CRE Lab Manual

CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL
FOR
Under Graduates in Chemical Engineering
Wah Engineering College
Faculty Members
Lab Incharge: Dr. K. S. Baig
Lecturer Fazeel Ahmad
Lab Engineer Waqas khan
Lab Assistant: Ehteshamss Sabir
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
UNIVERSITY OF WAH, WAH CANTT
Table of contents
Introduction
List of equipment
List of experiments
General safety guideline
Potential hazard
List of chemicals
CLO, PLO contents
Experimental detail
MSDS
i
List of Equipments
1. Batch Reactor
2. Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
3. Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor in Series
4. Tubular Reactor
List of Experiments
Experiment 01: To find the reaction rate constant in a stirred batch reactor and study the
temperature effect on the rate of reaction.
Experiment 02: To find the reaction rate constant in a stirred batch reactor and study the
concentration effect on the rate of reaction.
Experiment 03: To find the reaction rate constant in a stirred batch reactor and study the stirrer
effect on the rate of reaction.
Experiment 04: To find the reaction rate constant in a continuous stirred tank reactor and study
the temperature effect on the rate of reaction.
the concentration effect on the rate of reaction.
the stirrer effect on the rate of reaction.
the effect of flowrate on the rate of reaction.
Experiment 08: To find the reaction rate constant in a tubular reactor and study the temperature
effect on the rateof reaction.
Experiment 09: To find the reaction rate constant in a tubular reactor and study the concentration
effect on the rate of reaction.
Experiment 10: To find the reaction rate constant in a tubular reactor and study the effect of
flowrate on the rate of reaction
CLEANLINESS AND SAFETY GUIDELINES
Cleanliness
The Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory contains equipment that uses water
or chemicals as the fluid. There are “housekeeping” rules that students are required to clean up
theirarea at the conclusion of the performance of an experiment. Cleanup will include
 Removal of spilled water (or any liquid) or chemicals
 Wiping the table top on which the equipment is mounted
The lab should always be as clean as or cleaner than it was when you entered.
Cleaning the lab is your responsibility as a user of the equipment.
Safety
This is to serve as a guide and not as a comprehensive manual on safety. Every
staff/student has, at all time, a duty to care for Health and Safety of himself/herself and
of all people who may be affected by his/her action.
 Lab coat or Jackets MUST is worn all times.
 Rubber gloves should be worn when handling corrosive materials,
 Heat proof gauntlets when discharging any equipment involving heat.
 Wear fully covered shoes with strong grip.
 Goggles must be used whenever necessary especially when dealing with high
pressure equipment and chemicals
 Sometimes the floor may be wet. Therefore, care is essential.
 Always switch off power before removing plugs from sockets.
 Cables mustbe suspended and not lying on the floor.
 All cables and hoses should be routed to avoid walkways.
 This should be disposed of in the glass bin, not in the usual waste bin.
 Breakage should also be reported to the Instructor in charge.
Any appropriate instruction sheets should be studied before starting the experiment.
Particular attention should be given to the recommended precautions, startup procedure
and sequence of operation.
There should be NO Eating, No Smoking is strictly prohibited in all laboratories
In case of emergency, report to the Instructor, in charge or doctor/ambulance/fire fighter

Potentential Hazards
List of chemicals
1. Sodium hydroxide
2. Ethyle acetate
3. Distilled water
Lab Assessment Rubrics

(Chemical reaction engineering)
Points
2 1 0 Score
Criteria Excellent Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Lab Report (Notebook) (10)
Introduction & Introduction provides all necessary Introduction is nearly complete, Some introductory data, but still
Experimental background principles for the missing some minor points & missing some major points &
procedure experiment & Experimental Experimental procedure is written in Experimental procedure is written in
procedure is well-written in bullets bullets format, important experimental bullets format, still missing some
important experimental details.
format step by step, all experimental details are covered, some minor details
details are covered. missing.
Data One component of data is Two components of data is Data is brief and missing significant
incomplete: incomplete: pieces of information.
1. Tables 1. Tables
2. Graphs 2. Graphs
3. Results 3. Results
Error Analysis Experimental errors, their possible Experimental errors and their possible Experimental errors are mentioned.
effects, and ways to reduce errors are effects are discussed.
discussed.
Calculations All calculations are shown, and the Some calculations are shown, and the Some calculations are shown, and the
results are correct and labeled results are correct and labeled results labeled appropriately.
appropriately. appropriately.
Conclusion Conclusions includes findings, Conclusions includes what was No conclusions were included in
possible source of error, and what learned from experiment. report or shows little effort.
was learned from experiment.
Lab Work (10)
Attendance 95 % 80 % 75 %
Pre-experiment 1. Standardization of equipment. Only proper Cleaning and washing of Some cleaning and washing of
Activities 2. Cleaning and washing of apparatus. apparatus.
apparatus.
3. Clear practical understanding.
Participation & Used time well in lab and focused Did the lab but did not appear very Participation was minimal, OR
Recording attention on the experiment & Makes interested. Focus was lost on several student was hostile about participating
rich observations and Records occasions & Makes many & Makes few observations and
relevant data in an organized and observations, but they may be Records little data
skillful way insufficient to generate data and
Records data, but organization is
lacking.
Post Experiment 1. Appropriate cleaning/ washing Appropriate cleaning/ washing of Some Appropriate cleaning / washing
Activities of items. items. of items.
2. Protection of items and
accessories.
3. Proper shutdown.
Safety Lab is carried out with full attention Lab is carried out with some attention Safety procedure were ignored, and/or
to relevant safety procedures. The to relevant safety procedures. The set- some aspect of the experiment posed a
set-up, experiment, and tear-down up, experiment, and tear-down posed threat to the safety of the student or
posed no safety threat to any no safety threat to any individual, but others
individual. several safety procedures need to be
reviewed.
Lab Engineer: ----------------------------- Lab Incharge: -------------------------------
Nomenclature
aµ sodium hydroxide conc. in feed vessel (mol/ dm3)

ao sodium hydroxide conc. in mixed feeds (mol/ dm3)
al sodium hydroxide conc. in reactor at time t (mol/ dm3)
a∝ sodium hydroxide conc. In reactor after infinite time (mol/dm3)
b ethyl acetate conc. (mol/ dm3) (same subscripts as above for a)
c sodium acetate conc. (mol/ dm3) (same subscripts as above for a)
F total volume feed rate (dm3/s)
Fa volume feed rate of sodium hydroxide. (dm3/s)
Fb volume feed rate of ethyl acetate. (dm3/s)
k specific rate constant
r reaction rate
T reactor temperature (K)
V volume of reactor (dm3)
Xa conversion of sodium hydroxide = ao – a1/ ao
Xc conversion of sodium acetate = Co – Co/ C∝
EXPERIMENT 1
To find the reaction rate constant in a batch reactor at room temperature.
THEORY
Batch Reactors
Batch reactors are used for most of the reactions carried out in a laboratory as well as in the
industries. The reactants are placed in a test-tube, flask or beaker. They are mixed together, often
heated for the reaction to take place and are then cooled. The products are taken out and, if
necessary, purified carefully.
Figure 1 Batch Reactor
Problems of Batch reactor

During loading and after unloading some concentration of the reactants as well as product may
remain in the reactor which may cause following problem.
1. It may reduce next product batch purity.
2. It may cause the wastage of chemicals to clean the previous batch.
3. It may cause the fouling on the internal part of the reactor.
REACTIONS
NaOH+CH3COOC2H5 CH3COONa+C2H5OH
Assuming that the initial concentrations are equal and that the converted concentration is X then
the final concentrations are
a-X a-X X X
13
Order of reaction
The powers to which the concentrations are raised is called the order of the reaction. The order
refers to the empirically found rate expression, it can have a fractional value and need not be an
integer.
Second-order reaction
The simplest kind of second-order reaction is one whose rate is proportional to the square of the
concentration of one reactant. These generally have the form 2A → products. A second kind of
second-order reaction has a reaction rate that is proportional to the product of the concentrations
of two reactants. Such reactions generally have the form A + B → products.
From the kinetic analysis of a general second order reaction it can be shown that
𝑿
𝒌. 𝒕 = −
𝒂(𝒂 − 𝑿)
Where k is the reaction rate constant, t is the time of reaction,a is the initial concentration of
sodium hydroxide and X is the conversion.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
APPARATUS:
Figure 2 Batch Reactor
14
APPARATUS
 Batch Reactor
 Stop Watch
 Beaker
 Volumetric Cylinder
CHEMICALS:
 Sodium Hydoxide
 Ethyl Acetate
 Water
PROCEDURE:
 Make 1 liter batches of 0.05 M of sodium hydroxide in the beaker and 0.05 M ethyl acetate
in the beaker to 20°C.
 Adjust the set point of the temperature controller to 25°C.
 Charge the batch reactor with 0.5 liter of of sodium hyroxide solution and ethyl acetate
solution through beaker.
 The experiment involves the storage and collection of conductivity data, as the time pass
conductivity will decrease and note readings with the help of conductivity cell. The data
output port must be connected to data logger interface. This will enable data logging of the
conductivity at selected time intervals over a selected period. If computer is not available,
conductivity can be recorded manually at different time intervals by reading the value
directly from the conductivity meter in the console.
 Collection of data will be until a steady state condition is reached in the Batch reactor and
this takes approximately 30 minutes by using stopwatch.
 Switch on the chilled water circulator.
It has been determined that the degree of conversion of reagents affects the conductivity of the
reactor contents so that the readings of conductivity can be used to calculate the amount of
conversion.
15
PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not adjust the rpm of peristaltic pump during running position of the pump.
2. Do not stop the stirrer during the running of batch reactor during the process.
3. Do not change the volume in the beaker during experiment.
4. Put all the batch of your reactants in the reactor at once and take product from the reactor at
once.
ERRORS
1. There may be errors for not taking sample weight in correct amount.
2. There may be error in calibrating the peristaltic pump.
3. There may be error for feeding the batch within given time.
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS:
Observations & Calculations.
Table no. 1
Observation Time(mint) RPM Flow rate(ml/min)

1
2
3
4
5
 Note down the observations, organize the data and tabularize the data.
 To calulate the specific rate constant k, plot a graph of Xa and time. The slope of the graph
will be rate constant.
 Also analyze the data. The conductivity measurements must now be translated into degree of
conversion of the constituents.
16
 Both sodium hydroxide and sodium acetate contribute conductance to the reaction solution
while ethyl acetate and ethyl alcohol do not. The conductivity of a sodium hydroxide solution
at a given concentration and temperature is not same as that of a sodium acetate solution at the
same molarity and temperature and a relationship has been established allowing conversion to
be inferred from conductivity.
IDEAR RESULT PLOT
35
Flow rate vs RPM
Product flow rate/(ml/mint)
30
25
20
15
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RPM
Figure no.3 product flow rate vs Pump rpm
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
1. Can we use other fluids for cooling the reactor mixture after completion of exothermic
reaction.?
2. Can we use other type of pump than peristatic one?.
3. What is difference between molar and molal solution ?.
4. If you increase the temperature of heater then what will be the effect on conductivity?.
Conclusion
With the increase of pump flow rate , product flow rate goes on increasing because pump
speed causes more product out from the reactor. ……………………………………………
17
EXPERIMENT 2
To find the reaction rate constant in a stirred batch reactor at the room temperature.
THEORY
Batch Reactor
Batch Reactors are defined as reactors in which no flow of mass across the reactor boundaries,
once the reactants have been charged.
Characteristics of Batch Reactors
1. Each batch is a closed system.
2. The total mass of each batch is fixed.
3. The volume or density of each batch may vary as reaction proceeds.
4. The energy of each batch may vary as reaction proceeds; heat exchanger may be provided
to control temperature.
5. The reaction (residence) time for elements of the reacting fluid is the same.
6. The operation of the reactor is inherently unsteady-state; batch composition changes with
respect to time.
7. At any time, the batch is uniform in composition, temperature because of the efficient and
vigorous stirring
REACTION:
18
a-X a-X X X
Order of reaction
The powers to which the concentrations are raised is called the order of the reaction. The order
refers to the empirically found rate expression; it can have a fractional value and need not be an
integer.
Second order reaction
The simplest kind of second-order reaction is one whose rate is proportional to the square of the
concentration of one reactant. These generally have the form 2A → products. A second kind of
second-order reaction has a reaction rate that is proportional to the product of the concentrations
of two reactants. Such reactions generally have the form A + B → products
𝑿
𝒌. 𝒕 = −
𝒂(𝒂 − 𝑿)
Where k is the reaction rate constant ,t is the time of reaction a is the initial concentration of
sodium hydroxide and X is the conversion.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
19
APPARATUS:
Figure 4 Stirrer Batch reactor
 Batch reactor
 Stop Watch
 Beaker
CHEMICALS:
 Sodium Hydoxide
 Ethyl Acetate
 Water
PROCEDURE:
 Make 1 liter batches of 0.05 M of sodium hydroxide and 0.05 M ethyl acetate to 30°C in
the beaker.
 Adjust the set point of the temperature controller to 30°C at the panel.
solution through beaker.
20
 The experiment involves the storage and collection of conductivity data, as the time pass
conductivity of the cell decreases and the data output port must be connected to data logger
interface. This will enable data logging of the conductivity at selected time intervals over
a selected period. If computer is not available, conductivity can be recorded manually at
different time intervals by reading the value directly from the conductivity meter in the
console.
 Collection of data will be until a steady state condition is reached in the reactor and this
takes approximately 30 minutes by using stopwatch.
 Repeat all steps for concentrations 1.0 M, 1.5 M,2.0 and 2.5 M.
conversion.
PRECAUTIONS
1) Do not switch of the stirrer during the reaction.

2) Do not shake the reactants solution when the reactants batch is prepared.
3) Do not switch on or off temperature controller without permission of your laboratory
supervisor.
ERRORS
1. There may be error for not operating stirrer properly during the reaction.
2. There may be error for not taking correct amount of reactants.
Table no. 2
Observation time(min) Conversion(X)

1
21
2
3
Both sodium hydroxide and sodium acetate contribute conductance to the reaction solution while
ethyl acetate and ethyl alcohol do not. The conductivity of a sodium hydroxide solution at a given
concentration and temperature is not same as that of a sodium acetate solution at the same molarity
and temperature and a relationship has been established allowing conversion to be inferred from
conductivity
IDEAL RESULTS PLOT
350
conversion vs
300 time
250
conversion
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100150200250300
time (sec)
Figure 5 conversion vs time
22
3.5
3
conductivity/(ms/cm)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time (mint)
Figure 6 conductivity vs time
Figure 7 concentration vs time
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
1. Can we use condutivity meter as the reaction proceed?.

2. Is the conversion in all the reactors is same.?if varies then how much it varies?.
3. What is 1 molar solution?.
4. What is difference between molar and molal solution?.
23
5. What is the behavior of conductivity with the increase in the temperature and pressure in
case of solid and liquids and gases?.
Conclusion
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………
24
EXPERIMENT 3
To find the reaction rate constant in a plug flow reactor at the room temperature.
THEORY
Role of mixing in chemical reactions

Chemical reactions are often accompanied by mixing and without mixing. Whether they are
combined in a small flask that is swirled by hand or in a hundred-gallon mechanically-stirred
vessel, reactants generally undergo reaction faster and or more completely when mixed properly.
Mixing can influence not just reaction rate but also product distribution if more than one product
is possible.
At the laboratory scale, the competition between reaction and mixing are not always readily seen
but it can be seen in the industrial scale. Mixing effects become more critical in industrial reactions
where the rates of reaction, mixing and heat transfer approach one another.
REACTION:
a-X a-X X X
𝑿
𝒌. 𝒕 = −
𝒂(𝒂 − 𝑿)
Where k is the reaction rate constant and t is the time of reaction.
25
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
APPARATUS:
Figure 7 Plug Flow Reactor
 Batch Reactor
 Stop Watch
 Beaker
CHEMICALS:
 Sodium Hydoxide
 Ethyl Acetate
 Water
26
PROCEDURE:
 Make up 1 liter batches of 0.05 M of sodium hydroxide and 0.05 M ethyl acetate to 10°C.
solution.
 The experiment involves the storage and collection of conductivity data, the data output
port must be connected to data logger interface. This will enable data logging of the
takes approximately 30 minutes.
 It has been determined that the degree of conversion of reagents affects the conductivity of
the reactor contents so that the readings of conductivity can be used to calculate the amount
of conversion.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Before the startup of reaction always check product lines valve position.
2. Do not touch the chemicals with hands during the experimentations.
3. Always use coolent outside the tubes to avoid damage of tubes.
Table no. 3
Observation time(min) Conversion(X)

1
2
3
27
 Both sodium hydroxide and sodium acetate contribute conductance to the reaction solution
while ethyl acetate and ethyl alcohol do not. The conductivity of a sodium hydroxide solution
at a given concentration and temperature is not same as that of a sodium acetate solution at the
same molarity and temperature and a relationship has been established allowing conversion to
be inferred from conductivity.
𝛬𝑜 − 𝛬1
𝑎1 = (𝑎∞ − 𝑎𝑜) [ ] + 𝑎𝑜
𝛬𝑜 − 𝛬∞
𝑎𝑜 − 𝑎1
𝑋𝑎 =
𝑎𝑜
ERRORS
1. There may be error for not operating stirrer properly during the reaction.
2. There may be error for not taking correct amount of reactants.
3. There may be error during calibration of peristatic pump.
IDEAL RESULTS PLOTS
4
conductivity(ms/cm)
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time (minutes)

28
350
conversion(mole/dm3) conversion vs
300 time
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100150200250300
time (sec)
Possible Questions
What will be effect of concentration on the rate of reaction if we increase the speed of Agetator?.
If we do not use Agetator then what will be change in conversion of all these reactors?.
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……
29
EXPERIMENT 4
To find the reaction rate constant in a continuous stirred tank reactor at the room
temperature.
Theory
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

Is a well-mixed vessel that operates at steady-state (Qin=Qout=Q). The main assumption in this
case is that the concentration of the incoming fluid will become instantaneously equal to the
outgoing upon entering the vessel.
Characteristics of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR):
1. The flow through the vessel both input and out streams, is continuous but not necessary at
a constant rate.
2. The system mass inside each vessel is not necessary fixed.
6. The operation of the reactor may be steady state or unsteady-state.
7. The fluid properties are uniform in composition, temperature anywhere in the vessel
because of the efficient and vigorous stirring
REACTION:
a-X a-X X X
30
𝑿
𝒌. 𝒕 = −
𝒂(𝒂 − 𝑿)
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
APPARATUS:
 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

 Stop Watch
 Beaker
CHEMICALS:
 Sodium Hydoxide
 Ethyl Acetate
 Water
PROCEDURE:
 Run the peristaltic pump in order to flow the sodium hyroxide solution and ethyl acetate
solution into the reactor.
 Repeat all steps for temperatures 30°C, 35°C, 40°C and 45°C.
31
conversion.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not change the rpm of pump before achieving the steady state condition.
2. Do not change the concentration of the reactants in the vessel before achiveing steady state
3. Do not touch the chemicals while making solutions
ERRORS
1. There may be error during calibration of the pump.

2. There may be some un reacted reactants which will effect on the conductivity of our
product.
Record the conductivity of the contents of the reactor over the period of the reaction, the
conductivity measurements must now be translated into degree of conversion of the constituents.
Enter the following known constants
Fa=
Fb=
aμ=
bμ=
cμ=
T=
V=
Calculate the following values.
32
𝐹𝑎
𝑎𝑜 = .a
𝐹𝑎 + 𝐹𝑏 μ
𝐹𝑎
𝑏𝑜 = .b
Covert the readings of conductivity into concentrations
𝛬𝑜 − 𝛬1
𝑎1 = (𝑎∞ − 𝑎𝑜) [ ] + 𝑎𝑜
𝛬𝑜 − 𝛬1
𝑐1 = 𝑐∞ [ ]
a1 is value of sodium hydroxide concentration and c1 is sodium acetate concentrtaion and
degree of conversion are Xa and Xc.
𝑎𝑜 − 𝑎1
𝑋𝑎 =
𝑎𝑜
𝑐1
𝑋𝑐 =
𝑐∞
(𝐹𝑎+𝐹𝑏) 𝑎𝑜−𝑎1
To calulate specific rate constant k: 𝑘=( ).( )
𝑉 𝑎12
IDEAL RESULT PLOTS
4.5
4
conductivity(ms/cm)
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time (minutes)

33
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
1. Is the conversion will be same in all these reactors with and without stirring effec at
constant temperature ?.
2. It is possible to use one Plug flow reactor in place of three CSTR to achieve same
conversion at variation in the temperature ?.
3. What is the order of conductivity in case of gases,liquids and sloids.
Conclusion
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
34
EXPERIMENT 5
To find the reaction rate constant in a continuous stirred tank reactor and study the
concentration effect on rate of reaction.
THEORY

1. The flow through the vessel(s), both input and out streams, is continuous but not
necessary at a constant rate.
35
REACTION:
a-X a-X X X
𝑿
𝒌. 𝒕 = −
𝒂(𝒂 − 𝑿)
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
APPARATUS:

 Stop Watch
 Beaker
CHEMICALS:
 Sodium Hydoxide
 Ethyl Acetate
 Water
PROCEDURE: Concentration Effect
36
 Run the perstaltic pump in order to flow the sodium hyroxide solution and ethyl acetate
 Repeat all steps for concentrations 1.0 M, 0.02 M, 2.0 M and 1.5 M.
conversion.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not touch the chemicals while pouring them into the beakers
2. Do not not adjust the rpm of the pump before steady state has been achieved.
3. Do not start and then stop stirrer during the reaction completion.
ERRORS
1. There may be error for solution concentration it may be different concentration than
required.
2. There may be error of calibrating of pump.
3. There may be error in conductivity cell readings.
37
Fa=
Fb=
aμ=
bμ=
cμ=
T=
V=
𝐹𝑎
𝑎𝑜 = .a
𝐹𝑎
𝑏𝑜 = .b
𝛬𝑜 − 𝛬1
𝑎1 = (𝑎∞ − 𝑎𝑜) [ ] + 𝑎𝑜
𝛬𝑜 − 𝛬1
𝑐1 = 𝑐∞ [ ]
𝑎𝑜 − 𝑎1
𝑋𝑎 =
𝑎𝑜
𝑐1
𝑋𝑐 =
𝑐∞
𝑉 𝑎12
38
IDEAL RESULT PLOTS
45
40
time vs 1/ca
35
1/CA(mole /dm3)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 35
time/mint
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
1. What will be effect of concentration on the rate of reaction if we increase the speed of
Agitator?.
2. If we do not use Agitator then what will be change in conversion of all these reactor?.
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………
39
EXPERIMENT 6
To find the reaction rate constant in a continuous stirred tank reactor and study the stirrer
effect on rate of reaction.
THEORY
Role of mixing in chemical reactions :

Chemical reactions are often accompanied by mixing. Whether they are combined in a small
flask that is swirled by hand or in a hundred-gallon mechanically-stirred vessel, reactants
generally undergo reaction faster or more completely when mixed properly. Mixing can
influence not just reaction rate but also product distribution if more than one product is possible.
At the laboratory scale, the competition between reaction and mixing are not always readily seen.
Mixing effects become more critical in industrial reactions where the rates of reaction, mixing and
heat transfer approach one another
REACTION:
a-X a-X X X
𝑿
𝒌. 𝒕 = −
𝒂(𝒂 − 𝑿)
40
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
APPARATUS:

 Stop Watch
 Beaker
CHEMICALS:
 Sodium Hydoxide
 Ethyl Acetate
 Water
PROCEDURE: Stirrer Effect
 Make 1 liter batches of 0.05 M of sodium hydroxide and 0.05 M ethyl acetate.
 Set the agitator speed controller to 7.0 rpm.
 Switch on both feed pumps and the agitator motor, and begin taking readings.
 Repeat all steps for agitator speed controller to 14 rpm, 21 rpm, 28 rpm and 34 rpm.
41
conversion.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not vary rpm of the agitator in a single time.

2. Do not on off agitator before completion of the reaction.
3. Do not start agitator before the reactants have been reached in the reactor.
4. Take care of yourself while washing the reactor after the completion of reaction.
ERROR
1. There may be error for taking redaings during the runing position of the agitator.
2. There may be problem in the conductivity after consective readings have been taken.
Fa=
Fb=
aμ=
bμ=
cμ=
T=
V=
𝐹𝑎
𝑎𝑜 = .a
42
𝐹𝑎
𝑏𝑜 = .b
𝛬𝑜 − 𝛬1
𝑎1 = (𝑎∞ − 𝑎𝑜) [ ] + 𝑎𝑜
𝛬𝑜 − 𝛬1
𝑐1 = 𝑐∞ [ ]
𝑎𝑜 − 𝑎1
𝑋𝑎 =
𝑎𝑜
𝑐1
𝑋𝑐 =
𝑐∞
𝑉 𝑎12
IDEAL RESULTS PLOTS
45
40
time vs 1/ca
35
1/CA (mole/dm3)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 35
time/mint
43
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS:
1. How the conductivity varies with the speed of agitator?.

2. Is the conversin achieved is same in series of three reactor?.
3. What is molar solution ?.
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………
44
45
EXPERIMENT 7
To find the reaction rate constant in a continuous stirred tank reactor and study the effect
of flowrate on rate of reaction.
THEORY

1. The flow through the vessel both input and out streams, is continuous but not necessary at
a constant rate.
REACTION:
a-X a-X X X
46
𝑿
𝒌. 𝒕 = −
𝒂(𝒂 − 𝑿)
APPARATUS:

 Stop Watch
 Beaker
CHEMICALS:
 Sodium Hydoxide
 Ethyl Acetate
 Water
PROCEDURE:Effect of Flowrate
 Make 1 liter batches of 0.05 M of sodium hydroxide and 0.05 M ethyl acetate in the beaker.
 The experimental procedure is same with the exception that flow rates can be varied to
change the residence time of the reactants.
47
 Calulate the degree of conversion of the reactants at steady state using the conductivity
readings for different values of Fa and Fb.
conversion.
PRECAUTIONS
4. Do not touch the chemicals while pouring them into the beakers
5. Do not not adjust the rpm of the pump before steady state has been achieved.
6. Do not start and then stop stirrer during the reaction completion.
ERRORS
4. There may be error for solution concentration it may be different concentration than
required.
5. There may be error of calibrating of pump.
6. There may be error in conductivity cell readings.
Fa=
Fb=
aμ=
bμ=
48
cμ=
T=
V=
𝐹𝑎
𝑎𝑜 = .a
𝐹𝑎
𝑏𝑜 = .b
𝛬𝑜 − 𝛬1
𝑎1 = (𝑎∞ − 𝑎𝑜) [ ] + 𝑎𝑜
𝛬𝑜 − 𝛬1
𝑐1 = 𝑐∞ [ ]
𝑎𝑜 − 𝑎1
𝑋𝑎 =
𝑎𝑜
𝑐1
𝑋𝑐 =
𝑐∞
𝑉 𝑎12
IDEAL RESULTS PLOT
49
conversion vs time
1
0.8
conversion
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
time /mint
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
1. What will be the effect of agitator speed on the conversion of reaction ?.

2. What is effect of pump rpm on the conductivity values?.
3. What is effect of stirring on the rate of reaction?.
Conclusion
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
50
EXPERIMENT 8
To find the reaction rate constant in a tubular reactor and study the temperature effect on
rate of reaction.
THOERY
Batch Reactors
Batch reactors are used for most of the reactions carried out in a laboratory as well as in the
industry. The reactants are placed in a test-tube, flask or beaker. They are mixed together, often
heated for the reaction to take place and are then cooled. The products are taken out and, if
necessary, purified carefully. This procedure is also carried out in industry, the key difference
being one of size of reactor and the quantities of reactants.
Problems of batch reactor
During loading and after unloading some concentration of the reactants as well as product may
remain in the reactor which may cause following problem.
1. It may reduce next product batch purity.
2. It may cause the wastage of chemicals to clean the previous batch.
3. It may cause the fouling on the internal part of the reactor.
REACTION:
a-X a-X X X
𝑿
𝒌. 𝒕 = −
𝒂(𝒂 − 𝑿)
APPARATUS:
51
Figure 14 Plug flow reactor
 Tubular Reactor
 Stop Watch
 Beaker
CHEMICALS:
 Sodium Hydoxide
 Ethyl Acetate
 Water
PROCEDURE: Temperature Effect
 Make 1 liter batches of 0.05 M of sodium hydroxide and 0.05 M ethyl acetate in the beaker.
52
 Repeat all steps for temperatures 20°C, 30°C, 40°C and 50°C.
conversion.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not vary rpm of the agitator in a single time.

2. Do not on off agitator before completion of the reaction.
3. Do not start agitator before the reactants have been reached in the reactor.
4. Take care of yourself while washing the reactor after the completion of reaction.
ERROR
There may be error for taking redaings during the runing position of the agitator.
There may be problem in the conductivity after consective readings have been taken.
Enter the following known constants from the experiment:
Fa=
Fb=
aμ=
bμ=
cμ=
53
T=
V=
Calculate the following values
𝐹𝑎
𝑎𝑜 = .a
𝐹𝑎
𝑏𝑜 = .b
𝛬𝑜 − 𝛬1
𝑎1 = (𝑎∞ − 𝑎𝑜) [ ] + 𝑎𝑜
𝛬𝑜 − 𝛬1
𝑐1 = 𝑐∞ [ ]
𝑎𝑜 − 𝑎1
𝑋𝑎 =
𝑎𝑜
𝑐1
𝑋𝑐 =
𝑐∞
(𝐹𝑎+𝐹𝑏) 𝑎𝑜−𝑎1 1
To calulate specific rate constant k: 𝑘=( ).( ) . 1000∗60
𝑉 𝑎12
54
IDEAL RESULTS PLOTS
10
conversion vs time
8
Xa/1-Xa
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
time(mint)
Conclusion
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.
55
EXPERIMENT 10
To find the reaction rate constant in a tubular reactor and study the effect of flowrate on
rate of reaction.
THEORY
PLUG FLOW REACTOR
Plug Flow Reactors (PFR) are defined to be flow reactors characterized by the absence of mixing
in the direction of flow and absence of variation normal to the direction of flow.
Characteristics of Plug Flow Reactors(PFR)
1. The flow through the vessel(s), both input and out streams, is continuous but not necessary
at a constant rate.
3. The density of the flowing system may vary in the direction of flow.
4. There is no axial mixing of fluid inside the reactor, composition changes along the flow
direction.
5. There is complete radial mixing of fluid inside the reactor; uniform fluid properties along
the direction normal to flow direction.
6. The energy may vary as reaction proceeds; heat exchanger may be provided to control
temperature.
REACTION:
56
a-X a-X X X
𝑿
𝒌. 𝒕 = −
𝒂(𝒂 − 𝑿)
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
APPARATUS:
 Tubular Reactor
 Stop Watch
 Beaker
CHEMICALS:
 Sodium Hydoxide
 Ethyl Acetate
 Water
PROCEDURE:Effect of Flowrate
 Make up 1 litre batches of 0.05 M of sodium hydroxide and 0.05 M ethyl acetate to 10°C.
57
 The experimental procedure is same with the exception that flow rates can be varied to
change the residence time of the reactants.
 Calulate the degree of conversion of the reactants at steady state using the conductivity
readings for different values of Fa and Fb.
conversion.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not change the rpm of pump before achieving the steady state condition.
2. Do not change the concentration of the reactants in the vessel before achiveing steady state
3. Do not touch the chemicals while making solutions
ERRORS
1. There may be error during calibration of the pump.

2. There may be some un reacted reactants which will effect on the conductivity of our
product.
Enter the following known constants from the experiment:
Fa=
Fb=
58
aμ=
bμ=
cμ=
T=
V=
Calculate the following values
𝐹𝑎
𝑎𝑜 = .a
𝐹𝑎
𝑏𝑜 = .b
𝛬𝑜 − 𝛬1
𝑎1 = (𝑎∞ − 𝑎𝑜) [ ] + 𝑎𝑜
𝛬𝑜 − 𝛬1
𝑐1 = 𝑐∞ [ ]
𝑎𝑜 − 𝑎1
𝑋𝑎 =
𝑎𝑜
𝑐1
𝑋𝑐 =
𝑐∞
(𝐹𝑎+𝐹𝑏) 𝑎𝑜−𝑎1 1
To calulate specific rate constant k: 𝑘=( ).( ) . 1000∗60
𝑉 𝑎12
59
IDEAL RESULTS PLOTS
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
1 If the reaction is endothermic then what will be the effect of by increasing flow rate on rate
constant?.
2 If the reaction is higher order then what will effect by increasing flow rate on the rate
constant?.
Conclusion
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
60
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
PRODUCT: CAUSTIC SODA PEARL Date of Issue: Dec 2015
1. IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND SUPPLIER
PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION:
Product Names: Supplier’s Product Code:
CAUSTIC SODA PEARL 2512
Other Names: Sodium hydroxide, Sodium hydrate, Lye
Recommended Use: General chemical
Formula:
Molecular formula H-Na-O
Structural formula NaOH
Chemical family Alkali hydroxide
Supplier: Formula Chemicals (N.S.W.) Pty Ltd
61
Address: 86 Hermitage Rd West Ryde NSW 2114
Telephone Number: (02) 9807 4266
Emergency Telephone: (02) 9807 4266 or Poisons Information Centre 131126
ACN: 001 129 406
2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE. DANGEROUS GOODS
Classified as hazardous according to the criteria of NOHSC.
Hazard Category: C Corrosive,
Risk phrases: R35 Causes severe burns, R41 Risk of serious damage to eyes
Safety phrases: S2 Keep out of reach of children. S26 In case of contact with eyes,
rinse immediately with plenty of water and contact a doctor or Poisons
Information Centre. S37/39 Wear suitable gloves and eye/face
protection.
SUSDP Classification: Schedule 6
ADG Classification: Class 8 Corrosive
3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
Synonyms: Caustic soda, Sodium hydrate, Lye
62
Appearance: White deliquescent solid in small bead form, absorbs water on exposure
to air.
Ingredients:
Chemical Name, CAS No Proportion Risk Phrases
Sodium hydroxide 1310- 95 - 100 % R35, R41
73-2
All the constituents of this material are listed on the Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS)
63
4. FIRST AID MEASURES
Poison Information Centres in each state can provide additional assistance for scheduled poisons. Phone
131126 from anywhere in Australia.
Ingestion:
Never give anything by mouth if victim is rapidly losing consciousness, or is unconscious or convulsing.
Rinse mouth thoroughly with water. Do NOT induce vomiting. If victim can swallow, have him/her
drink 250 to 300 mL of water to dilute material in stomach. If vomiting occurs naturally, have victim
lean forward to reduce risk of aspiration. Repeat administration of water. Obtain medical attention
immediately.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush the contaminated eye(s) with lukewarm, gently flowing water for 30 minutes, by the
clock, holding the eyelid(s) open. Take care not to rinse contaminated water into the non-affected eye.
If irritation persists, repeat flushing. If available, a neutral saline solution may be used to flush the
contaminated eye(s) an additional 30 minutes. Obtain medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
First aiders avoid direct contact with this chemical. As quickly as possible, flush contaminated area
with lukewarm, gently running water for at least 30 minutes, by the clock. Under running water, remove
contaminated clothing, shoes, and leather goods (e.g. watchbands, belts). If irritation persists, repeat
flushing. Obtain medical attention immediately. Completely decontaminate clothing, shoes and leather
goods before re-use or discard.
Inhalation:
Remove source of contamination or move victim to fresh air. Obtain medical advice immediately.
64
Other First Aid:
Provide general supportive measures (comfort, warmth, rest). Consult a physician and/or the nearest
Poison Information Centre for all exposures except minor instances of inhalation contact.
Notes to physician:
Treat symptomatically as for strong alkalis.
5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
Specific hazards:
Non-combustible material.
Fire fighting further advice:
Not combustible. Can react with some metals generating flammable hydrogen gas. Contact with some
organic chemicals can produce violent or explosive conditions. Reaction with water may generate
enough heat to ignite combustible material.
Suitable Extinguishing media:
Water fog (or if unavailable fine water mist or spray), foam, dry agent (carbon dioxide, dry chemical
powder).
65
6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
Small Spills: Wear personal protective equipment. Sweep up but avoid generating dust. Contain
solutions using sand or diatomaceous earth. Collect and seal in properly labeled drums. Wash remaining
area with large volumes of water.
Large Spills:
PRECAUTIONS Restrict access to area. Clear area of unprotected personnel. Provide adequate
protective equipment and ventilation. Remove chemicals which can react with the spilled material. Spills
of solutions containing material are slippery.
CLEANUP Contain spill or leak. Do not allow entry into sewers or waterways.
Neutralise the final traces and flush area with water. Spilled solutions should be contained by dyking
with inert material, such as sand or earth. Solutions can be recovered or carefully diluted with water
and cautiously neutralised with acids such as acetic acid or hydrochloric acid.
DISPOSAL Federal, state and local regulations should be reviewed prior to disposal. May be possible
to neutralise, dilute and flush the material into a sewer. May be possible to atomise dilute solutions in
an approved combustion chamber. Harmful to aquatic life in high concentrations.
7. HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING Avoid generating mist or spray. When diluting solution, add sodium hydroxide to water
in small amounts. Heat evolved when dissolving may cause boiling and spattering. Add to large
volumes of cold water only. Label containers. Keep containers closed when not in use. Empty containers
66
may contain residues which are hazardous. Use smallest possible amounts in designated areas with
adequate ventilation. Have emergency equipment (for fires, spills, leaks, etc.) readily available.
STORAGE CONDITIONS Materials that react violently with sodium hydroxide should not be stored
in the same area. Use corrosion-resistant structural materials and lighting and ventilation systems in the
storage area. Store in suitable labelled containers. Keep containers tightly closed when not in use and
when empty. Protect from damage. Containers made of nickel alloys are preferred. Steel containers are
acceptable if temperatures are not elevated. Storage tanks should be above ground and surrounded with
dykes capable of holding entire contents. Limit quantity of material in storage. Restrict access to storage
area. Post warning signs when appropriate. Keep storage area separate from populated work areas.
Inspect periodically for deficiencies such as damage or leaks.
Class 8 goods are not to be loaded with Classes 1, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 6*, 7, or foodstuffs or foodstuff empties.
* when Class 6 is a cyanide and Class 8 is an acid. Do not store or transport with strong acids.
8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION
Exposure Standards: TLV/TWA: 2 mg/m3, peak, NOHSC Australia.
Engineering Controls: Maintain concentration below recommended exposure limit.
Engineering control methods to reduce hazardous exposures are preferred. General methods include
mechanical ventilation, (dilution and general exhaust), process or personnel enclosure, control of
process conditions and process modification (e.g. substitution of a less hazardous material).
Administrative controls and personal protective equipment may be also required. Use a corrosion-
67
resistant ventilation system separate from other exhaust ventilation systems. Exhaust directly to the
outside. Use local exhaust ventilation, and process enclosure if necessary, to control airborne spray /
mists. Supply sufficient air to make up for air removed by exhaust systems.
Personal Protection:
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION : If engineering controls and work practices are not effective in
controlling exposure to this material, then wear suitable personal protective equipment including
approved respiratory protection.
Have appropriate equipment available for use in emergencies such as spills or fire. If respiratory
protection is required, institute a complete respiratory protection program including selection, fit testing,
training, maintenance and inspection.
CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR: UP TO 50 mg/m3: Powered air-purifying respirator with dust and mist
filter(s); or SAR operated in a continuous flow mode. UP TO 100 mg/m3: Full-face piece SCBA; or
full-face piece SAR; or full-face piece respirator with high-efficiency particulate filter(s). UP TO 250
mg/m3 Positive pressure, full-face piece SAR. EMERGENCY OR PLANNED ENTRY IN
UNKNOWN CONCENTRATION OR IDLH CONDITIONS: Positive pressure, full-face piece SCBA;
or positive pressure, full-face piece SAR with an auxiliary positive pressure SCBA. ESCAPE: Full-face
piece respirator with high-efficiency particulate filter(s); or escape-type SCBA. NOTE: The IDLH
concentration for sodium hydroxide is 250 mg/m3. NOTE: Substance causes eye irritation or damage;
eye protection needed.
ABBREVIATIONS: SAR = supplied-air respirator; SCBA = self-contained breathing apparatus. IDLH
= Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health.
68
NOTE: In these recommendations the IDLH concentration is defined as the maximum concentration
which would not cause any escape impairing symptoms or irreversible health effects to a person exposed
for 30 minutes if the respirator failed.
EYE/FACE PROTECTION Splash proof chemical safety goggles. A face shield may also be
necessary.
SKIN PROTECTION Impervious gloves, coveralls, boots and/or other resistant protective clothing.
Have a safety shower/eye-wash fountain readily available in the immediate work area.
RESISTANCE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: SODIUM HYDROXIDE: GOOD: Chlorinated
polyethylene (CPE), natural rubber, neoprene, nitrile/polyvinyl chloride (PVC), nitrile, polyethylene
(PE), PVC, polyurethane, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), Viton/chlorobutyl rubber, Silvershield,
SBR/neoprene FAIR/POOR: Butyl rubber
SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS, LESS THAN 30%: GOOD: PE, neoprene/natural rubber
SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS, 30-70%: VERY GOOD: Natural rubber, neoprene,
nitrile/PVC, nitrile, PE, PVC, Viton, Saranex GOOD: Butyl rubber, CPE, Viton/neoprene, butyl
rubber/neoprene, Teflon, natural rubber/neoprene/nitrile-butadiene rubber, SBR, neoprene/natural
rubber, neoprene/PVC FAIR/POOR: Polyvinyl alcohol, nonwoven PE
NOTE: Resistance of specific materials can vary from product to product. Evaluate resistance under
conditions of use and maintain clothing carefully.
PERSONAL PROTECTION COMMENTS Remove contaminated clothing promptly. Keep
contaminated clothing in closed containers. Discard or launder before rewearing. Inform laundry
personnel of contaminant's hazards. Do not eat, drink or smoke in work areas. Wash hands thoroughly
after handling this material. Maintain good housekeeping.
69
9. PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Appearance:
White deliquescent solid in small bead form
Odour threshold: Odourless
Specific Gravity: approx 1.1 - 1.5
Flash Point: Non-combustible (does not burn)
Flammability limits Non-flammable
pH: 12 (0.05% soln); 13 (1% soln); 14 (5% soln)
Solubility in water: Completely soluble
10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
INCOMPATIBILITY -MATERIALS TO AVOID:
STRONG ACIDS - may react violently.
METALS - reaction may produce flammable and explosive hydrogen gas.
ORGANOHALOGEN COMPOUNDS - may react to form spontaneously combustible compounds.
NITRO AND CHLORO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - may react explosively.
70
HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS None
HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION Does not occur
CORROSIVITY TO METALS Corrosive to aluminium, tin, zinc. Corrosive to steel at elevated
temperatures.
Fire/Explosion Hazard:
EXPLOSION DATA - SENSITIVITY TO MECHANICAL IMPACT Not applicable
EXPLOSION DATA - SENSITIVITY TO STATIC CHARGE Not applicable
FIRE HAZARD COMMENTS Sodium hydroxide and its solutions will not burn or support
combustion. However, reaction of sodium hydroxide with a number of commonly encountered materials
(see Chemical Reactivity) can generate sufficient heat to ignite nearby combustible materials.
FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS Use an extinguisher appropriate to the material which is burning
FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES Water can be used to extinguish a fire in an area where sodium
hydroxide is stored.
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS None
Fire fighters to wear full body protective clothing with breathing apparatus
11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Acute Effects:
Ingestion:
71
There are no reported cases of industrial workers ingesting sodium hydroxide or its solutions. Should
ingestion occur, severe pain; burning of the mouth, throat and oesophagus; vomiting; diarrhoea; collapse
and possible
death may result.
Eye contact:
Extremely corrosive. Can penetrate deeply causing irritation or severe burns depending on the
concentration and duration of exposure. In severe cases, ulceration and permanent blindness may occur.
Skin contact:
Extremely corrosive. Capable of causing severe burns with deep ulceration. Can penetrate to deeper
layers of skin. Corrosion will continue until removed. Severity depends on concentration and duration
of exposure. Burns are not immediately painful; onset of pain may be minutes to hours.
Inhalation:
Effects of inhaling sodium hydroxide mists have not been clearly established. Most references indicate
that irritation of the nose, throat and lungs would occur due to the corrosive nature of sodium hydroxide.
However, there are no actual reports of industrial workers exposed to sodium hydroxide experiencing
these symptoms.
Long term Effects:
HEALTH EFFECTS There have been no documented effects due to long-term exposure to
sodium hydroxide.
CARCINOGENICITY Sodium hydroxide has been implicated as a cause of cancer of the oesophagus
in individuals who have ingested it. The cancer may develop 12 to 42 years after the ingestion incident.
72
Similar cancers have been observed at the sites of severe thermal burns. These cancers may be due to
tissue destruction and scar formation rather than the sodium hydroxide itself. Not classed as a
carcinogen by Worksafe Australia.
TERATOGENICITY AND EMBRYOTOXICITY Insufficient information
TOXICOLOGICAL SYNERGISTIC MATERIALS Insufficient information
MUTAGENICITY Insufficient information
POTENTIAL FOR ACCUMULATION None
Toxicity Data:
ANIMAL TOXICITY DATA Lethal dose (rabbits, oral): 500 mg/kg. Irritant dose (rabbits, dermal):
500 mg/24 hours - severe skin irritant. Irritant dose (rabbits, ocular): 50 ug/24 hour - severe eye irritant.
More detailed information about the effects of chemicals on health can be obtained from NOHSC
Australia.
12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Avoid contaminating waterways.
13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
73
Refer to State Land Waste Management Authority. Decontaminate empty containers before disposal, by
triple rinsing with water, using rinse water in further processing or neutralize rinse water.
14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION
UN No: 1823
Proper Shipping Name: SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLID
Class: 8
Packing Group: 2
Hazchem Code: 2X
EPG 8A1
Segregation not to be loaded with Classes 1, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 6, 7, Class 8 strong acids or
Dangerous Goods foodstuffs or foodstuff empties.
15. REGULATORY INFORMATION
Classified as hazardous according to the criteria of NOHSC, Schedule 6 poison according to SUSDP, Class
8 according to ADG
R-phrases: R35, causes severe burns and R41, risk of serious damage to eyes.
74
S-phrases: S2, keep out of reach of children, S26, in case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with
plenty of water and seek medical advice, S37/39, wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection.
16. OTHER INFORMATION
References:
(1) National Code of Practice for the preparation of MSDS [NOHSC:2011(1999), (2) List of Designated
Hazardous Substances [NOHSC:10005:1999] (3) ADG Code 6th Edition (4) Orica Chemicals Sodium
Hydroxide MSDS issued Feb 2000
Contact Point: Quality Assurance Manager Tel (02) 9807 4266
DISCLAIMER: All information given in this data sheet and by the company's technical staff is compiled from the best information currently available to the company.
The company accepts no responsibility whatsoever for its accuracy or for any results which may be obtained by customers. Any customer who relies upon any advice
or information given in this data sheet by the company or by its technical staff does so entirely at its own risk, and the company will not be liable for any loss or damage
thereby suffered notwithstanding any want of care on the part of the company or its staff in compiling or giving the advice or information.
75

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CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING

Wah Engineering College

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

In case of emergency, report to the Instructor, in charge or doctor/ambulance/fire fighter

Lab Assessment Rubrics

Lab Engineer: ----------------------------- Lab Incharge: -------------------------------

aµ sodium hydroxide conc. in feed vessel (mol/ dm3)

Figure 1 Batch Reactor

Problems of Batch reactor

Figure 2 Batch Reactor

Observations & Calculations.

Observation Time(mint) RPM Flow rate(ml/min)

IDEAR RESULT PLOT

Figure no.3 product flow rate vs Pump rpm

speed causes more product out from the reactor. ……………………………………………

Characteristics of Batch Reactors

1. Each batch is a closed system.

2. The total mass of each batch is fixed.

3. The volume or density of each batch may vary as reaction proceeds.

Figure 4 Stirrer Batch reactor

1) Do not switch of the stirrer during the reaction.

Observations & Calculations.

Observation time(min) Conversion(X)

IDEAL RESULTS PLOT

Figure 5 conversion vs time

Figure 6 conductivity vs time

Figure 7 concentration vs time

1. Can we use condutivity meter as the reaction proceed?.

Role of mixing in chemical reactions

combined in a small flask that is swirled by hand or in a hundred-gallon mechanically-stirred

Where k is the reaction rate constant and t is the time of reaction.

Figure 7 Plug Flow Reactor

Observations & Calculations.

Observation time(min) Conversion(X)

IDEAL RESULTS PLOTS

Figure 8 conductivity vs time

Figure 9 conversion vs time

Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

Where k is the reaction rate constant and t is the time of reaction.

 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

1. There may be error during calibration of the pump.

Enter the following known constants

Calculate the following values.

Covert the readings of conductivity into concentrations

IDEAL RESULT PLOTS

Figure 10 conductivity vs time

Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

Where k is the reaction rate constant and t is the time of reaction.

 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

PROCEDURE: Concentration Effect

Calculate the following values.

Covert the readings of conductivity into concentrations

Figure 11 concentration vs time

Role of mixing in chemical reactions :

Where k is the reaction rate constant and t is the time of reaction.

 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

PROCEDURE: Stirrer Effect

1. Do not vary rpm of the agitator in a single time.

Enter the following known constants

Calculate the following values.

Covert the readings of conductivity into concentrations

IDEAL RESULTS PLOTS

Figure 12 concentration vs time