distance from
accordance with the requirements ofSection 426. center of concentrated load to either:
401.5.6 in any case in which one or more provisions of (a) face of support for continuous or
this Chapter are declared by an appropriate court to be 4019.2 Concrete construction shall be inspected in cantilevered members. or (1)) center
invalid. that ruling shall not affect the validity of the accordance with the general building code and in of support for simply supported
remaining provisions of this Chapter. which are scverablc. accordance with Sections 417 and 426. members. mm.
The ruling of the court shall be effective only in that A : area of that part of cross section
court's jurisdiction. and shall not affect the content of 401.9.3 Inspection records shall include information between tlexural tension face and
interpretation ofthis Chapter in otherjurisdictions. required in Sections 417 and 426. center of gravity of gross section.
mml.
401.5.7 1f conflicts occur between provisions of this 401.10 Approval of Special Systems of Design. Ab : Area of an individual bar or wire.
code and standards and documents referenced in Section Construction. or Alternative Construction mmj.
403. this Chapter shall apply. Materials Ahrg 7' net bearing area of the head of stud.
anchor bolt. or headed deformed bars.
401.6 Building Official 401.10.] Sponsors of any system of design. mmz.
construction. or alternative construction materials within AC : area of concrete section resisting
401.6.] All references in this chapter to the building the scope of this Chapter. the adequacy of which has been shear transfer. mm).
official shall be understood to mean the persons who shown by successful use or by analysis or test. but which , area of contact surface being
administer and enforce this Code. does not conform to or is not covered by this Chapter. investigated for horizontal shear.
shall have the right to present the data on which their mmz.
401.6.2 Actions and decisions by the building official design is based to the building official or to a committee Acf 7 greater gross cross-sectional area of
affect only the specific jurisdiction and do not change this of competent structural engineers appointed by the the slab—beam strips of the two
Code. building official. This committee shall have the authority orthogonal equivalent frames
to investigate the data so submitted. require tests. and intersecting at a column ofa two—way
401.6.3 The building official shall have the right to fomiulate rules governing design and construction of such slab. mmz.
order testing of any materials used in concrete systems to meet the intent of this Code. These rules. when Ach : cross-sectional area of a member
construction to determine if materials are of the quality approved by the building official. and promulgated. shall measured to the outside edges of
specified. be of the same force and effect as the provisions of this transverse reinforcement. mini.
Code. AC = area enclosed by outside perimeter of
401.7 Licensed Design Professional concrete cross section. mmz.
401.11 Provisions for Earthquake Resistance A” = cross-sectional area at one end of a
401.7.1 All references in this Code to the licensed design strut in a strut-and-tie model. taken
professional shall be understood to mean the person who 401.11.] In regions of moderate (seismic zone 2) or perpendicular to the axis of the strut.
is licensed and responsible for. and in charge of. the high seismic risk (seismic zone 4). provisions of Section mm:
structural design or inspection. 418 shall be satisfied, A“ = area of that part of cross section
between the flexural tension face and
centroid ofgross section. mmZ
 gross area of concrete section area enclosed by centerline of the mm 2 . measured in the direction
bounded by web thickness and length outermost closed transverse torsional area of shear friction reinforcement. perpendicular to b1. mm.
of section in the direction of shear reinforcement, mmz. mmj, nominal b *aring strength. N.
force considered in the case of walls, total area occupied by duct, Avh area of shear reinforcement parallel factored bearing load, N.
and gross area of concrete section in sheathing, and prestressing to llexural tension reinforcement distance from extreme compression
the case ofdiaphragms, not to exceed reinforcement, mmz. within spacing 52. mini. fiber to neutral axis. mm.
the thickness times the width of the area of prestressed reinforcement in Aumz'n minimum area ofshear reinforcement critical edge distance required to
diaphragm, mml. tension zone, mini, within spacing s, mmz. develop the basic strength as
area of concrete section of an total area of prestressing AVC projected concrete failure area of a controlled by concrete breakout or
individual pier. horizontal wall reinforcement, mml. single anchor or group of anchors. for bond of a post-installed anchor in
segment. or, coupling beam resisting area of non-prestressed longitudinal calculation of strength in shear. mmz. tension in uncracked concrete
shear, {111112. tension reinforcement, mm). AVco projected concrete failure area of a without supplementary reinforcement
area of reinforcement in bracket or area of compression reinforcement, single anchor. for calculation of to control splitting. mm.
corbel resisting design moment, mm3 mmz. strength in shear. if not limited by Camax maximum distance from center of an
gross area of concrete section, mmz. area of primary tension corner influences, spacing. or anchor shaft to the edge of concrete.
For a hollow section. Ag is the area reinforcement in a corbel or bracket, member thickness, mml, mm.
of the concrete only and does not mm. loaded area for consideration of camin minimum distance from center of an
include the area of the void(s). Ase,N effective cross-sectional area of bearing strength, mmz. anchor shaft to the edge of concrete.
, , a
total area of shear reinforcement anchor mten SlOn, mmi maximum area of the portion of the mm.
parallel to primary tension Asey effective cross—sectional area of supporting surface that is distance from the center of an anchor
_ 2 geometrically similar to and
reinforcement in a corbel or bracket, anchor in shear, mm . shaft to the edge of concrete in one
mmz. Ash total cross-sectional area of concentric with the loaded area. direction. mm. lf sh an is applied to
effective cross-sectional area within a transverse reinforcement, including A2 the area of the lower base of the anchor. Cal is taken in the direction
joint in a plane parallel to plane of crossties, within spacing s and largest frustum ofa pyramid. cone. or of the applied shear. If tension is
beam reinforcement generating shear perpendicular to dimension bf, mm]. tapered wedge contained wholly applied to the anchor. Cal is the
in thejoint. mmz. total area of surface reinforcement at within the support and having its minimum edge distance. Where
Al total area of longitudinal spacing S,- in the i-th layer crossing a upper base equal to the loaded area. anchors subject to shear are located
reinforcement to resist torsion. mml. strut, with reinforcement at an angle The sides of the pyramid, cone, or in narrow sections of limited
ALmin minimum area of longitudinal ai to the axis ofthe strut, mmz. tapered wedge shall be sloped one thickness, See Section 41752.4,
reinforcement to resist torsion. mm). minimum area of tlexural vertical to two horizontal, mmz. limiting value of cal where anchors
area of reinforcement in bracket or reinforcement, mmz. width of compression face of are located less than 1.5ca1 from
corbel resisting factored tensile force total area of non-prestressed member. mm. three or more edges, mm.
Nuc. mmz. longitudinal reinforcement bars or cross~sectional dimension of member distance from center of an anchor
area of a face of a nodal zone or a steel shapes, and excluding core measured to the outside edges of shaft to the edge of concrete in the
section through a nodal zone, mml. prestressing reinforcement, mmz. the transverse rein forcenicnt direction perpendicular to cal, mm.
projected influence area of a single area of steel shape, pipe, or tubing in composing area Ash. mm. Cb lesser of: (a) the distance from center
adhesive anchor or group of adhesive a composite section. mmz. Effective flange width of 'f section. of a bar or wire to the nearest
anchors, for calculation of bond area of structural steel shape, pipe or mm. concrete surface, and (bi) one-half the
strength intension, mmi. tubing in a composite section, mmz. perimeter of critical section for two— center-to-center spacing of bars or
ANao projected influence area of a single total area of longitudinal way shear in slabs and footings. mm. wires being developed, mm.
adhesive anchor, for calculation of reinforcement to resist torsion, mmz. width of a strut. mm. clear cover of reinforcement. mm.
bond strength in tension ifnot limited area of prestressing reinforcement in the effective slab width resisting CNa projected distance from center of an
by edge distance or spacing. mmz, a tie, mmz. Ysc- anchor shaft on one side of the
projected concrete failure area of a total cross-sectional area of all width of that part of cross section anchor required to develop the full
single anchor or group of anchors, transverse reinforcement within containing the closed stirrups bond strength of a single adhesive
for calculation of strength in tension, spacing s that crosses the potential resisting torsion, mm. anchor, mm.
mml. plane of splitting through the width of cross section at contact Ct distance from the interior face of the
ANco projected concrete failure area of a reinforcement being developed. surface being investigated for column to the slab edge measured
single anchor, for calculation of mmz. horizontal shear, mm. parallel to Cl. but not exceeding C1.
strength intension if not limited by area of non-prestressed reinforcement web width or diameter of circular mm.
edge distance or spacing. mmz. in a tie, mmz. section, mm. Cl dimension of rectangular or
gross area enclosed by torsional shear area of shear reinforcement within dimension of the critical section bO equivalent rectangular column,
flow path. mmz. spacing s, mmz. measured in the direction of the span capital, or bracket measured in the
total area of reinforcement in each for which moments are determined. direction of the span for which
group of diagonal bars in a mm. moments are being determined. mm.
diagonally reinforced coupling beam, dimension of the critical section bO CZ dimension of rectangular or
Cf)
 equivalent rectangular column.
capital. or bracket measured in the
direction perpendicular to Cl. mm.
= cross-sectional constant to define
torsional properties ofslab and beam.
: compressive force acting on a nodal
zone. N.
: a factor relating actual moment
diagram to an equivalent uniform
moment diagram.
: distance from extreme compression
fiber to centroid of longitudinal
tension reinforcement, mm.
: distance from extreme compression
fiber to centroid of longitudinal
compression reinforcement, mm.
: outside diameter of anchor or shaft
diameter ofheaded stud. headed bolt.
or hooked bolt. mm.
: value substituted for (in if an
oversized anchor is used. mm.
= Nominal maximum size of coarse
aggregate. mm.
: nominal diameter of bar. wire. or
prestrcssing strand. mm.
'7' distance from extreme compression
fiber to centroid of prestrcssed
reinforcement. mm.
: diameter ofpile at footing base. mm.
distance from extreme tension fiber
to centroid of tension rcintbrcement.
mm.
2 dead loads or related internal
moments and forces.
effect ofservice dead load.
: distance from the inner surface of the
shaft of a J— or L-bolt to the outer tip
ofthe J— or L-bolt, mm.
distance between resultant tension
load on a group of anchors loaded in
tension and the centroid of the group
of anchors loaded in tension. mm:
eNr is always positive.
: distance between resultant shear load
on a group ofanchors loaded in shear
in the same direction. and the
centroid of the group of anchors
loaded in shear in the same direction.
mm; evz is always positive.
: effect of horizontal and vertical
earthquake-induced forces.
: modulus of elasticity of concrete.
MPa.
: modulus of elasticity of beam
concrete. MPa.
: modulus of elasticity of slab
concrete. MPa.
llcxural stiffness of member. N—mmz.
El
Effective
(509” tlexural stiffness of
member. N-mm2 .
modulus of elasticity of prestressing
reinforcement. MPa.
modulus
of elasticity of
reinforcement and structural steel.
excluding prestressing reinforcement.
MPa.
specified compressive strength of
concrete. MPa.
square root of specified compressive
strength ofconcrete. MPa.
effective compressive strength of the
concrete in a strut or a nodal zone.
MPa.
compressive strength of concrete at
fci'
time ofinitial prestress, MPa.
square root of specified compressive
strength of concrete at time of initial
prestress. MPa.
fCITl measured average compressive
strength of concrete. MPa.
average splitting tensile strength of
lightweight concrete. M Pa.
stress due to unfactored dead load. at
fa
extreme fiber of section where tensile
stress is caused by externally applied
loads. MPa.
fdc decompression stress; stress in the
prestressing steel when stress is zero
in the concrete at the same level as
the centroid of the prestressing steel.
MPa.
fpc compressive stress in concrete. after
allowance for all prcstress losses, at
centroid of cross section resisting
externally applied loads or at junction
of web and flange where the centroid
lies within the flange. MPa. In a
composite member. fpc is resultant
compressive stress at centroid
of
composite section. or at junction of
web and tiange where the centroid
lies within the flange. due to both
prestrcss and moments resisted by
precast member acting alone.
fpe compressive stress in concrete due to
effective prestress forces. after
allowance for all prestress losses. at
extreme fiber of section if tensile
stress is caused by extemally applied
loads. MPa.
stress in prestressing steel at nominal
fps
tiexural strength. MPa.
specified tensile strength
prestressing reinforcement. MPa.
specified yield strength
prestrcssing reinlbrcement. MPa.
modulus ofrupture ofeoncrete. MPa.
tensile stress in reinforcement at
service loads. excluding prestressing
reinforcement. MPa.
compressive stress in reinforcement
under factored loads. excluding
prestressing reinforcement. MPa.
effective stress in prestressed
reinforcement (after allowance for all
prestress losses). MPa.
stress in the i-th layer of surface
reinforcement, MPa.
extreme fiber stress in tension in the
pre-compressed tensile
calculated at service loads using
gross section propetties
allowance of all prestrcss losses.
MPa.
specilied tensile strength of anchor
steel. MPa.
specified yield strength of non-
prestrcssed reinforcement. MPa.
specified yield strength of anchor
steel. MPa.
specified yield strength of transverse
reinforcement. MPa.
effect of service lateral load due to
lluids with well—defined pressures
and maximum heights.
nominal strength at face of a nodal
zone. N.
nominal strength of a strut. N.
nominal strength of a tie. N.
factored force on the face of a node.
N.
factored compressive force in a strut.
N.
factored tensile force in a tie. N.
overall thickness of member. mm.
thickness of shell or folded plate.
mm.
thickness of member in which an
anchor is located. measured parallel
to anchor axis. mm.
dimension of anchorage device or
single group of closely spaced
devices in the direction of bursting
being considered. mm.
effective embedment depth of anchor.
mm.
limiting value of her where anchors
are located less than 15t from
of three or more edges. mm.
storey height for storey X
of
laterally unsupported height at
extreme compression of wall or wall
pier. mm.. eqmvalent to {’11 for
compression members. mm.
depth of shear head cross section.
mm.
height ofentire wall from base to top.
or clear height of wall segment or
wall pier considered. mm.
maximum center to center horizontal
spacing of hoop or crosstie legs on all
faces ofthe column. mm.
effect of service load due to lateral
earth pressure. ground water
pressure. or pressure of bulk
zone
materials. N.
moment of inertia of section of beam
after about the centroidal axis. mm‘.
moment of inertia about centroidal
axis ofgross section ofbeam. mml.
moment of inertia of cracked section
transformed to concrete. mm‘.
effective moment of inertia for
computation of deflection. mmi.
moment of inertia of gross concrete
section about centroidal axis.
neglecting reinforcement. mnfi.
moment ofinertia about ofslab about
centroidal axis, mmJ.
moment of inertia of reinforcement
about centroidal axis of member
cross section. mmi.
moment of inertia of structural steel
shape. pipe or tubing about centroidal
axis of composite member cross
section. mmi.
effective length factor for
compression members.
coefficient for basic concrete
breakout strength in tension.
coeflicicnt for pry out strength.
concrete strength factor.
confinement effectiveness factor.
wobble friction coefficient per mm of
prestressing tendon.
torsional stiffness of torsional
member: moment per unit rotation.
transverse reinforcement index. mm.
coefficient associated with the 5%
fractile.
span length of beam or one-way slab;
clear projection ofcantilever. mm.
additional embedment length beyond
centerline of support or point of
inflection. mm.
length along which anchorage of a tie
must occur. mm.
width ofbcaring, mm.
length ofa compression member in a
frame. measured center-to-center of
thejoints. mm.
development length in tension of
deformed bar. deformed wire. plain
and deformed welded wire
reinforcement. or pretensioned
strand. mni.
development length in compression
of deformed bars and deformed wire.
mm,
development length in tension of
deformed bar or deformed wire with
a standard hook. measured from
outside end of book. point of
tangency. toward critical section.
mm.
load bearing length of anchor for
shear. mm.
length of clear span measured face-
to—face of supports. mm.
length. measured from joint face
along axis of member. over which
special transverse reinforcement must
be provided. mm.
compression lap splice length. mm.
tension lap splice length. mm.
span of member under load test.
taken as the shorter span for two~way
slab systems. mm. Span is the lesser
of: (a) distance between centers of
supports. and (by) clear distance
between supports plus thickness h of
member. Span for a cantilever shall
be taken as twice the distance from
the face of support to cantilever end.
transfer length of prestressed
reinforcement. mm.
unsupported length of column or
wall. mm
length of shear head arm from
centroid of concentrated load or
reaction. mm.
length of entire wall. or length of
wall segment or wall pier considered
in direction of shear force. mm.
length of prestrcssing tendon element
from jacking end to any point x. mm.
length of span in direction that
moments are being determined.
measured center-to—center of
supports. mm.
length of span in
direction
perpendicular to (’1. measured ccnter~
to-center of supports. mm.
effect ofscrvice live load.
development length. mm.
effect of service roof live load.
design moment
maximum un factored moment due to
service loads. including PA effects.
moment acting on anchor or anchor
group. N-mm.
maximum moment in member due to
service loads at stage deflection is
calculated. N—mm.
moment at the face of the joint.
corresponding to the nominal flexural
strength of the column framing into
that joint. calculated for the factored
axial force. consistent with the
direction of the lateral forces
considered. resulting in the lowest
tlexural strength.
factored moment amplified for the
effects of member curvature used for
design of compression member. N—
mm.
cracking moment. N—mm.
moment causing flexural cracking at
section due to externally applied
loads. N-mm
moment at the face of the joint.
corresponding to the nominal tlexural
strength of the girder including slab
where in tension. framing into that
joint
factored moment modified to account
for effect of axial compression. N-
mm.
maximum factored moment at section
M2
due to externally applied loads. N—
mm.
nominal tlexural strength at section.
N-mm.
nominal flexural strength of beam
including slab where in tension.
framing intojoint. N-mm.
nominal flexural strength of column
framing into joint. calculated for
factored axial force. consistent with
the direction of lateral forces
M23
considered. resulting in lowest
tlexural strength. N-mm,
total factored static moment. N-mm.
required plastic moment strength of
shearhead cross section. N—mm.
probable flexural strength of
members. with or without axial load.
determined using the properties of the
member at the joint faces assuming a
tensile strength in the longitudinal
bars of at least 1.25fy and a
strength-reduction factor (I) of 1.0. N-
mm.
maximum moment in wall due to
service loads. excluding PA effects.
N-mm.
factored slab moment that is resisted
by the column at a joint. N—mm.
portion of slab factored moment
balanced by support moment. N-mm
factored moment at section. N—mm.
moment at the mid-height section of
the wall due to factored lateral and
eccentric vertical loads. not including
PA effects. N—mm.
moment resistance contributed by
shearhead reinforcement. N-tnm.
lesser factored end moment on a
compression member. to be taken as
positive if member is bent in single
curvature. negative if bent in double
curvature. N—mm.
factored end moment on a group of adhesive anchors. N.
compression member at the end at
which M1 acts. due to loads that
cause no appreciable sidesway.
calculated using a first-order elastic
frame analysis. N-mm.
factored end moment on compression
member at the end at which M1 acts.
due to loads that cause appreciable
sidesway. calculated using a first—
order elastic frame analysis. N—mm.
greater factored end moment on
compression member. If transverse
loading occurs between supports.
M2 is taken as the largest moment
occurring in member. Value of M2
is always positive. N-mm.
minimum value of M2. N-mm.
factored end moment on compression
member at the end at which M2 acts.
due to loads that cause no appreciable
sidesway. calculated using a first-
order elastic frame analysis. N—mm.
factored end moment on compression
member at the end at which M2 acts.
due to loads that cause appreciable
sidesway‘. calculated using a first—
order elastic frame analysis. N-mm.
modular ratio of elasticity. but not
less than 6
Es/Ec
number ofitems. such as. bars. wires.
monostrand anchorage devices.
anchors or shearhcad arms.
number of longitudinal bars around
n,
the perimeter of a column core with
rectilinear hoops that are laterally
supported by the corner of hoops or
by seismic hooks. A bundle of bars
is counted as a single bar.
design axial load normal to cross
section occurring simultaneously
with V; to be taken as positive for
compression. negative for tension.
and to include effects of tension due
to creep and shrinkage.
number of bars in a layer being
spliced or developed at a critical
section.
tension force acting on anchor or
anchor group. N.
nominal bond strength intension ofa
single adhesive anchor. N.
nominal bond strength intension of a
basic concrete breakout strength in
tension ofa single anchor in cracked
concrete. N.
Basie bond strength in tension of a
single adhesive anchor. N.
the resultant tensile force acting on
the portion of the concrete cross
section that is subjected to tensile
stresses due to the combined effects
of service loads and effective
prestress. N.
nominal concrete breakout strength in
tension ofa single anchor. N.
nominal concrete breakout strength in
tension ofa group of anchors. N.
basic concrete pryout strength of a
single anchor. N.
basic concrete pryout strength of a
group of anchors. N.
nominal strength in tension. N.
pullout strength in tension ofa single
anchor in cracked concrete. N.
nominal pullout strength in tension of
a single anchor. N
nominal strength of a single anchor
or individual anchors in a group of
anchors in tension as govemed by the
steel strength. N.
 side-face blowout strength of a single P6 secondary moment due to individual cumulative effects of service nominal concrete pryout strength ofa
anchor. N. member slenderncss. N-mm. temperature. creep. shrinkage. group of anchors. N.
side-face blowout strength ofa group PA secondary moment due to lateral dilferential settlement. and shrinkage nominal shear strength provided by
ofanchors. N. deflection. N-mm. compensating concrete. concrete where diagonal cracking
factored axial force normal to cross prestressing tendon force at any point tension force acting on a nodal zone results from high principal tensile
section occurring simultaneously x. in a strut-and-tie model. N. stress in web. N.
with Vu or Tu; to be taken as factored dead load per unit area. kPa. cracking torsional moment. N-mm. shear force at section due to
positive for compression and factored live load per unit area. kPa. total test load. N. unfactored dead load. N.
negative for tension. N. factored load per unit area. kPa. threshold torsional moment. N-mm. Design shear force for load
factored tensile force applied to stability index for 3 storey. factored torsional moment at section. combinations including earthquake
anchor or individual anchor in a radius of gyration of cross section of N—mm. effects. N.
group of anchors. N. a compression member. mm. strength ofa member or cross section permissible horizontal shear stress.
Nua,g total factored tensile force applied to reaction. N. required to resist factored loads or MPa.
anchor group. N. cumulative load effect of service rain related internal moments and forces factored shear force at section due to
Nuai factored tensile force applied to most load. in such combinations as stipulated in extemally applied loads occurring
highly stressed anchor in a group of spacing of shear reinforcement in this Code. simultaneously with Mmax. N.
anchors. N. direction parallel to longitudinal design shear stress. MPa. nominal shear strength. N.
Nua,5 Factored sustained tension load. N. reinforcement. mm. Stress corresponding to nominal two— nominal horizontal shear strength. N.
factored horizontal tensile force center-to-centcr spacing of items.
NIIC
way shear strength provided by vertical component of effective
applied at top of bracket or corbel such as longitudinal reinforcement. concrete. MPa. prestress force at section. N.
acting simultaneously with Vu; to be transverse reinforcement. tendons. or equivalent concrete stress nominal shear strength provided by
taken as positive for tension. N. anchors. mm. corresponding to nominal two-way shear reinforcement. N.
pep outside perimeter of the concrete Standard deviation. MPa. sh *ar strength of slab or footing. nominal strength in shear of a single
cross section. mm. center—to-center spacing of MPa. anchor or group of anchors as
PI. perimeter of centerline of outermost reinforcements in the i-th layer equivalent concrete stress governed by the steel strength. N.
closed transverse torsional adjacent to the surface of the corresponding to nominal two—way factored shear force at section. N.
reinforcement. mm. member. mm. shear strength provided by factored shear force applied to a

<
critical buckling load. N. center-to—center spacing of transverse ua
reinforcement. MPa. single anchor or group of anchors. N.
nominal axial compressive strength reinforcements within the length Maximum factored twowvay shear ua.g total factored shear force applied to
ofa member. N. {70. mm. stress calculated around the perimeter anchor group. N.
maximum nominal axial compressive sample standard deviation. MPa. ofa giv en critical section. MPa. factored shear force applied to most
strength ofmember. N. spacing of wire to be developed or Vua,i
factored shear stress on the slab highly stressed anchor in a group of
nominal axial tensile strength of spliced. mm. critical section for two-way action anchors. N.
member. N. clear distance between adjacent webs. due to gravity loads without moment Factored shear force along horizontal
Maximum nominal axial tensile mm.
Vuh
transfer. MPa. interface in composite concrete
strength of member. N. center-to-center spacing of design shear force at section flexural member. N.
nominal axial load strength at zero longitudinal shear or torsional shear force acting on anchor or factored horizontal shear in a storey.
eccentricity. N. reinforcement. mm. anchor group. N. N.
prestressing force at jacking end. N. elastic section modulus of section.
pi applied shear perpendicular to the density. unit weight. of normal—
pu factored prestressing force at moment. shear or axial force at edge, N. weight concrete or equilibrium
anchorage device. N. connection corresponding to applied shear parallel to the edge. N. density of lightweight concrete. kg/
prestressing force evaluated at development of probable strength at in}.
px
basic concrete breakout strength in
distance 3,” from thejacking end. N intended yield locations. based on the factored live load per unit area.
shear of a single anchor in cracked
prestressing tendon force at jacking governing mechanism of inelastic factored load per unit length of beam
concrete. N. Wu
end. lateral deformation. considering both or one—way slab. N/mm.
nominal shear strength provided by
unfactored axial load at the design. gravity and earthquake load effects. width of a strut perpendicular to the
concrete. N. W5
mid-height section including effects elastic section modulus. mm}. axis ofthe strut. mm.
nominal concrete breakout strength in
ofself—weight. N. nominal moment. shear. axial. shear ofa single anchor. N. effective height of concrete
W2
factored post-tensioned tendon force torsional. or hearing strength. concentric with a tie. used to
nominal concrete breakout strength in
at the anchorage device. yield strength of connection. based shear ofa group of anchors. N. dimension nodal zone. mm.
factored axial load at given on fy. for moment. shear. or axial nominal shear strength provided by maximum effective height of
Wrmax
eccentricity. S ¢P,,. force. MPa. concrete where diagonal cracking concrete concentric with a tie. mm.
Factored axial force; to be taken as wall thickness ofhollovv section. mm. results from combined shear and w/cm maximum water-cementitious
positive for compression and thickness of flange. mm. moment. N. materials ratio.
negative for tension. N. nominal concrete pryout strength ofa effect of wind load.
single anchor. N. service-level wind load. N.
 shorter overall dimension of
rectangular pan ot‘cross section. mm.
longer overall dimension of
rectangular part of cross section. mm.
distance from centroidal axis of gross
Yr
section. neglecting reinforcement. to
tension face. mm.
angle between inclined stirrups and
longitudinal axis of member.
angle defining the orientation of
reinforcement.
total angular change of prestressing
tendon profile in radians front tendon
jacking end to any point x.
coefficient defining the relative
contribution of concrete strength to
nominal wall shear strength
ratio of flexural stiffness of beam
“I
section to flexural stiffness ofa width
of slab bounded laterally by
centerlines of adjacent panels. if any.
on each side of the beam.
“r
Efl
ECSIS
average value of (If for all beatns
afm
on edges ot‘a panel.
err in direction of £71.
a, in direction of £2.
angle between the axis of a strut and
the bars in the i—th layer of
reinforcement crossing that strut.
total angular change of tendon profile
from tendon jacking end to point
under considerations. radians.
constant used to compute V6 in slabs
and footings.
ratio of flexural stiffness of shear
head arm to surrounding composite
slab section.
orientation of distributed
a1
reinforcement in a strut.
a2 orientation of reinforcement
orthogonal to a] in a strut.
ratio of long to short dimensions:
Clear span for two-way slabs. sides of
column. concentrated load or reaction
area; or sides ofa footing.
Bb ratio of area of reinforcement cut off
to total area of tension reinforcement
at section.
Be ratio of long side to short side of
concentrated load or reaction area
flds the ratio of maximum factored
sustained shear within a storey to the
maximum factored shear in that
storey associated with the same load
combination.
Bdns ratio used to account for reduction of
stiffness of columns due to sustained
axial loads.
fin factor used to account for the effect
of the anchorage of ties on the
effective compressive strength of a
nodal zone,
[35 factor used to account for the effect
of cracking and confining
reinforcement on the effective
compressive strength of the concrete
in a strut.
Br ratio of torsional stiffness of edge
beam section to tlexural stiffness of a
width ofslab equal to span length of
beam. center-to-ccnter of supports.
Ec
Br
ZECSIS
31 factor relating depth of equivalent
rectangular compressive stress block
to depth of neutral axis.
Yr factor used to determine the fraction
of MSC transferred by slab flexure at
slab—column connections.
yp factor for type of prestressing
reinforcement.
0.55 for fpy/fpu not less than 0.80.
0.40 for fpy/fpu not less than 0.85.
0.28 for fpy/fpu not less than 0.90.
Ys factor used to determine the portion
of reinforcement located in center
band of footing.
Yv factor uscd to determine the traction
of MSC transferred by eccentricity of
shear at slab—column connections.
1 — yf
Moment tnagnification factor used to
reflect effects of member curvature
between ends of compression
member.
moment magnification factor for
frames not braced against sideways.
to reflect lateral drift resulting from
lateral and gravity loads.
design displacement. mm.
computed. out-of-planc deflection at
mid-height of wall corresponding to
cracking moment. M6,. mm.
maximum deflection measured
during the second test relative to the
position of the structure at the value of net tensile strain in the
beginning of the second test. mm. extreme layer of longitudinal tension
increase in stress in prestrcssing reinforcement used to define a
reinforcement dttc to factored loads. contpression—controlled scctiott.
MPa. angle between axis of strut.
Afps stress in prestressing reinforcement at contpression diagonal. or
service loads less decompression compression field and the tension
stress. MPa. chord ofthe members.
difference between the stress that can correction factor related to unit
Afpt
be developed in the strand at the weight ofconcrete.
section under consideration and the modification factor to reflect the
stress required to resist factored reduced mechanical properties of
bending moment at section. Mil/(p. lightweight concrete relative to
MPa normal—weight concrete of the same
measured maximum deflection. mm. compressive strength.
calculated. out—of-plane deflection at modification factor to reflect the
[l
mid—height of wall corresponding to reduced mechanical properties of
nominal flexural strength. Mn. mm. lightweight concrete in certain
relative lateral deflection between the concrete anchorage applications.
top and bottom of a storey due to multiplier used for additional
VHS. tntn. deflection due to long-term effects.
residual deflection measured 24 hours coefficient of friction.
after removal of the test load. For the number of identical arms of
first load test. residual deflection is shearhead.
measured relative to the position of post—tensioning curvature friction
coefficient.
the structure at the beginning of the
time—dependent factor for sustained
first load test. For the second load
load.
test. residual deflection is measured
ratio of non—prestressed tension
relative to the position of the
rein forcement.
structure at the beginning of the
second load test. mm. As/(lwd)
but
measured residual deflection. mm. ratio ofAS to bd
ratio of compression reinforcement.
maximum deflection at or near
midheigltt due to service loads. mm A’s to bd.
out-of—planc deflection due to service Pb reinforcement ratio producing
loads. mm. balanced strain conditions.
calculated out—of-plane deflection at P1 ratio of area of distributed
mid—height of wall due to factored longitudinal reinforcement to gross
loads. mm. concrete area perpendicular to that
design storey drift of storey x. mm. reinforcement.
maximum deflection. during lirst pp ratio of prestressed reinforcement.
load test. measured 24 hours after Apstobdp.
application ofthe full test load. mm. F’s ratio of volume of spiral
maximum deflection. during second reinforcement to total volume of core
load test. measured 24hours after confined by the spiral. measured out-
application of the full test load. to—out of spirals.
Deflection is measured relative to the Pt ratio of area of distributed transverse
position of the structure at the reinforcement to gross concrete area
beginning of second load test. mm. perpendicular to that reinforcement.
ECU maximum usable strain at extreme ratio oftie reinforcement area to area
concrete compression fiber. ofcontact surface.
net tensile strain in extreme layer of Av
longitudinal tension reinforcement at Pu bus
nominal strength. excluding strains ratio of tension reinforcement. AS to
Pw
due to effective prestress, creep. bwd.
shrinkage. and temperature. strength-reduction factor.
 stiffness reduction factor.
(Pk
characteristic bond stress of adhesive
L’ l'
anchor in cracked concrete. M Pa.
T UTIC'I‘ characteristic bond stress of adhesive
anchor in uncrackcd concrete. MPa.
factor used to modify development
1pc
length based on cover.
factor used to tnodify tensile strength
waN
of anchors based on presence or
absence ofcracks in concrete.
wcpw factor used to modify tensile strength
of post-installed anchors intended for
use in uneracked concrete without
supplementary reinforcement to
account for the splitting tensile
stresses due to installation.
factor used to modify tensile strength
wcpfla
of adhesive anchors intended for use
in uncracked concrete without
supplementary reinforcement to
account for the splitting tensile
stresses due to installation.
factor used to modify pullout strength
IpnP
of anchors based on presence or
absence ofcracks in concrete.
factor used to modify shear strength
1pc,V
of anchors based on presence or
absence of cracks in concrete and
presence or absence of
supplementary reinforcement.
1P2 factor used to modify development
length based on reinforcement
coating.
factor used to tnodify tensile strength
WaryN
of anchors based on eccentricity of
applied loads.
factor used to modify tensile strength
wecfla
of adhesive anchors based on
eccentricity ofapplied loads.
factor used to modify shear strength
wary
of anchors based on eccentricity of
applied loads.
Wedw factor used to modify tensile strength
of anchors based on proximity to
edges of concrete member.
factor used to modify tensile strength
l[JettNa
of adhesive anchors based on
proximity to edges of concrete
member.
wedy factor used to modify shear strength
of anchors based on proximity to
edges ofconcretc member.
factor used to modify shear strength
111w
of anchors located in concrete
members with ha < 1. Scan.
up. factor used to modify development
length based on confining
reinforcement.
1]}3 = factor used to modify development
length based on reinforcement size.
11% *— factor used to modify development
length for casting location intension.
1/)”, , factor used to modify development
length for welded defonned \vire
reinforcement in tension.
.(2 : amplification factor to account for
overstrength of the seismic—force-
resisting system determined iti
accordance with the general building
code.
wwwpwww : reinforcement indices for flanged
sections computed as for a). (up and
(0' except that b shall be the web
width. and reinforcement area shall
be that required to develop
compressive strength of web only.
402.3 'l‘erminology
ADHESIVE are chemical components lormulated front
organic polymers. or a combination of organic polymers
and inorganic materials that cure ifblended together.
ADMIXTURE is a material other than water. aggregate.
or hydraulic cement used as an ingredient ofconcretc and
added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify
its properties.
AGGREGATE is a granular material. such as sand.
gravel. crushed stone and iron blast—furnace slag. and
when used with a cementing medium forms a hydraulic
cement concrete or mottar.
AGGREGATE. LIGHTWEIGHT is an aggregate
meeting the requirements of ASTM C330 and having a
bulk density with a dry. lose weight of llZU kgt‘m1 or
less. determined in accordance with ASTM C29. In some
standards. the term lightweight aggregate is being
replaced by the term low-density aggregate.
ANCHOR is a steel element either cast into concrete or
post-installed into a hardened concrete member and used
to transmit applied loads to the concrete.
ANCHOR, CAST-IN is a headed bolt. headed stud. or
hooked bolt (J— or L—bolt') installed before placing
concrete.
ANCHOR. HEADED BOLT is a cast—in steel anchor
that develops its tensile strength from the mechanical
interlock provided by either a head or nut at the embedded
end ofthe anchor.
ANCHOR. HOOKED BOLT is a cast-in anchor ANCHORAGE DEVICE in post‘tensioncd members. the
anchored mainly by hearing of the 90-degree bend (L- hardware used to transfer force from prestressed
bolt) or ISO-degree bend tJ—bolt) against the concrete. at rein forcement to the concrete.
its embedded end. and having a minimum eh equal to
ANCHORAGE DEVICE. BASIC MONOSTRAND is
3d“. an anchorage device used with any single strand or a
single 16mm. or smaller diameter bar that is in accordance
ANCHOR. HEADED STUD is a steel anchor
with Sections 425.81.425.82 and 4259.3. la.
conforming to the requirements of AWSDLIM and
affixed to a plate or similar steel attachment by the stud
ANCHORAGE DEVICE. BASIC MULTISTRAND is
arc welding process before casting.
an anchorage device used with multiple strands. bars. or
OR UPWARDLY wires. or with single bars larger than to tntn diameters
ANCHOR. HORIZONTAL
installed in a hole drilled that satisfies Sections 425.8.1. 425.82 and 4259.3. lb.
INCLINED is an anchor
horizontally or iii a hole drilled at any orientation above
ANCHORAGE DEVICE. SPECIAL is an anchorage
horizontal.
device that satisfies tests required in Section 425.9.3.lc.
ANCHOR. POST-INSTALLED. is an anchor installed
ANCHORAGE ZONE in post—tensioned members.
in hardened concrete; adhesive. expansion. and undercut.
anchors are examples ofpost-installcd anchors. portion of the member through which the concentrated
prestressing force is transferred to the concrete and
distributed more uniformly across the section: its extent is
ANCHOR. ADHESIVE is a post-installed anchor.
equal to the largest dimension of the cross section; for
inserted into hardened concrete with an anchor hole
anchorage devices located away from the end of a
diameter not greater than l.5timcs the anchor diameter.
member. the anchorage zone includes the disturbed
that transfers loads to the concrete by bond between the
regions ahead ofand behind the anchorage device.
anchor and the adhesive. and bond between the adhesive
and the concrete.
ATTACHMENT is a structural assembly. external to the
surface of the concrete that transmits loads to or receives
ANCHOR. ADHESIVE—STEEL ELEMENTS are steel
loads from the anchor.
elements for adhesive anchors include threaded rods.
deformed reinforcing bars. or internally threaded steel
sleeves with external deformations.
B—REGION is a portion of a member in which it is
reasonable to assume that strains due to tlexure vary
linearly through section.
ANCHOR. EXPANSION is a post—installed anchor.
inserted into hardened concrete that transfers loads to or
BASE OF STRUCTURE is a level at which the
from the concrete by direct hearing or friction or both.
horizontal earthquake ground motions are assumed to be
imparted to a building. This level does not necessarily
ANCHOR. UNDERCUT is a post—installed anchor that
coincide with the ground level.
develops its tensile strength from the mechanical interlock
provided by undercutting ofthe concrete at the embedded
BEAM is a member subjected primarily to tlexure and
end of the anchor. Undercutting is achieved with a special
sh ‘ar. with or without axial force or torsion; b-‘ams in a
drill before installing the anchor or alternatively by the
moment frame that forms part ofthe lateral—force—resisting
anchor itselfduring its installation.
system are predominantly horizontal members: a girder is
a beam.
ANCHOR GROUP is a number of similar anchors
having approximately equal effective embedment depths
BOUNDARY ELEMENT is a portion along wall and
with spacing s between adjacent anchors such that the
diaphragm edge. including edges of openings.
protected areas overlap. transverse
strengthened by longitudinal and
reinforcement.
ANCHOR PULLOUT STRENGTH is the strength
corresponding to the anchoring device or a major
BUILDING OFFICIAL is a term used in a general
component of the device sliding out from the concrete
building code to identify the person charged with
without breaking out a substantial portion of the
administration and enforcement of provisions of the
surrounding concrete.
building code. Such term as building inspector is a
variation of the title. and the tenn “building official" as