Beruflich Dokumente
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CHAPTER 5
Introduction
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Our focus!!
Traditional Project’s Critical Components (time, cost, & quality); in relation with
sustainable construction concept
Introduction
• Project planning
– Process of identifying all the activities necessary
to successfully complete the project.
– Provides map to guide where to go and focused
on how to get there
– Planned in early stage of Project life Cycle (owner)
or also before site activities start (contractor).
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Introduction
• Importance of planning
– Reduce mistake and rework
– Avoid wastage
– Minimize unnecessary in time and cost scheduling
– Better quality control
– Effective project progress control
– Effective usage resources
Introduction
• Project scheduling
– Process of determining the sequential order of the
planned activities, assigning realistic durations to
each activity and determining the start and finish
dates for each activities.
– It can be used to manage, coordinate, control and
report.
– Depending on the sophistication of the user, the
schedule can take different forms.
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Introduction
• Purpose of project scheduling
– Claim
– Project time and cost control
– Allocate project resources more efficiently
– As a monitoring tool
– Material delivery at site
– Storage
– Avoid delay of the work and activity.
– Minimize the cash flow – as min as possible such as order material
stage by stage depend on the work needed.
– Control human resources and machinery to improve the efficiency
of the operation through the efficient use of resources and cost
control.
• Project planning is prerequisite to project scheduling!
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COST
RESOURCES TIME
SCOPE QUALITY
Schedule
development
Create WBS Activity Activity
resource Duration
planning Estimation
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Performance
Earthwork
Level 3 bond
Establish and
removal of site Structure Work
office
Architecture
Work
Architecture
Work
M&E work
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Level Performance
Structure Architecture M&E Sewerage
3 bond
Fittings
Ground level Floor Landscape
installation
Level
4
1st floor level Roof
2nd floor
Fittings
level
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Advantages Disadvantages
4 Foundation Grouting
5 Dam Concrete
6 Install Outlet Gates
7 Install Trash Racks
8 Prestress
Actual progress
9 Radial Gates
10 Spillway Bridge
11 Curtain Grout
12 Dismantle Plant, Clean Up
0
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Act. A 1
Act. B 2
Act. C 3
Act. D 2
Act. E 2
Act. A 1
Act. B 2
Act. C 3
Act. D 2
Act. E 2
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Activity Duration
10/5
11/5
12/5
13/5
14/5
15/5
16/5
17/5
18/5
19/5
20/5
21/5
22/5
23/5
24/5
4/5
5/5
6/5
7/5
8/5
9/5
(days)
Act. A 3
Act. B 5
Act. C 7
Act. D 5
Act. E 4
Act. F 6
Activity Duration
10/5
11/5
12/5
13/5
14/5
15/5
16/5
17/5
18/5
19/5
20/5
21/5
22/5
23/5
24/5
4/5
5/5
6/5
7/5
8/5
9/5
(days)
Act. A 3
Act. B 5
Act. C 7
Act. D 5
Act. E 4
Act. F 6
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S-Curve
• An S-curve is defined as:
"A display of cumulative costs, labor hours or
other quantities plotted against time. The name
derives from the S-like shape of the curve, flatter
at the beginning and end and steeper in the
middle, which is typical of most projects. The
beginning represents a slow, deliberate but
accelerating start, while the end represents a
deceleration as the work runs out."
S-Curve
• Type of S-Curve
– Physical S-Curve
– Financial S-Curve
• Both S-curve can be in Baseline (planned) or
actual S-curve
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S-Curve (Example)
Num. Activity Duration Start Date Cost (RM) Resources/
(days) day
(person)
1 Activity A 3 4/5/2014 1,400.00 2
2 Activity B 5 7/5/2014 2,700.00 3
3 Activity C 7 10/5/2014 3,500.00 2
4 Activity D 5 15/5/2014 6,000.00 4
5 Activity E 4 17/5/2014 4,700.00 4
6 Activity F 6 19/5/2014 12,600.00 5
30,900.00
Based on bar chart in Example 2, construct S-curve (daily basis) for this
project:
1. Financial S-Curve
2. Physical S-curve (resources vs time & work vs time)
Financial S-Curve
Activity Duration Cost Cost/da y
10/5
11/5
12/5
13/5
14/5
15/5
16/5
17/5
18/5
19/5
20/5
21/5
22/5
23/5
24/5
4/5
5/5
6/5
7/5
8/5
9/5
2100
1040
1700
1700
2375
2375
4475
3275
2100
2100
2100
Cost/day
540
467
467
467
540
540
500
500
500
26701
10001
12376
14751
19226
22501
24601
28801
30901
Cumulative cost/day
2481
1041
1941
3021
4061
5101
5601
6101
6601
8301
467
934
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10/5
11/5
12/5
13/5
14/5
15/5
16/5
17/5
18/5
19/5
20/5
21/5
22/5
23/5
24/5
day
4/5
5/5
6/5
7/5
8/5
9/5
(days)
102
Act. A 3 2
85
Act. B 5 3
68
Act. C 7 2
51
Act. D 5 4
34
Act. E 4 4
17
Act. F 6 5
0
Resource/day
13
3
2
2
2
3
3
5
5
2
2
2
6
6
8
8
9
5
5
5
5
Cumulative resource/day
101
12
15
20
25
27
29
31
37
43
51
59
72
81
86
91
96
9
2
4
6
(days)
30
Act. A 3
25
Act. B 5
20
Act. C 7
15
Act. D 5
10
Act. E 4
5
Act. F 6
0
Work/day
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
Cumulative work/day
10
11
12
13
15
17
19
21
24
26
27
28
29
30
4
1
2
3
5
6
8
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10/5
11/5
12/5
13/5
14/5
15/5
16/5
17/5
18/5
19/5
20/5
21/5
22/5
23/5
24/5
25/5
26/5
(days)
4/5
5/5
6/5
7/5
8/5
9/5
Date Start Finish
Date Date
15/5/14
Act. D 5 17/5/14 21/5/14
Network Diagram
• Activity on Arrow (AOA)/ Arrow Diagram
Method (ADM)
– In arrow diagram project task or activities are
represented by the arrow and connected by the
node to express their logical relationship
Activity A Activity B
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Network Diagram
Diagram for construction of pad footing
Network Diagram
• Activity on Node (AON)/ Precedence Diagram
Method (PDM)
– activity is place on the node
– The arrow used to connect between project task
to show their logical relationship
Act. A Act. B
Node Node
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Network Diagram
Diagram for construction of pad footing
Arrow - Logical
Node - Activity
Logical – Show the relationship
between activities
- Sequences of interrelated
activity
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ES ACT EF
DUR
LS TF LF
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Activity Sequencing
• Understand the order of how the job to be
accomplished in the field.
• The planner must understand how various
activities of the project related to each other
in term of their logical sequence.
• Example preparing formwork before
reinforcement could be place & than pouring
concrete.
Activity Sequencing
• Predecessor
– A task whose start or finish date determines the
start or finish date of its successor task.
• Successor
– A task whose start or finish date is driven by its
predecessor task.
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Link (Relationship)
• Finish to Start (FS) Act. A
– Activity B cannot start until
Activity A finish Act. B
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Link (Relationship)
• Finish to Finish (FF) Act. A
– Activity B cannot finish until
Activity A finish. Act. B
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Early Early
Start Finish
Late Late
Start Finish
BACKWARD PASS
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Example (ADM)
Activity Duration (day) Predecessor (s)
Act. A 2 -
Act. B 3 -
Act. C 3 A
Act. D 4 B
Act. E 3 C,D
Act. F 2 C,D
Act. G 4 E
Act. H 3 F
2 5
2 10
7
1 4
14
0 7
6
3
9
3
ES LS Duration EF LF
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2 5
2 4 10 10
7
1 4
14 14
0 0 7 7
6
3
9 11
3 3
* Critical Activity
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2 5
2 4 10 10
7
1 4
14 14
0 0 7 7
6
3
9 11
3 3
Critical path
Example (PDM)
Activity Duration (day) Predecessor (s)
Act. A 10 -
Act. B 11 A
Act. C 5 B
Act. D 4 B
Act. E 12 A
Act. F 3 C,D
Act. G 7 F
Act. H 11 E
Act. I 4 G,H
1. Develop a precedence diagram for the project.
2. Identify critical activity and critical path for the project.
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21 D 25
4
A I
0 10 36 40
10 4
10 E 22 22 H 33
12 11
ES Act. EF
Dur
LS TF LF
21 D 25
4
A 22 1 26 I
0 10 36 40
10 4
0 0 10 36 0 40
10 E 22 22 H 33
12 11
13 3 25 25 3 36
Critical path
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Example (PDM)
Activity Duration (week) Predecessor (s)
Act. A 2 -
Act. B 3 A (FS+2),
C (FF+1),
D(FF)
Act. C 2 A
Act. D 1 C (SS)
4 B 7
+2 3
0 A 2
2
2 C 4
2
+1
2 D 3
1
ES Act. EF
Dur
LS TF LF
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4 B 7
+2 3
4 0 7
0 A 2
2
0 2 2 C 4
0 +1
2
4 0 6
2 D 3
1
6 1 7
Critical path
Exercise (ADM)
Activity Duration (day) Predecessor (s)
Act. A 2 -
Act. B 3 A
Act. C 5 A
Act. D 4 A
Act. E 2 B,C
Act. F 3 C
Act. G 4 C,D
Act. H 2 E,F,G
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Exercise (ADM-Solution)
Act. B 4
3
7 9
Act. D 5
4 7 7
Critical path
Exercise (PDM)
Activity Duration (day) Predecessor (s)
Act. A 2 -
Act. B 3 A
Act. C 5 A
Act. D 4 A
Act. E 2 B,C
Act. F 3 C
Act. G 4 C,D
Act. H 2 E,F,G
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Exercise (PDM-Solution)
2 B 5 7 E 9
3 2
6 4 9 9 2 11
0 A 2 2 C 7 7 F 10 11 H 13
2 5 3 2
0 0 2 2 0 7 8
1 11 11
0 13
2 D 6 7 G 11
4 4
3 1 7 7 0 11
BUT… WAIT!!
• Are there any other type of Scheduling
method??
• How if the Gantt Chart and CPM did not
actually work/represent well with the
nature/requirement of the particular
construction project??
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Width of B:
At 40km, the subgrade
works will starts at week
4.4 until week 5.
Height of A:
At week 3, subgrade
works from 13km to
21km.
Distance of C:
It is a time lag / time
float for 10km; between
subgrade works and base
LSM Diagram for highway project (adopted from Nunnally, 2014) course works.
1.4 weeks to be exact.
QUIZ!!!
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