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Rebound: c
Set = s
2500
2000
2000
1500
[450]
Ru = 1.6 Ep ½ log(10Blows/25mm) – 120 kN
1000
0 500
0
0 0 25 505 75 10
100 125 15
150 175 20 200
Blows/25mm
Blows/0.25 m
Pile
acting on the pile and representing the
forces in the pile-soil interface
Hammer base =
assembly bottom mass
Ram segments
Assembly segments
Combined Ram-
Hammer Cushion
Helmet mass
Open Ended
Closed Ended
Cylinder
Impact block
Hammer Cushion; Helmet
Ports
Precompression-
Combustion- hC
Expansion- Pressure
Combustion Duration, tD
Opens
Port
Expansion:
p=pMAX(VCH/V)1.25
∆t tD
Compression:
p=patm(Vin/V)1.35
pMAX
Time
he = Er / Wr he – equivalent stroke
he = h for single acting hammers
Epr = η Er Wr he (η = Hammer efficiency )
WP
Ek = Epr = ηh (½ mr vi2) (kinetic energy)
vi = 2g heηh
26 GRLWEAP Webinar Fundamentals - 2015
Impact Hammer Efficiencies
ηh = Ek / Er
Hammers with internal energy monitor: 0.95
uncertainty of hammer alignment
All other hydraulic and diesel hammers: 0.80
uncertainty of fall height, alignment, friction
Traditional Single acting Air/Steam hammers: 0.67
fall height, preadmission, friction, alignment
Traditl. Double acting Air/Steam/Hydraulic: 0.50
preadmission, reduced pressure, friction, alignment
Helmet + Inserts
Pile Cushion
Pile Top: Spring + Dashpot
δs δr Compressive
Deformation
Soil outside of
Interface Soil: Elasto-
interface: Rigid
Plastic Springs and
Viscous Dashpots
ki,Rui
Segment Ji
i
Segment ki+1,Rui+1
i+1 Ji+1
Fixed
Pile
Soil
Segment i
Displacement ui
Velocity vi
37 GRLWEAP Webinar Fundamentals - 2015
The Static Soil Model
Static Resistance
Rui
Pile Displacement
ksi = Rui /qi
Pile
Segment i
Recommended
qi Shaft Quakes:
2.5 mm or
0.1 inches
Pile Displacement
39 GRLWEAP Webinar Fundamentals - 2015
The Static Toe Resistance and Quake
Static Toe Resistance
Rui
qi
For impact
hammers
For vibratory
hammers qi
Toe Displacement
40 GRLWEAP Webinar Fundamentals - 2015
Recommended Toe Quakes, qtoe
Non-displacement piles Displacement piles
0.1” or 2.5 mm for D/120 for very dense or
all soil types hard soils
0.04” or 1 mm for D/60 for soils which are
Static Toe Res.
hard rock not very dense or v. hard
qtoe Ru,toe
D qtoe
Toe Displacement
10
50
610x12
100 m
95 m
60
70
80
90
100
Rd = RsJs v
Smith damping
factor,
Js [s/m or s/ft]
3.0
Clay
Relative Soil Resistance
2.5
Sand
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.00001 0.00100 0.10000 10.00000 1000.00000
Velocity of load application in ft/s
3.0
Clay
Relative Soil Resistance
2.5
Sand
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.00001 0.00100 0.10000 10.00000 1000.00000
Velocity of load application in ft/s
Pile Driving
2.5 Rapid Load Test
CPT
CRP/Quick
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.00001 0.00100 0.10000 10.00000 1000.00000
Velocity of load application in ft/s
10
50
610x12
100 m
95 m
60
70
80
90
100
Penetration
(from static soil analysis)
II. Triangular or Rectangular or
Trapezoidal Distribution
Only reasonable for a simple Bearing
Graph where little is known about soil.
Penetration
Reasonable for a simple Bearing
Graph; for Driveability possible, but
more accurate analysis should be
done.
Penetration
II. API (offshore wave version)
Input: Friction Angle or Undrained
Shear Strength
III. CPT Input: Cone Record including Tip
Resistance and Sleeve Friction vs
Depth.
Max. Displacement
Calculated
Extrapolated
Ru
Pile
Displacement
Convergence:
Consecutive Blows
have same
pile compression/sets
10
20
100 m
95 m
50
60
70
80
90
100
Total No. of Blows: 8907 (Standard); 6235 (RSA)
Skin Friction
0 0
Pile Model Dis tribution
3.50
3.10
Stroke (m)
2.70
2.30
1.90
1.50
40 80 120 160 200 240 280
Res . Shaft = 30 %
Blow Count (blows /.25m ) (Proportional)
4000
3500
3000
Capacity in kN
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Blows/0.25 m
QUESTIONS?