- 2 atoms share valence shell electrons, forms a) Non-polar – Perfect sharing of electrons BOND TYPES a chemical bond, turns atoms into 1 molecule b) Polar – Unequal sharing of electrons
2. Ionic (M+NM) - Forms between ions, electrostatic attraction between cation
-Transfer of electrons from 1 ion to another, (M) and anion (NM) holds atoms together creates bond, turns 2 atoms into 1 molecule - Metal loses e-, non-metal gains e ELECTRO- - Measure of how strongly an element pulls - The closer an atom is to filling its octet(8e-), the more ΔEN it is. NEGATIVITY electrons towards its nucleus - Metals have low ΔEN, they want to give away electrons ΔEN - Fluorine = most ΔEN, Francium = Δleast EN - Noble gases = not ΔEN, they do not need electrons (full octet). - Unequal sharing of electrons = “tug of war” Classifying Covalent Bonds: Results in poles of positive and negative ΔEN 0 0.1-2.1 2.1 & higher charges Bond Non-polar Covalent Polar Covalent Ionic POLARITY - Occurs in covalent bonds - Formed when 2 NM of different ΔEN bond Type together -No polarity, equal -Polarity, -No sharing - Higher ΔEN element has stronger pull on sharing unequal sharing at all electrons, creating polarity Slightly positive + + - Slightly negative Steps: 1. Determine ΔEN for each element DELTA NOTATION End of arrow (with +) shows electrons are 2. Subtract EN values pulled towards the right ( negative end) 3. Use difference to classify bond. If bond=polar, proceed to #4. 4. Draw arrows and delta notation pointing electrons pull more to INTERMOLECULAR Intermolecular – “Weak” - Forces that exist between molecules & Example: Hydrogen bonding INTRAMOLECULAR Intramolecular – “Strong” - Forces that hold atoms together within molecule FORCES Example: Covalent bonding REMEMBER: LEO the lion goes GER LEO: Loss of e-= oxidation Topic 5: Chemical Bonding II GER: Gain of e- = reduction
Oxidation - Loss of e- : Charge increases, becoming more positive
- Loss of electrons (e-) OXIDATION & - oxidation # REDUCTION Reduction - Gain of e- : Charge reduces, becoming more negative - Gain of electrons (e-) Example: 0 to +1 = more positive, lost e- oxidation - oxidation # 0 to -1 = more negative, gain e- reduction
OXIDATION - 1. Uncombined element oxidation # = 0 - 5. Covalent compound: the more EN element is assigned NUMBERS Examples: Na, Li, P, S, Al oxidation # = its anion charge - 2. Simple ion’s oxidation # = its ion Example: CH4 C= -4, H=+1 Oxidation Number charge - 6. Ionic compound: sum of oxidation #’s in compound = 0 - Describes how Examples: N3- = -3, Na1+ = +1, Ag1+ = +1 Example: MgCl2 Mg= +2 , Cl = -1 x2 =-2 Sum = 0 many e- have been - 3. Hydrogen atom oxidation # = +1 - 7. Polyatomic ion: sum of oxidation # = ionic charge on ion lost/gain by an - 4. Oxygen atom oxidation # = -2 Example: SO4 2- S= +6, O= -2 x 4 = -8 Sum = -2 atom Redox 1. Find all redox #’s for each reactant & product - Loss or gain of an electron (e-) 2. Identify reducing agent, oxidizing agent, the oxidation and reduction in reaction. WRITING & 3. Identify reaction CLASSIFYING Non-Redox REDOX - Oxidizing agent gains electrons, oxidation # : becomes - NO loss or gain of e- REACTIONS reduced - NO change in oxidation numbers - Reducing agent loses electrons, oxidation #: becomes oxidized (Agents become opposite of their names)
Combination: A + B C (Redox & Non-redox)
Decomposition: A B + C (Redox & Non-redox) Single Replacement: A + BX B + AX (Redox ONLY) Double Replacement: AX + BY BX + AY (Non-Redox ONLY) Mole: Unit of measurement to represent a quantity
Avogadro’s # = 6.02 x 1023 (1 mole)
Topic 6: Mole Concept I Molar Mass To calculate molar mass of a compound: CALCULATING - Term for weight from periodic table 1. Find the grams of each element in one mole (Molar mass) MOLAR MASS - Mass of 1 mole of any substance = molar mass 2. Add masses of all the elements - Unit = g/mol = MOLAR MASS 1-Step Calculations Conversion factors from Avogadro’s Number: 1 mole 6.02 × 1023 "things" Atom/molecule to Mole: 6.02 × 10 23 "things" 1 mole 1 mole Given #of atoms/molecules x 6.02 × 1023 "things" * “Things” can represent atoms or molecules* Mole to Atoms/molecules: 6.02 × 1023 "things" Given # moles x Conversion factors from Molar Mass: 1 mole
1 mole grams Mass to Mole:
1 mole grams 1 mole Given # of g x WRITING Molar Mass (g) CONVERSION FACTORS Mole to Mass: Units from numerator from setup on the left must Molar Mass (g) match the units on denominator on the next Given # of moles x 1 mol setup to cancel out. 2-Step Calculations NO MENTION OF MOLES IN QUESTION
Atoms/ molecules to g Avogadro’s #
1 mole Molar Mass (g) Given atoms/molecules x 23 x 6.02 × 10 “things” 1 mol
g to Atoms/ molecules Mass (g)
1 mole 6.02 × 1023 “things” Given # of g x x Molar Mass (g) 1 mole