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Article history: In this study, energy and exergy analyses of a biogas driven multigeneration system is conducted for
Received 18 April 2018 performance assessment and evaluation. In this regard, the multigeneration system with a biomass
Received in revised form digestion process is developed for this purpose. Multigeneration system consists of different subsystems,
28 September 2018
such as two-stage biomass digester, open-type Brayton cycle, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), single-effect
Accepted 15 October 2018
Available online 16 October 2018
absorption chiller, heat recovery, water separation unit. This multigeneration system aims to generate
electrical power for at least 300 houses, heating power for five greenhouses, cooling power and product
water from flue gas for agricultural consumption in greenhouses. The results indicate that the overall
Keywords:
Biogas
energy efficiencies of the proposed system is 72.5% with 1078 kW electrical, 198 kW heating, and
Multigeneration 87.54 kW cooling power, and daily around 40 kg water production. However, the maximum exergy ef-
Organic Rankine Cycle ficiency of the multigeneration system is obtained as 30.44%, with 65% of the highest exergy destruction
Energy rate in combustion chamber.
Exergy Crown Copyright © 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Efficiency
1. Introduction Fig. 1.
Biogas is a gas mixture, which consists of various contents of
The energy demand of the world population increases dramat- methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, water
ically due to fast-developing technology in recent years. There is no vapor, ammonia and low concentration of hydrocarbons, based on
doubt that the impact of these constantly increasing technological chemical properties of biomass source and biogas production
developments on our planet is more than ever before. Therefore, method. Out of methane, other gasses are considered as biogas
clean and effective production of energy has a significant role to pollutant, which is not wanted in the chemical content of biogas.
supply energy demand of the world by more environmentally When CO2 and N2 contents increase, the lower heating value (LHV)
friendly methods. Thus, energy production methods, fuels types of biogas, which has the highly significant effect on energy and
and clean fuel production processes are important and need to be exergy efficiencies of the system, decreases corresponding to biogas
further investigated. In this case, energy production from biogas is pollutant content of biogas. Because of this reason, some biogas
emerged because of its multi-directional consumption. As a upgrading methods are developed in the literature to remove
renewable energy source, biogas can be produced from various biogas pollutant content of the gas, which increases LHV of the fuel.
resources, such as animal, agricultural and organic wastes. Mean- Fig. 2 demonstrates biogas-upgrading methods where chemical
while, digestate that is a product of biogas digestion process is scrubber, membrane, and water scrubber methods have the highest
enabled to be used as fertilizer in agriculture. Furthermore, the percentage, respectively.
impact of the biogas on the environment is less than any other fossil There are some advantages of biogas consumption, which make
fuels, which makes biogas one of the cleanest and most effective it able to be used in many different application areas. Biogas is a gas
energy sources. In conjunction with this, the distribution of that can be produced when it is required and easily to be stored [1].
renewable energy sources for power generation are presented in On the other hand, it can be easily consumed as a fuel for cooking
and transportation [2]. Biogas and bio-methane consumption in
transportation can decrease greenhouse gas emissions by 60e80%
in comparison to gasoline [3]. However, biogas consumption may
* Corresponding author. decrease nitrogen oxide emissions as well [4]. Depending on this
E-mail address: eren.sevinchan@uoit.net (E. Sevinchan).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.085
0360-5442/Crown Copyright © 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
716 E. Sevinchan et al. / Energy 166 (2019) 715e723
stage biogas production is preferred to enhance the quality of the passes through generator of the absorption chiller to supply suffi-
produced biogas in the system. As a feature of two-stage biomass cient energy input to produce cooling power. After that, ORC is
digestion systems, the first three steps of biogas production, which operated with exhaust air to generate secondary electrical power
are hydrolysis, acidogenesis and acetogenesis, take place in the first generation of the system, which is lower than the electricity pro-
digester; while the last step, methanogenesis, occurs in the second duction in Brayton Cycle. After the condenser of ORC, superheated
digester. n-octane, which is the working fluid of the ORC, is used for gas pre-
After biomass digestion, biogas passes through a gas pre-heater heater process of the biogas. Greenhouse heating process takes
to improve combustion quality in the combustion chamber. The place after ORC to supply heating power for five greenhouses to
heated biogas comes to combustion chamber to be mixed with keep their temperature around 29 C. As a final process, the vapor
amount of compressed air, which depends on air-fuel ratio of water content of the exhaust air has been taken by a water sepa-
biogas. After the combustion process, exhaust air operates a turbine rator to produce as high as possible amount of water for agricultural
to demand primary electricity generation of the system. Biomass usage.
digester units are heated by the exhausted gas after the turbine System has been developed to supply electrical energy demand
process to keep them around 35 C. Single effect absorption chiller of at least 300 houses, heating power for 5 greenhouses, and pro-
takes place after biomass digester heating process. Exhausted air vide cooling power and produce water for agricultural purposes.
Agricultural
Manure Tank
1 Waste Tank
Process Line
2 3 Digester 4 Biogas Line
Mixer Digester with Gas
Water Line
Holder
32 31
Generator
Electrical
Digestate 33 34 Power
Storage Tank Gas pre-heater
30
Combustion
Chamber 35 36
5
29 Greenhouse
7
8 37
Generator
Turbine Compressor
38
Electrical Water Separator
Power
39
9 6
10
Heat Recovery
11
12
14 13
Condenser Generator
15
25 26
16 Solution Heat
Exchanger
Refrigerant Expansion 27
24
Valve Solution Solution Expansion Valve
Pump
17 23 28
21
Evaporator 20
22
18 19 Absorber
where m_ bio is mass flow rate of the biogas and LHV defines lower
3.1. Energy analysis heating value, which is 17.52 MJ. Cogeneration energy efficiency of
heating is defined as
Energy analysis is conducted for cogeneration heating, cogene-
ration cooling, trigeneration and multigeneration systems. The net W_ net þ Q_
hen;coh ¼ h
(5)
power of the cogeneration heating, cogeneration cooling, and tri- Q_ in
generation systems is defined as
_ net ¼ W_ e;B þ W_ _ _ where en, coh is heating cogeneration energy efficiency, Q_ h is heat
W e;ORC W comp W pumps (2) power that produced for greenhouse heating process, which is
defined as
where W _ is the power and the subscripts eB, eORC, comp, pumps,
ws indicate electricity generation of Brayton Cycle, electricity Q_ h ¼ m_ 26 h26 m_ 27 h27 (6)
generation of ORC, compressor, pumps and water separator,
respectively. On the other hand, cogeneration energy efficiency for cooling is
The net electrical power generation of the Brayton cycle is estimated as
defined as
W_ net þ Q_ c
hen;coc ¼ (7)
Q_ in
Table 2
Input data of multigeneration system.
where en, coc is cooling cogeneration energy efficiency, Q_ c is
Brayton Cycle
cooling power that produced by the system, which is defined as
Mass flow rate (kg/s) 3.256
Generator efficiency (%) 90 Q_ c ¼ m_ 13 h13 m_ 12 h12 (8)
Compression ratio 3
Turbine inlet pressure (kPa) 304 Trigeneration energy efficiency is also defined as Equation (9),
Combustion Chamber efficiency (%) 80
where heating, cooling and electricity generation are products of
Organic Rankine Cycle
Mass flow rate (kg/s) 3 the system.
ORC pump efficiency (%) 80
ORC turbine efficiency (%) 80 W_ net þ Q_ þ Q_
hen;tri ¼ h c
(9)
Q_
ORC generator efficiency (%) 90
Single-effect Absorption Chiller in
habs (kW/K) 75
Net power output of multigeneration is defined as W_ net;m , which
hcon (kW/K) 80
hgen (kW/K) 70 can be found by Equation (10).
heva (kW/K) 95
_ net;m ¼ W_ e;B þ W_ _ _ _
e;ORC W comp W pumps W ws
Two-Stages Digester W (10)
Temperature of the first digester ( C) 38
Temperature of the second digester ( C) 35 Finally, multigeneration energy efficiency is indicated as Equa-
Heating load (kW) 66
tion (11), where electricity generation, heating, cooling and water
Gas yield (Nm3/kgdb) 0.73
Greenhouse production are products of the system.
Length (m) 20
Height (m) 5 W_ net;m þ Q_ þ Q_ c
hen;multi ¼ h
(11)
Q_
Width (m) 10
Temperature ( C) 30 in
Number of greenhouses 5
E. Sevinchan et al. / Energy 166 (2019) 715e723 719
Table 4 of houses that can provide from the generated electrical energy in
Thermodynamic properties of each state points. the system is studied corresponding to the net power output of the
State Point (kJ⁄kg) (kg⁄s) P (kPa) T (K) (kJ/kg) multigeneration system. As it is discussed before, daily electrical
4 10.85 0.1896 101.3 304.5 1722
energy need of a house is estimated as 105 GJ in Canada, according
5 21.11 0.1896 303.9 313 1722 to Statistic Canada [20]. Therefore, the ratio of electrical power
6 298.2 3.067 101.3 298 0 output and daily energy need of a house provides the number of the
7 338 3.067 304 337.8 96.39 houses that can access sufficient amount of daily electrical power
8 1168 3.256 304 1106 573.2
from the system, which increases from 300 to 420 houses.
9 895.4 3.256 101.3 866.1 266
10 2644 0.57 37 353 2194
11 104.2 0.57 37 298 0.59 4.2. Effect of ambient temperature
12 875.2 3.256 101.3 847.8 252.8
13 2618 0.037 5.4 336.5 78.27
The ambient temperature is another parameter that effects
14 104.2 0.55 37 298 0.49
15 263.1 0.55 37 336 253.1
performance of the system both energetically and exergetically.
16 144 0.037 5.4 307.5 0.508 When the ambient temperature increases between 288 K and
17 144 0.037 0.87 278.2 6 303 K, ambient air enters the compressor with a high temperature
18 104.2 1.056 37 298 0.49 and enthalpy, which also affects the turbine inlet temperature.
19 21.1 1.056 37 278.16 85.95
Depending on this temperature change in the system, net electrical
20 2510 0.037 0.87 278.2 176
21 104.2 0.94 37 298 0.49 power energy of the system slightly increases from 1048 kW to
22 263.1 0.94 37 336 2531 1093 kW. The change of the net electrical power output is not a
23 67.3 0.117 0.87 303.4 11.1 significant difference for the system; however, it has a significant
24 67.3 0.117 5.4 303.4 11.1 impact on heating power output. In the multigeneration system,
25 128.3 0.117 5.4 332.2 71.81
26 244.5 0.1 5.4 365 117.3
heating output of the system is used for space heating of five
27 168.5 0.1 5.4 321.9 41.64 greenhouses. Since greenhouses should be kept at a specific tem-
28 168.5 0.1 0.87 329 41.6 perature depending on the best temperature for plants in the
29 835.9 3.256 101.3 812.3 227.7 greenhouse, heating power output of the multigeneration system
30 708.4 3 2000 549 209.5
decreases when the ambient temperature reaches greenhouse
31 623.6 3 37.5 432.3 112
32 104.2 4.55 37 298 0.49 temperature, which is around 29 C. Therefore, heating power
33 2688 4.55 37 365 2214 output of the multigeneration system declines from 455 kW to
34 198.8 3 37.5 365 20.32 69.46 kW, while ambient temperature varies between 288 K and
35 157.5 3 37.5 365 15.65 303 K.
36 161.3 3 2000 365.9 18.84
37 432.7 3.256 101.3 431 23.32
From energy efficiency point of view, it can be seen that the
38 368.8 3.256 101.3 368 7.185 energy efficiency of cooling cogeneration system and the system
39 374 3.256 101.3 373.1 8.207 with only electrical power generation increases from 41.63% to
43.27% and from 38.47% to 40.11%, respectively. The effect of the
cooling load and the decrease of the heating power output are main
of the biggest impact on the performance of the system. The in- reasons for this energy efficiency variation corresponding to
crease of the biomass input causes more production of daily biogas. change in ambient temperature. When the amount of required heat
Depending on this change in biogas flow rate, mass flow rate of that produced by the system for heating applications decrease, the
system increases as well because of air-fuel ratio of the biogas, as energy efficiency of the system decrease too, which means less
long as mass flow rate of the system is not fixed to a specific energy output from the system and less energy efficiency. This
number or not stored for a further consumption. situation can be clearly seen for energy efficiencies of heating
According to Fig. 4, it is clear to see that increase of the daily cogeneration, trigeneration, and multigeneration.
biomass input goes up from 100000 kg to 150000 kg, while net The variation of the ambient temperature has also an impact on
electrical power output of the system increases between 1000 kW exergy efficiency of the system. Fig. 5 indicates that exergy effi-
and 1394 kW. On the left side of the graph, increase of the number ciency of the system slightly increases around 1% for all systems
depending on their useful products, such as heating-cooling
cogeneration, trigeneration and multigeneration. However, the ef-
fect of the change in ambient temperature on exergy efficiencies
comes from the definition of the exergy rate of the heating and
cooling power outputs. As it is showed in Equation (17), exergy rate
of heat power has linear relation with the ratio of ambient and
surface temperature. When ambient temperature increases, exergy
rate of heating and cooling power outputs of the system increases
too, which is a reason of 1% increment in exergy efficiency of
cooling-heating cogeneration, trigeneration and multigeneration
systems.
Fig. 7. Effect of compression ratio on exergy efficiency and net electrical power output.
Fig. 5. Effect of ambient temperature on energy and exergy efficiencies, net electrical where the exergy efficiency and the net electrical power output of
power and heating power output. the system increase. As it is discussed before, the exergy efficiency
of the trigeneration is higher than the multigeneration system
because of the additional electrical work input of the water sepa-
rator. The exergy efficiency of the multigeneration system increases
between 30.44% and 48.23%, while total electrical energy that
generated by the multigeneration system varies from 1078 kW to
1704 kW.
The mass flow rate of the system can be defined based on biogas
production of the system, since biogas has an air-fuel ratio that
determines the mass flow rate. In this analysis, the mass flow rate of
the biogas is changed to see the change in mass flow rate of the
system and its effects on cogeneration heating, cogeneration
cooling, electricity generation, trigeneration and multigeneration
efficiencies. According to results, the mass flow rate of the biogas
increases from 0.18 kg/s to 2.1 kg/s, which causes to increase of the
Fig. 6. Effect of compression ratio on energy efficiency and net electrical power output.
mass flow rate of the system between 3.86 kg/s and 5.78 kg/s. Fig. 8
indicates that energy efficiency of the multigeneration system de-
depending on the compression ratio in Fig. 6. creases from 50.03% to 48.89%, because of the decrease of the net
On the other hand, energy efficiency of the system increases to power output of the system, which changes between 1099 kW and
because of this change in net electrical power output of the system. 1068 kW.
Since trigeneration and multigeneration systems have more useful On the other hand, energy efficiency of the trigeneration
outputs than other systems, their ratio of useful output and the concept of the same system again decreases from 50.65% to 49.51%.
heat input of the system is higher than cogeneration. Therefore,
their energy efficiency are higher than other three system types. It
can be seen that the energy efficiency of the trigeneration system is
higher than multigeneration system because of the additional work
input of the multigeneration system. Multigeneration system has
more useful outputs than other systems but its required energy is
higher than others, which keeps its energy efficiency lower than
other systems. However, the maximum energy efficiency, which is
69.34%, can be seen for trigeneration system when the compression
ratio is 8, while the system with only electricity generation has the
lowest energy efficiency, 39.56%, with compression ratio of 3.
From exergy efficiency point of view, Fig. 7 shows the variation
of exergy efficiencies corresponding to change in compression ra-
tio. There is no doubt that exergy efficiency of the system increases
because of the increase of the compression ratio from 3 to 8.
Depending on the compression ratio, pressure and temperature of
compressed air varies. High compression ratio means the inlet air
with higher temperature and pressure, which increases the per- Fig. 8. Effect of mass flow rate of the system on energy efficiencies and net power
formance of the system. This situation can be clearly seen in Fig. 7, output.
722 E. Sevinchan et al. / Energy 166 (2019) 715e723
5. Conclusions
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