Presented

by:-
Ravi Sharma (1st year)
Rohit Kumar (1st year)
Vivek Chandra (2nd year)
ECE Department

Vivekjha_ece@yahoo.com
rkp_u@yahoo.co.in
09380950238, 09380950295

E-Mail:

Mobile no.:
ABSTRACT

This paper discuss about 4G mobile means

4th generation technology, aims to provide
an effective solution for the next
generation mobile services. Progressing methods.
from previous three generations.4G mobile
system has been significantly improving in Support interactive multimedia
terms of interactive multimedia services. Services: teleconferencing, wireless
The idea presented in this article can Internet etc.
increase capacity by factor deployments.
Coverage will be based on 3G, WiMAX Wider bandwidths, higher bit rates.
and numerous Pico cells interconnected to
provide the user with scan base high data Global mobility and service
rate (up to 20 Mbit/s) sessions. Scalable Portability.
and progressive deployments are possible
while protecting the operator’s long term Low cost.
investment. The 4G infrastructure operator
will mix several technologies, each of 500 Scalability of mobile networks.
with regard to expected cellular which has
it optimal usage. Some tools that
genuinely improve the user’s multimedia
quality of experience (availability,
response time, definition, etc) are also
presented in this article. The technology
will deliver low cost multi- megabits/s
sessions any time, any place, using any
terminal. This paper presents overall
vision of the 4G features, framework, and
integration of mobile communication. The
4G systems are seamlessly integrating
terminals, networks and application to
satisfy increasing user demands.

REASONS TO HAVE 4G
INTRODUCTION TO 4G:
The approaching 4G (forth generation)
Super fast mobile communication systems are
projected to solve still remaining problems
Effective packet transmission of 3G(third generation) systems and to
provide a wide variety of new services,
From high quality voice to high- definition
video to high-data-rate wireless channels.
the term 4G is used broadly to include
several types of broadband wireless access
communication systems not only the
cellular telephone systems .One of the
terms used to describe 4G is magic-mobile
multimedia. Anytime anywhere, global
mobility support integrated wireless
solution, and customized personal service.
as a promise for the future, 4G systems
that is cellular broadband wire-less access
systems, have been attracting much
interest in the mobile communication
area .the 4G systems not only will support
the next generation of mobile services, but
also will support the next generation of
mobile services, but also will support the
fixed wireless networks.
HISTORY:-
The history and evolution of mobile
service from the 1G (first generation) to
forth generation are discussed in this
section. Table shows a short history of
mobile telephone technology. This process
begin with the designs in the 1970s that
have become known as 1G.The earliest
systems were implemented based on
analog technology and the basic cellular
structure or mobile communication. Many
fundamental problems were solved by
these early systems. Numerous in
compatible analog system were placed in
service around the world during the 1980s.
The 2G (second generation) systems
design in the 1980s were still used mainly
for voice applications but were based on
digital technology, including digital signal
processing techniques. These 2G systems
provided circuit- switched data
communication service at a low speed.
The competitive rush to design and
implement digital systems led again to a
variety of different and incomplete
standards such as GSM (global systems
mobile), mainly in EUROPE; TDMA
(time division multiple access) (IS-54/IS-
130) in the US; PDC (personal digital
cellular) in JAPAN; and CDMA (code
division multiple access) (IS-95), another
US systems. This systems operate
nationwide or internationally and are
today’s mainstream systems, although the
data rate for users in these systems is very
limited .During the 1990’s two
organizations worked to define the
next,or,3G,mobile system, which would
eliminate previous incompatibilities and
becomes a truly global systems. The 3G
system would have higher quality voice
channels, as well as broadband data
capabilities ,up to 2 Mbps. Unfortunately,
the two groups could not reconcile their
differences, and this decade will see the
introduction of two mobile standards for
3G.In addition, China is on the verge of
implementation a third 3G system.
An interim step is being taken between 2G
and 3G, the 2.5G. It is basically an
enhancement of the two major 2G
technologies to provide increased capacity
on the 2G RF (radio frequency) channels
and to introduce higher throughput. For
data service, up to 384 kbps.A very
important aspects of 2.5G is that the data
Channels are optimized for packet data,
which introduce access to the internet
from mobile device, whether telephone,
PDA (personal digital assistant) or laptop.
However, the demand for higher access
speed multimedia communication in the
today’s society, which greatly depends on
computer communication in digital format,
seems unlimited. According to the
historical indication of a generation
revolution occurring once a decade, the
present appears to be the right time to
begin the research on a 4G mobile
communication system.

A LOOK INTO THE FUTURE OF

WIRELESS COMMUNICTION-
BEYOND 3G -:
Voice was the driver for second generation
mobile and has been a considerable
success. today video and TV services are
driving forward third generation (3G)
deployment. And in the future, low cost,
high speed data will drive forward the
fourth generation.
Fig. The first 4G mobile device

Short history of mobile

4G FOURTH GENERATION-: TECHNOLOGY 1G 2G 2.5G
The next step- Design began 1970 1980 1985
Implementa- 1984 1991 1999
As short-range communication emerges. tion
Service and application ubiquity, with a service Analog Digital higher
high degree of personalization and Voice, Voice, capacity,
synchronization between various user Synchron- Short packet-
appliances, will be another driver. At the ous message ized
same time, it is probable that the radio Data to 9.6 s data
access network will evolve from a kbps
standards AMPS, TDMA, GPRS,
centralized architecture to a distributed
TACS, CDMA, EDGE,
one. The evolution from 3G to 4G will be NMT, etc. GSM, 1*RTT
driven by services that offer better quality PDC
(e.g. video and sound) more sophistication Data 1.9 kbps 14.4 384
in the association of a large quantity of bandwidth kbps kbps
information, and improved multiplexing FDMA TDMA, TDMA,
personalization. CDMA CDMA

Core network PSTN PSTN PSTN,

Packet
network
technology:
TECHNOLOGY 3G 4G
Design began 1990 2000 Multi-technology approach-
Implementation 2002 2010?
Service Higher Higher Many technologies are competing on the
Capacity, Capacity, road to 4G.three paths are possible, even it
Broadband Completely they are more specialized. The first is the
Data up to IP-oriented, 3-Gcentric path, in which code division
2mbps Multimedia multiple access (CDMA) will be
, progressively pushed to the point at which
Data to 100 terminal manufacturers will give up. When
megabytes this point is reached, another technology
Standards WCDMA, Single will be needed to realize the required
CDMA standards
increases in capacity and data rates. the
2000
2mbps 200 mbps second path is the radio LAN one.
Data bandwidth
Widespread deployment of WiFi, PCs,
laptop and PDAs.In enterprises, voice may
Multiplexing CDMA CDMA? start to be carried by voice over wireless
LAN (VOW LAN). However, it is not
clear what the next successful technology
Core network Packet Internet will be. Reaching a consensus on a 200
network Mbit/s (and more) technology will be a
lengthy task, with too many proprietary
solutions on offer.
Legend -: How can an operator provide a large
number of users with high session data
1*RTT = 2.5G CDMA data service up to rules using its existing infrastructure? At
384 kbps least two technologies are needed. The
AMPS = Advanced mobile phone service first (called “parent coverage”) is
CDMA = Code division multiple access dedicated to large coverage and real-time
EDGE=Enhanced data for global services. Legacy technologies, such as
evolution 2G/3G and their evolutions will be
FDMA =Frequency division multiple complemented by WiFi and WiMAX. A
access second set of is needed to increase
GPRS= General packet radio system capacity, and can be designed without any
GSM= Global system for mobile constraints on coverage continuity. This is
NMT=Nordic mobile telephone known as Pico-cell coverage. Only the use
PDC=Personal digital cellular of both technologies can achieve both
PSTN=Personal switched telephone targets. Handover between parent
network coverage and Pico cell coverage is
TACS=Total access communications different from a classical roaming process,
system but similar to classical handover. Parent
TDMA=Total division multiple access coverage can also be used as a back-up
WCDMA=Wideband CDMA when service delivery in the Pico cell
becomes too difficult.

OFDMA-:
Orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing(OFDM) not only provides
clear advantages for physical layer
performance, but also a framework for
improving layer 2 performance by
proposing an additional degree of
freedom. Using ODFM, it is possible to
exploit the time domain, the frequency
domain, the space domain and even the
code domain to optimize radio channel
usage. It ensures very robust in
transmission in multi-path environments
with reduced receiver complexity. The
signal is split into orthogonal sub carriers
on each of which the signal is
“narrowband” (a few kHz) and therefore
immune to multi-path effects, provided a
guard interval is inserted between each
OFDM symbol. OFDM also provides a
frequency diversity gain, improving the
physical layer performance. It is also
compatible with other enhancement
technologies, such as smart antennas and
MIMO.
OFDM modulation can also be employed
as a multiple access technology
(orthogonal frequency division multiple
access; OFDMA). In this case, each
OFDM symbol can transmit information
to/from several users using a different set
of sub carriers (sub channels).
This not only provides additional
flexibility for resource allocation
(increasing the capacity), but also enables
cross-layer optimization of radio link
usage.
SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO-:
Software defined radio (SDR) benefits
from today’s high processing power to
develop multi-band, multi-standard base
terminals will adapt the air interface to the
available radio access technology. at
present this is done by the infrastructure.
Several infrastructure gains are expected
from SDR. For example, to increase
network capacity at a specific time (e.g.
during a sports event), an operator will
reconfigure its network adding several
modems at a given Base Transceiver
station (BTS). SDR makes this
reconfiguration easy.
In the context to 4G systems, SDR will
become an enable for the aggregation of
multi-standard Pico/micro cells. For a
manufacturer, this can be a powerful aid to
providing multi-standard, multi-band
equipment with reduced development
effort and costs through simultaneous
multi-channel processing.
MULTIPLE–INPUT MULTIPLE-
OUTPUT -:
MMO uses signal multiplexing between
multiple, transmitting antennas (space
multiplex) and time or frequency. It is well
suited to OFDM, as it is possible to
process independent time symbols as soon
as the OFDM waveform is correctly
designed for the channel. This aspect of
OFDM greatly simplifies processing. The
signal transmitted by m antennas is
received by n antennas. Processing of the
received signals may deliver several
performance improvements: range, quality
of received signals and spectrum
efficiency. In principle, MIMO is more
efficient when many multiple path signals
are received. The performance in cellular
deployments is still subject to research and
simulations. However it is generally
admitted that the gain in spectrum
efficiency is directly related to the
minimum number of antennas in the link.
Handover and mobility
Handover technology is based on mobile
IP technology has been considered for data
and voice. Mobile IP technology is slow
but can be accelerated with classical
methods (hierarchical, fast mobile IP).
These methods are applicable to data and
probably also voice. In single frequency
networks.
4G
1. UMB
2. Wi MAX
The improved bandwidths of
network provided by more efficient
technology may also result in networks
with better capacity.
2. WiMAX (World Wide Intero-
perability for Microwave Access)
The bandwidth and reach of WiMAX
make it suitable for the following potential
applications.

1. Connectivity Wi-Fi hotspots with each

1. UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) other and to other parts of the access.

2. Provide a wireless alternative to able

The name ultra broad band communicates
and DSL for broadband access.
the key attributes of the technology.
3. Providing high-speed mobile data and
tele-communications services.
SUMMARY
4. Providing Nomadic connectivity.
1. OFDMA–based air interface.

2. Frequency division duplex.

3. Scalable bandwidth between

ADVANTAGE
125-200 MHz.
The WiMAX specification provides
4. Supports mixed cell sizes.
symmetrical bandwidth over many
kilometres and range with stronger
5. IP network architecture.
encryptions and typically less interference.
6. Supports flat, centralized and
It provides connectivity between
mixed topologies.
network end points without the need for
direct in favourite circumstance.
BENEFITS
It realize upon multi-path signals.

These technologies use a high

band width, low battery, network with
high level services such as voice built.

QUALITY OF SERVICE
CHALLENGES
In wireless networks, quality of service
(QOS) refers to the measure of the
performance for a system reflecting its
transmission quality and service
availability (e.g., 4G is expected to have at
least a reliability of 99.99%). Supporting
QOS in 4G networks will be a major
challenge. When considering QOS, the
major hurdles to overcome in 4G include:
varying rate channel characteristics,
bandwidth allocations, fault tolerance
levels, and handoff support among
heterogeneous wireless networks.
Fortunately, QOS support can occur at the
packet, transaction, circuit, and network
levels. QOS will be able to be tweaked at
these different of operating levels, making
the network more flexible and possibly
more tolerant to QOS issues.
Varying rate channel
characteristic refers to the fact that 4G
applications will have varying bandwidth
and transition rate requirements. In order
to provide solid network access to support
the anticipated 4G applications, the 4G
networks must be designed with both
flexibility and scalability. Varying rate
channel characteristics must be considered
to effectively meet user demand and
ensure efficient network management.
Spectrum is a
finite resource. In current wireless
systems, frequency licensing and efficient
spectrum management are key issues. In
4G systems, band width allocations may
still be a concern. Another concern is
interoperability between the signalling
techniques that are planned to be used in
4G (e.g., 3*RTT, W-CDMA).
In comparison with current
2G and 2.5G networks, 4G will have more
fault tolerance capabilities built – in to
avoid unnecessary network failure, poor
coverage, and dropped calls. 4G
technology promises to enhance QOS by
the use of better diagnostic techniques and
alarm tools.
4G will have better support of
roaming and handoffs across
heterogeneous networks. Users, even in
today’s wireless market, demand service
transparency and roaming. 4G may
support interoperability between desperate
network technologies by using techniques
such as LAS-CDMA signalling. Other
solutions such as software defined radios
could also support roaming across
desperate network technologies in 4G
systems.
These major challenges to QOS in 4G
networks are currently being studied and
solutions are being developed. Developers
believe that QOS in 4G networks will
closely approximate the QOS
requirements in the wire line environment
(99.999% reliability).
The emergence of next
generation wireless technologies is going
enhance the effectiveness of the existing
methods used by public safety…
4G APPLICATIONS AND
THEIR BENEFITS TO PUBLIC
SAFETY
one of the most notable advanced
applications for 4G systems is location
based services.4G location applications
would be based on visualized, virtual
navigation schemes that would support a
remote data based containing graphical
representations of streets, buildings, and
other physical characteristics of a large
metropolitan area. This data base could be
accessed by a subscriber in a moving
vehicle equipped with the appropriate
wireless device, which would provide the
platforms on which would appear a virtual
representation of the environment ahead.
For example, one would be able to see the
internal lay out of a building during an
emergency rescue. This type of application
is sometimes referred to as
“Telegeoprocessing”, which is a
combination of geographical information
systems (GIS) and global positioning
systems (GPS) working in concern and
over a high capacity wireless system.
The emergence of
next generation wireless technologies will
enhance the effectiveness of the existing
methods used by public safety. 3G
technologies and beyond could possible
bring the following new features to public
safety:
Virtual navigation: As described, a
remote data base contains the graphical
representation of streets, buildings and
physical characteristics of a large
metropolis. Blocks of this data base are
transmitted in rapid sequence to a vehicle,
where a rendering program permits the
occupants to visualize the environment
ahead. They may also “virtually” see the
internal lay out of buildings to plan an
emergency rescue, or to plan to engage
hostile elements in the building.
Tele-medicine: A Paramedic assisting a
victim of the traffic accident in a remote
location could access medical records (e.g.
x-rays) and establish a video conference so
that a remotely based surgeon could
provide “on-scene” assistance. In such of
circumstance, the paramedic could relay
the victims vital information (recorded
locally) back to the hospital in real time,
for review by the surgeon.
Crisis-management applications
These: arise, for e.g., as a result of
natural disaster where the entire
communication infrastructure is in
disarray. In such circumstances, restoring
communications quickly is essential with
wideband wireless mobile
communications, both limited and
complete communication capabilities,
including internet and video services could
be setup in hours. In comparison, it may
take days or weeks to re-establish
communication capabilities when a wire
line network is rendered in operable.
Key elements of 4G vision:-
Diverse
User
Devices
Fully Autonomous
Coverage 201 Networks
Services 0
Ubiquitous Software
Mobile Access Independency
LIMITATIONS OF 4G: CONCLUSIONS:

Although the concept of 4G 4G networks may eventually deliver on all

communications shows much promise, a daily basis. These advances will make
there are still limitations that must be high-(VOIP) networks a reality.
addressed. One major limitation is In the mean time, it is
operating area. Although 2G networks are important for industry to develop a strong
becoming more ubiquitous, there are still 3G offering that is palatable for the
many areas not served. Rural areas and general public equally as important,
many buildings in metropolitan are not industry must ensure that expectations are
being served well by existing wireless realistic and that services meet and exceed
networks. This limitation of today’s those expectations.
networks will carry over into future If all goes according to what the
generations of wireless systems. industry envisions, it may be sooner,
The hype that is rather than later that we will see wireless
being created by 3G networks is giving the communication evolve. This evolution will
general public unrealistic expectations of give the general public as well as the
always on, always available, anywhere, public safety community amazing
anytime communications. The public must functionality from the convenience of a
realize that although high-speed data single handheld device.
communication will be delivered, it will
not be equivalent to the wired internet-at
least not at first. If measures are not taken
now to correct Perceptions issues, when
3G and later 4G services are deployed,
there may be a great deal of
disappointment associated with the
deployment of technology, and
perceptions could become negative. If this
where to happen, neither 3G nor 4G may
realize its full potential.
Another limitation is
cost. The equipment required
implementing a next –generation network
is still very expensive. Carriers and
providers have to plan carefully to make
sure that expenses are kept realistic. One
technique being implemented in Asian
networks is a pay- per-use model of
services. This model will be difficult to
implement in the United States, where the
public is used to a serve-for-free model
(e.g., the internet).