APPENDIX 2

DESIGN OF STRUCTURE

Design of Retaining Wall

Data

Allowable Bearing Capacity = 240 kPa

Angle of Internal Friction (Ø)= 30° (Table 3.3)

Surcharge = 10 kPa

Coefficient of Friction (μ)= 0.50

Factor of Safety against Sliding (F.S.S.)= 1.75

Factor of Safety against Overturning (F.S.O.)= 2.0

Unit Weight of Soil = 18 kN/m3 (Refer to Table 3.2)

Saturated Unit Weight = 19 kN/m3 (Refer to Table 3.2)

fc’ = 20.7 MPa

fy = 276 MPa

Design Height of Retaining Wall = 5.0 m.

Coefficient of Soil Pressure

Active Pressure:

Ka = tan2 (45 – Ø/2)

Ka = tan2 (45 – 30/2)

Ka = 0.333

Passive Pressure:

Kp = tan2 (45 + Ø/2)

Kp = tan2 (45 + 30/2)

Kp = 3.0

Approximate Dimensions

L = 0.60 (5.00) = 3.00 m

D = 0.10 (5.00) = 0.50 m

C = 0.10 (5.00) = 0.50 m

B = 0.33 (3.00) = 0.99 m

W = 0.25 m
A. DESIGN OF STEM

surcharge 10 kPa
h1 = = = 0.556 m.
unit weight of soil 18 kN/m3

1. Pressures

kawh = (0.333)(18 kN/m3)(4.5 m)(1000 N/kN)

kawh = 26 973 N/m2

kawh1 = (0.333)(18 kN/m3)(0.556 m)(1000 N/kN)

kawh1 = 3332.66 N/m2

kpwh = (3.0)(19-9.81) kN/m3(1.0 m)(1000 N/kN)

kpwh = 27570 N/m2

2. Forces

(ka wh)(b)(h) (26 973 N/m2)(1 m)(4.5 m)

F1 = =
2 2

F1 = 60 689.25 N

F2 = (kawh1)(b)(h) = 3332.66 N/m2 (1 m)(4.5 m)

F2 = 14996.97 N
(kp wh)(b)(h) (27 570 N/m2)(1 m)(1.0 m)
F3 = =
2 2

F3 = 13785 N
3. Design Moment: C Base

Mn = F1(1.5 m) + F2(2.25 m) – F3(0.33 m)

Mn = 60 689.25N(1.5 m)+14996.97N(2.25 m)-13785N(0.33 m)

Mn = 120 228.01 N-m

Note: Shear and moment must be multiplied by factor of

1.7 due to lateral earth pressure.

Mu = ØMn = 1.7(120 228.01 N-m)

Mu = 204 387.61 N-m

Mu = 204 387.61 x 103 N-mm

4. Design Shear: C Base

Vu = 1.7(60 689.25 N) + 1.7(14996.97 N) – 1.7 (13785 N)

Vu = 105 232.07 N

1.4 1.4
Use p = pmin = =
𝑓𝑦 276

P = 0.00507

pfy 0.00507(276 MPa)

W = =
fc' 20.70 MPa

W = 0.0676
 Mu = Øfc’bd2w(1-0.59w)

Mu = 0.90(20.7)(1000)(d2)(0.0676)[1-0.59(0.0676)]

204 387.61 x 103

d = √0.90(20.7)(1000)(0.0676)[1-0.59(0.0676)]

d = 411.14 mm

Actual d = 500 mm – 70 mm – 12.5mm

Actual d = 417.5 mm

Actual d = 417.5 mm > d = 411.14 mm (SAFE)

Adopt d = 417.5 mm

5. Check for Shear

Note: If Vu < ØVn; Then, SAFE

1
ØVn = ØVc = Ø6 bd√fc'

1
ØVn = 0.85(6)(1000)(417.5)(√20.7)

ØVn = 269 097.29 N

ØVn = 269 097.29 N > Vu = 128 666.57 N (SAFE)

6. Vertical Reinforcement @ Rear Face

As = pbd = 0.00507(1000 mm)(417.5 mm)

As = 2116.73 mm2

Use 25 mm Ø RSB:

π
A1-25 = (25 mm)2
4

A1-25 = 490.87 mm2

Spacing of Reinforcing Bars:

A1-25 490.87
S = (1000) = (1000)
As 2116.73

S = 231.90 mm

Say: S = 230 mm O.C.

7. Check for Development Length

0.02 Ab fy 0.02(490.87)(276)
Ld = =
√fc' √20.7

Ld = 595.55 mm

1000
Provided As = (490.87) = 2231.23 mm2
220

required As 2116.73
Modification Factor = =
provided As 2231.23

Modification Factor = 0.949

Required Ld = 0.949(595.55 mm) = 565.18 mm

Use 90° hook

8. Horizontal Reinforcement @ Front Face

As = 0.0025bd

But d = ave. depth

500 + 250
d = = 375 mm
2

As = 0.0025(1000 mm)(375 mm)

As = 937.5 mm2
2
Note: From ACI Code, As’ = As
3

Use 16 mm Ø RSB:

π
A1-16 = (16 mm)2
4

A1-16 = 201.06 mm2

Spacing of Reinforcing Bars:

A1-16 201.06
S = (1000) = 2 (1000)
As (937.5)
3

S = 321.70 mm

Say: S = 320 mm O.C.

9. Vertical Reinforcement @ Front Face

As = 0.0015bd

But d = ave. depth

500 + 250
d = = 375 mm
2
 As = 0.0015(1000 mm)(375 mm)

As = 562.5 mm2

2
Note: From ACI Code, As’ = As
3

Use 12 mm Ø RSB:

π
A1-12 = (12 mm)2
4

A1-12 = 113.10 mm2

Spacing of Reinforcing Bars:

A1-12 113.10
S = (1000) = 2 (1000)
As (562.5)
3

S = 301.6 mm

Say: S = 300 mm O.C.

10. Horizontal Reinforcement @ Rear Face

As = 0.0025bd

As = 0.0025(1000 mm)(417.5 mm)

As = 1043.75 mm2

1
Note: From ACI Code, As’ = As, for face not
3

exposed.
Use 12 mm Ø RSB:

π
A1-12 = (12 mm)2
4

A1-12 = 113.10 mm2

Spacing of Reinforcing Bars:

A1-12 113.10
S = (1000) = 1 (1000)
As (1043.75)
3

S = 325.08 mm

Say: S = 320 mm O.C.

B. DESIGN OF BASE

Note: The passive earth pressure of the soil in front

of the wall is generally neglected in stability

computations because of the possibility of its removal

by erosion or excavation.
1. Pressures

kawh = (0.333)(18 kN/m3)(5 m)(1000 N/kN)

kawh = 29 970 N/m2

kawh1 = (0.333)(18 kN/m3)(0.556 m)(1000 N/kN)

kawh1 = 3332.66 N/m2

2. Horizontal Forces

(ka wh)(b)(h) (29 970 N/m2)(1 m)(5 m)

F1 = =
2 2

F1 = 74 925 N

F2 = (kawh1)(b)(h) = 3332.66 N/m2 (1 m)(5 m)

F2 = 16 663.3 N

3. Vertical Forces

W1 = (19-9.81)kN/m3(0.99 m)(1 m)(1 m)(1000 N/kN)

W1 = 9098.1 N

W2 = (19-9.81)kN/m3(0.5)(0.06 m)(1 m)(1 m)(1000 N/kN)

W2 = 275.7 N

W3 = 9.81 kN/m3(0.99 m)(3.5 m)(1 m)(1000 N/kN)

W3 = 33 991.65 N
 W4 = 9.81 kN/m3(0.5)(0.25 m)(3.5 m)(1 m)(1000 N/kN)

W4 = 4291.88 N

W5 = 23.54 kN/m3(3.0 m)(0.5 m)(1 m)(1000 N/kN)

W5 = 35 310 N

W6 = 23.54 kN/m3(0.5)(4.5 m)(0.25 m)(1 m)(1000 N/kN)

W6 = 13 241.25 N

W7 = 23.54 kN/m3(4.5 m)(0.25 m)(1 m)(1000 N/kN)

W7 = 26 482.50 N

W8 = 18 kN/m3(4.5 m)(1.51 m)(1 m)(1000 N/kN)

W8 = 122 310 N

4. Resisting Moment

RM = W1(0.495) + W2(1.01) + W3(0.495) + W4(1.07) +

W5(1.50) + W6(1.24) + W7(1.37) + W8(2.25)

RM = 9098.1 N (0.495 m) + 275.7 N (1.01 m) +

33 991.65 N (0.495 m) + 4291.88 N (1.07 m) +

35 310 N (1.50 m) + 13 241.25 N (1.24 m) + 26

482.50 N (1.37 m) + 122 310 N (2.25 m)

RM = 407 062.87 N-m

5. Overturning Moment

OM = F1(1.67 m) + F2(2.50 m)

OM = 74 925 N (1.67 m) + 16 663.3 N (2.50 m)

OM = 166 783 N-m

6. Resultant

Ry = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 + W5 + W6 + W7 + W8

Ry = 9098.1 N + 275.7 N + 33 991.65 N + 4291.88 N +

35 310 N + 13 241.25 N + 26 482.50 N + 122 310 N

Ry = 245 001.08 N

7. Location of Resultant

Ryx = RM – OM

245 001.08 N (x) = 407 062.87 N-m - 166 783 N-m

X = 0.98 m
8. Intensity of Pressure @ the Base of the Wall

2Ry 2(245 001.08)

ptoe = pmax = =
3x 3(0.98)

ptoe = 166 667.40 N/m2 < 240 000 N/m2 (SAFE)

ptoe (L-3x) 166 667.40 [3-3(0.98)]

pheel = pmin = =
3x 3(0.98)

pheel = 3401.38 N/m2 > 0 (SAFE)

 9. Factor of Safety against Sliding

Note: If computed F.S.S > Allowable F.S.S.;

Shear Key is neglected

If computed F.S.S < Allowable F.S.S.;

Provide Shear Key

μRy 0.5 (245 001.08 N)

F.S.S = =
F1 + F2 74 925 N + 16 663.3 N

F.S.S = 1.338 < 1.75 (Provide Shear Key)

C. DESIGN OF HEEL
1. Vertical Forces

W1 = 18 000 N/m3(1.51 m)(5.056 m)(1 m)

W1 = 137 422.08 N

W2 = 23 540 N/m3(1.51 m)(0.5 m)(1 m)

W2 = 17 772.7 N

2. Design Moment

Note: All loads must be multiplied by a factored load of

1.4 due to weight of soil including surcharge and

weight of footing on the portion of heel.

Mu = 1.4 W1(0.755 m) + 1.4 W2(0.755 m)

Mu = 1.4(137422.08 N)(0.755 m)+1.4(17772.7 N)(0.755 m)

Mu = 164 040.88 N-m

Mu = 164 040.88 103 N-mm

Use: P = 0.00507

W = 0.0676

Mu = Øfc’bd2w(1-0.59w)

Mu = 0.90(20.7)(1000)(d2)(0.0676)[1-0.59(0.0676)]

164 040.88 x 103

d = √0.90(20.7)(1000)(0.0676)[1-0.59(0.0676)]

d = 368.33 mm
 Actual d = 500 mm – 70 mm – 14 mm

Actual d = 416 mm

Actual d = 416 mm > d = 368.33 mm (SAFE)

Adopt d = 416 mm

3. Check Effective Depth “d” for Shear

Note: When Vu < ØVc : Safe

When Vu > ØVc : Increase the footing thickness

Vu = 1.4 (W1 + W2)

Vu = 1.4 (137 422.08 N + 17 772.7 N)

Vu = 217 272.69 N

1
ØVc = Ø6 bd√fc'

1
ØVc = 0.85(6)(1000)(416)(√20.7)

ØVc = 268 130.48 N

Since: Vu < ØVc (SAFE)

 4. Steel Reinforcements

As = pbd = 0.00507(1000 mm)(416mm)

As = 2109.12 mm2

Use 28 mm Ø RSB:
π
A1-28 = (28 mm)2
4

A1-28 = 615.75 mm2

Spacing of Reinforcing Bars:

A1-28 615.75
S = (1000) = (1000)
As 2109.12

S = 291.95 mm

Say: S = 290 mm O.C.

D. DESIGN OF TOE

The load on the toe is primarily the result of the

soil pressure distribution on the bottom of the footing,

pointing in an upward direction. The toe is analyzed as a

cantilever beam with the soil on top of the toe is

consecutively neglected.
1. Vertical Forces

x 166 667.40
=
1.95 2.94

X = 110 544.70 N/m2

y 166 667.40
=
0.99 2.94

y = 56 122.70 N/m2

W1 = (19-9.81)kN/m3(0.99 m)(1 m)(1 m)(1000 N/kN)

W1 = 9098.1 N

W2 = 9.81 kN/m3(0.99 m)(3.5 m)(1 m)(1000 N/kN)

W2 = 33 991.65 N

F1 = 0.5(56 122.70 N/m2)(0.99 m)(1 m)

F1 = 27 780.74 N

F2 = (110 544.70 N/m2)(0.99 m)(1 m)

F2 = 109 439.25 N
2. Design Moment

Note: According to ACI Code, the load factor of 1.7

should be used for horizontal earth pressure and for

liveload. While 1.4 is used for deadload. The weight

of the footing reduces the effect of the horizontal

earth pressure, a factor of 0.90 is used for footing

deadload.

Mu = 1.7(F1)(0.66 m) + 1.7(F2)(0.495 m) –

0.9(W1)(0.495 m) - 0.9(W2)(0.495 m)

Mu = 1.7(27780.74 N)(0.66 m)+1.7(109439.25 N)(0.495 m)–

0.9(9098.1 N)(0.495 m)-0.9(33 991.65 N)(0.495 m)

Mu = 104 066.64 N-m

Mu = 104 066.64 x 103 N-mm

Mu = Øfc’bd2w(1-0.59w)

Use: w = 0.0676

Mu = 0.90(20.7)(1000)(d2)(0.0676)[1-0.59(0.0676)]

104 066.64 x 103

d = √0.90(20.7)(1000)(0.0676)[1-0.59(0.0676)]

d = 293.37 mm
 Actual d = 500 mm – 70 mm – 14 mm

Actual d = 416 mm

Actual d = 416 mm > d = 293.37 mm (SAFE)

Adopt d = 416 mm

3. Check Effective Depth “d” for Shear

Note: When Vu < ØVc : Safe

When Vu > ØVc : Increase the footing thickness

Vu = 1.7(F1 + F2) – 0.9(W1 + W2)

Vu = 1.7(27780.74 + 109439.25) - 0.9(9098.1 + 33991.65)

Vu = 194 493.21 N

1
ØVc = Ø6 bd√fc'

1
ØVc = 0.85(6)(1000)(416)(√20.7)

ØVc = 268 130.48 N

Since: Vu < ØVc (SAFE)

4. Steel Reinforcements

As = pbd = 0.00507(1000 mm)(416mm)

As = 2109.12 mm2

Use 28 mm Ø RSB:
π
A1-28 = (28 mm)2
4

A1-28 = 615.75 mm2

Spacing of Reinforcing Bars:

A1-28 615.75
S = (1000) = (1000)
As 2109.12

S = 291.95 mm

Say: S = 290 mm O.C.

E. DESIGN OF BASE SHEAR KEY

1. Height of Shear Key

F = P1 + P2

F = 74 925 N + 16 663.3 N

F = 91 588.3 N

μRy = 0.5(245 001.08 N)

μRy = 122 500.54 N

Factor of Safety against Sliding = 1.75

Required resistance to sliding that will furnish:

1.75F = 1.75(91 588.3 N)

1.75F = 160 279.53 N

 R = 160 279.53 N - 122 500.54 N

R = 37 778.99 N

R = 0.5kpwh2b

37 778.99 N = 0.5(3)(9190 N/m3)(1 m)h2

h = 1.655 m

Height of Shear Key = 1.655 m – 0.5 m = 1.155 m

Say: Height of Shear Key = 1.2 m

2. Pressures

kpwh = 3(9190 N/m3)(1.2 m)

kpwh = 33 084 N/m2

kpwh1 = 3(9190 N/m3)(0.5 m)

kpwh1 = 13 785 N/m2

3. Horizontal Forces

F1 = 13 785 N/m2(1.2 m)(1 m)

F1 = 16 542 N

F2 = 0.5(33 084 N/m2)(1.2 m)(1 m)

F2 = 19 850.4 N
4. Design Moment

Mu = 1.7 (F1)(0.6 m) + 1.7 (F2)(0.4 m)

Mu = 1.7 (16 542 N)(0.6 m) + 1.7 (19 850.4 N)(0.4 m)

Mu = 30 371.11 N-m

Mu = 30 371.11 x 103 N-mm

Mu = Øfc’bd2w(1-0.59w)

Use: w = 0.0676

Mu = 0.90(20.7)(1000)(d2)(0.0676)[1-0.59(0.0676)]

30 371.11 x 103
d = √0.90(20.7)(1000)(0.0676)[1-0.59(0.0676)]

d = 158.49 mm

say: d = 160 mm.

h = 160 mm + 70 mm covering = 230 mm

5. Steel Reinforcements

As = pbd = 0.00507(1000 mm)(160 mm)

As = 811.2 mm2

Use 25 mm Ø RSB:

π
A1-25 = (25 mm)2
4

A1-25 = 490.87 mm2

 Spacing of Reinforcing Bars:
A1-25 490.87
S = (1000) = (1000)
As 811.2

S = 605.12 mm > 230 mm

Say: S = 230 mm O.C.

So that it would be convenient if we just extend

the stem bars into the key.

6. Check Effective Depth “d” for Shear

Note: When Vu < ØVc : Safe

Vu = 1.7(R)

Vu = 1.7(37 778.99 N)

Vu = 64 224.28 N

1
ØVc = Ø6 bd√fc'

1
ØVc = 0.85(6)(1000)(160)(√20.7)

ØVc = 103 127.11 N

Since: Vu < ØVc (SAFE)

7. Temperature Bars @ the Toe and Heel

As = 0.002bh for grade 300

As = 0.002(1000 mm)(500 mm)

As = 1000 mm2
Use 16 mm Ø RSB Temperature Bars:

π
A1-16 = (16 mm)2
4

A1-16 = 201.06 mm2

Spacing of Reinforcing Bars:

A1-16 201.06
S = (1000) = (1000)
(1000)
As

S = 201.06 mm

Say: S = 200 mm O.C.

Note: A stem key should also be provided which is

approximately 1/3 of the width of the stem at the

footing say 1/3(500) equals to 167 mm. Min. height of

this key is 50 mm. ACI recommends that a 12 mm Ø

dowels must be placed with a length of 500 mm embedded

250 mm @ the base and also 250 mm @ the stem to

resists the lateral force.