Anatomy and Physiology Semester 1 Finals Study Guide

Skeletal System
1. What bone in the cranium is the external acoustic meatus part of?
-temproal bone
2. In what facial bone are the teeth attached to?
Maxilla
3. Name the five regions of the vertebral column. (Label the diagram to the right)
4. What is a suture? Where are these located?
The line of junction, immovable joint between two bones.
Located in the skull

5. Give examples of each bone type:

a. Long bone- Femur, Fibula, Humerous
b. Short bones- metacarpals
c. Flat bones- Pelvis, ribs
d. Irregular bones- vertebre, maxilla, sacrum

6. Why does a cartilage heal slowly?

It is avascualr, meaning it is not infused with blood vessels.
7. Through what structure in the bone do muscles, tendons, and ligaments attached to?
fibrous structure
8. What are fontanels? Why are these important?
Fontanels are space between the bones of the skull. They enable the bony plates to flex during birth.

9. Where is the sternum located?

In the top center of the rib cage
10. Describe the location of the ilium.
The uppermost and largest part of the hip bone.
11. What is the important function of the intervertebral discs?
They act as a shock absorber . They also serve to protect the nems that run down the middle of the
spine.
12. Name the bones in the following parts of the body:
a. Cheek bone: Maxilla
b. Upper jaw: Maxilla
c. Lower jaw: Mandible
d. Collar bone: Clavicle
e. Shoulder blade: Scapula

13. Name the four sutures and name the bones it joins
Cornal- frontal & parietal
Sagittal- Parietal bones
Lambiodal- Parietal & occupital
Squamous- Parietal & temproal

Bone Structure
 14. What is a canaliculus? What is its function?
A small canal or duct. It provides routes so that nutrients can reach the osteocytes and waste products
can leave them.

15. What is an osteon? Concentric layers at compact bone tissue that surrounds a central canal.
16. In what part of the bones is red blood cells formed? What bone of the body does hematopoiesis
occurs? Medullary or bone marrow. In children, femus and tibia, in adults, pelvis, cranium, vertebrae,
and sternum.

17. Name the function of following bone structure.

a. Lamella: to keep adjacent cells together (glue)
b. Lacuna: the small caulty containing an osteocute
c. Canaliculi: houses bone- producing cells are united throught it, supplies nutrients via- blood vessels,
communication.

18. What the function of the epiphyseal plate?

Hyaline cartilage around growing tissue.
19. Differentiate the function between red and yellow marrow.
Red marrow produces red and white blood cells. Yellow marrow produces fat cells, cartilage, and
bones.
20. Describe the diaphysis of the bone.
Made up of cortail bone , contains bone marrow and adipose tissue. (fat)
21. Define periosteum.
a dense layer of of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones, except at the surface of the joints.
Bone Fracture
22. What is a hematoma? How is this formed?
A solid swellinh at clotted blood. Liquid form spreads among tissues including sacs between tissues
where there may be blood vessels.
23. Describe a compound fracture.
The broken bone pierces the skin.
24. Describe a depressed fracture.
A break wihin a cranial bone, towards the brain.
25. What type of fracture usually occurs in children? Why does this type of fracture usually occur in
children?
Commuted, some bones are not fully developed and bone may bend.

26. List the steps of bone healing after a fracture.

-the formation of hematoma at the break

- formation of fibrocartilaginous callus.
- formation of bony callus.
-remoldeling & additional compact bone.

Joints
27. What type of joint allows the widest range of motion? Where is this located in the body
 -ball & socket joints. - hips and shoulder joints
28. Give examples of locations in the body where a ball-and-socket joint is found.
-hip, shoulder
29. What joint is found the carpals?
-gliding joints
30. What is the synovial fluid for?
-to reduce friction between articular cartilage.
31. What kind of joint is found in the atlas and axis of the cervical vertebrae? What kind of motion can it
perform?
pivot, allows the head to turn side to side (left to right)
32. Name a movable bone in the skull.
Mandible

33. What joint is found in the elbow and knee?

-hinge
34. List the differences between the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
- in rheumatoid, there is swelling and inflammation, with possible bone erosion and joint deformity.
-in osteoarthritis, there is just joint pain.

Bone Growth and Development

35. Differentiate osteoclast from osteoblast.
osteoclast absorbs bone tissue, osteoblast secretes the matric for bone formation.
36. Describe the physical manifestations of a person with rickets.
-painful bones, muscle weakness, cramps, ad spasms.
37. What does the presence of epiphyseal plate indicate?
-the bone is not fully developed, under 18.

38. Discuss how puberty is related to bone growth.

- the sex hormone stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete more growth hormones.

39. What will happen if the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone?
- the bones stops growing.
40. What bone is affected by osteoporosis?
- the hip, spine, and wrist.

Review the Names of Bone and Bone Structure on line (class

website or Quizlet).