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Table of Contents - IR
I. Hydrocarbons
II. Halogenated Hydrocarbons
III. Nitrogen Containing Compounds
IV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)
V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O And P(=O)-O)
VI. Sulfur Containing Compounds
VII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)
VIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double Bonds
I. Hydrocarbons
A. Saturated Hydrocarbons
1. Normal Alkanes
2. Branched Alkanes
3. Cyclic Alkanes
B. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
1. Acyclic Alkenes
2. Cyclic Alkenes
3. Alkynes
C. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1. Monocyclic (Benzenes)
2. Polycyclic
II. Halogenated Hydrocarbons
A. Fluorinated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
B. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic
2. Olefinic
3. Aromatic
C. Brominated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic
2. Olefinic
3. Aromatic
D. Iodinated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic and Olefinic
2. Aromatic
III. Nitrogen Containing Compounds
A. Amines
1. Primary
a. Aliphatic and Olefinic
b. Aromatic
2. Secondary
a. Aliphatic and Olefinic
b. Aromatic
3. Tertiary
a. Aliphatic and Olefinic
b. Aromatic
B. Pyridines
C. Quinolines
D. Miscellaneous Nitrogen Heteroaromatics
E. Hydrazines
F. Amine Salts
G. Oximes (-CH=N-OH)
H. Hydrazones (-CH=N-NH2)
I. Azines (-CH=N-N=CH-)
J. Amidines (-N=CH-N)
K. Hydroxamic Acids
L. Azo Compounds (-N=N-)
M. Triazenes (-N=N-NH-)
N. Isocyanates (-N=C=O)
O. Carbodiimides (-N=C=N-)
P. Isothiocyanates (-N=C=S)
Q. Nitriles (-C≡N)
1. Aliphatic
2. Olefinic
3. Aromatic
R. Cyanamides (=N-C≡N)
S. Thiocyanates (-S-C≡N)
T. Nitroso Compounds (-N=O)
U. N-Nitroso Compounds (=N-N=O)
V. Nitrites (-O-N=O)
W. Nitro Compounds (-NO2)
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
X. N-Nitro-Compounds (=N-NO2)
IV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)
V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O and P(=O)-O)
VI. Sulfur Containing Compounds
A. Sulfides (R-S-R)
1. Aliphatic
2. Heterocyclic
3. Aromatic
B. Disulfides (R-S-S-R)
C. Thiols
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
D. Sulfoxides (R-S(=O)-R)
E. Sulfones (R-SO2-R)
F. Sulfonyl Halides (R-SO2-X)
G. Sulfonic Acids (R-SO2-OH)
1. Sulfonic Acid Salts (R-SO2-O-M)
2. Sulfonic Acid Esters (R-SO2-O-R)
3. Sulfuric Acid Esters (R-O-S(=O)-O-R)
H. Thioamides (R-C(=S)-NH2)
I. Thioureas (R-NH-C(=S)-NH2)
J. Sulfonamides (R-SO2-NH2)
K. Sulfamides (R-NH-SO2-NH-R)
VII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)
A. Ethers
1. Aliphatic Ethers (R-O-R)
2. Acetals (R-CH-(-O-R)2)
3. Alicyclic Ethers
4. Aromatic Ethers
5. Furans
6. Silicon Ethers (R3-Si-O-R)
7. Phosphorus Ethers ((R-O)3-P)
8. Peroxides (R-O-O-R)
B. Alcohols (R-OH)
1. Primary
a. Aliphatic and Alicyclic
b. Olefinic
c. Aromatic
d. Heterocyclic
2. Secondary
a. Aliphatic and Alicyclic
b. Olefinic
c. Aromatic
3. Tertiary
a. Aliphatic
b. Olefinic
c. Aromatic
4. Diols
5. Carbohydrates
6. Phenols
VIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double Bonds
A. Ketones (R-C(=O)-R)
1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic
2. Olefinic
3. Aromatic
4. α-Diketones and β-Diketones
B. Aldehydes (R-C(=O)-H)
C. Acid Halides (R-C(=O)-X)
D. Anhydrides (R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R)
E. Amides
1. Primary (R-C(=O)-NH2)
2. Secondary (R-C(=O)-NH-R)
3. Tertiary (R-C(=O)-N-R2)
F. Imides (R-C(=O)-NH-C(=O)-R)
G. Hydrazides (R-C(=O)-NH-NH2)
H. Ureas (R-NH-C(=O)-NH2)
I. Hydantoins, Uracils, Barbiturates
J. Carboxylic Acids (R-C(=O)-OH)
1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic
2. Olefinic
3. Aromatic
4. Amino Acids
5. Salts of Carboxylic Acids
K. Esters
1. Aliphatic Esters of Aliphatic Acids
2. Olefinic Esters of Aliphatic Acids
3. Aliphatic Esters of Olefinic Acids
4. Aromatic Esters of Aliphatic Acids
5. Esters of Aromatic Acids
6. Cyclic Esters (Lactones)
7. Chloroformates
8. Esters of Thio-Acids
9. Carbamates
10. Esters of Phosphorus Acids
Published by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Informatics Division. © 1978-2004 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
From Bio-Rad Laboratories, Informatics Division
Published by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Informatics Division. © 1978-2004 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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I. Hydrocarbons
II. Halogenated Hydrocarbons
III. Nitrogen Containing Compounds
IV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)
V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O and P(=O)-O)
VI. Sulfur Containing Compounds
VII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)
VIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double Bonds
I. Hydrocarbons
A. Saturated Hydrocarbons
1. Normal Alkanes
2. Branched Alkanes
3. Cyclic Alkanes
B. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
1. Acyclic Alkenes
2. Cyclic Alkenes
3. Alkynes
C. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1. Monocyclic (Benzenes)
2. Polycyclic
II. Halogenated Hydrocarbons
A. Fluorinated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
B. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
C. Brominated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
D. Iodinated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
III. Nitrogen Containing Compounds
A. Amines
1. Primary
a. Aliphatic
b. Aromatic
2. Secondary
a. Aliphatic
b. Aromatic
3. Tertiary
a. Aliphatic
b. Aromatic
B. Pyridines
C. Quaternary Ammonium Salts
D. Hydrazines
E. Amine Salts
F. Ylidene Compounds (-CH=N-)
G. Oximes (-CH=N-OH)
H. Hydrazones (-CH=N-NH2)
I. Azines (-CH=N-N=CH-)
J. Amidines (-N=CH-N)
K. Hydroxamic Acids
L. Azo Compounds (-N=N-)
M. Isocyanates (-N=C=O)
N. Carbodiimides (-N=C=N-)
O. Isothiocyanates (-N=C=S)
P. Nitriles (-C≡N)
1. Aliphatic
2. Olefinic
3. Aromatic
Q. Cyanamides (=N-C≡N)
R. Isocyanides (-N≡C )
S. Thiocyanates (-S-C≡N)
T. Nitroso Compounds (-N=O)
U. N-Nitroso Compounds (=N-N=O)
V. Nitrates (-O-NO2)
W. Nitrites (-O-N=O)
X. Nitro Compounds (-NO2)
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
Y. N-Nitro-Compounds (=N-NO2)
IV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)
V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O and P(=O)-O)
VI. Sulfur Containing Compounds
A. Sulfides (R-S-R)
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
B. Disulfides (R-S-S-R)
C. Thiols
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
D. Sulfoxides (R-S(=O)-R)
E. Sulfones (R-SO2-R)
F. Sulfonyl Halides (R-SO2-X)
G. Sulfonic Acids (R-SO2-OH)
1. Sulfonic Acid Salts (R-SO2-O-M)
2. Sulfonic Acid Esters (R-SO2-O-R)
3. Sulfuric Acid Esters (R-O-S(=O)-O-R)
4. Sulfuric Acid Salts (R-O-SO2-O-M)
H. Thioamides (R-C(=S)-NH2)
I. Thioureas (R-NH-C(=S)-NH2)
J. Sulfonamides (R-SO2-NH2)
VII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)
A. Ethers
1. Aliphatic Ethers (R-O-R)
2. Alicyclic Ethers
3. Aromatic Ethers
4. Furans
5. Silicon Ethers (R3-Si-O-R)
6. Phosphorus Ethers ((R-O)3-P)
B. Alcohols (R-OH)
1. Primary
a. Aliphatic
b. Olefinic
c. Aromatic
2. Secondary
a. Aliphatic
b. Aromatic
3. Tertiary
a. Aliphatic
b. Aromatic
4. Diols and Polyols
5. Carbohydrates
6. Phenols
VIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double Bonds
A. Ketones (R-C(=O)-R)
1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic
2. Olefinic
3. Aromatic
4. a-Diketones and b-Diketones
B. Aldehydes (R-C(=O)-H)
C. Acid Halides (R-C(=O)-X)
D. Anhydrides (R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R)
E. Amides
1. Primary (R-C(=O)-NH2)
2. Secondary (R-C(=O)-NH-R)
3. Tertiary (R-C(=O)-N-R2)
F. Imides (R-C(=O)-NH-C(=O)-R)
G. Hydrazides (R-C(=O)-NH-NH2)
H. Ureas (R-NH-C(=O)-NH2)
I. Hydantoins, Uracils, Barbiturates
J. Carboxylic Acids (R-C(=O)-OH)
1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic
2. Olefinic
3. Aromatic
4. Amino Acids
5. Salts of Carboxylic Acids
K. Esters
1. Aliphatic Esters of Aliphatic Acids
2. Olefinic Esters of Aliphatic Acids
3. Aromatic Esters of Aliphatic Acids
4. Cyclic Esters (Lactones)
5. Chloroformates
6. Carbamates
7. Esters of Phosphorus Acids
Published by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Informatics Division. © 1978-2004 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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I. Hydrocarbons
II. Halogenated Hydrocarbons
III. Nitrogen Containing Compounds
IV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)
V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O And P(=O)-O)
VI. Sulfur Containing Compounds
VII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)
VIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double Bonds
I. Hydrocarbons
A. Saturated Hydrocarbons
1. Normal Alkanes
2. Branched Alkanes
3. Cyclic Alkanes
B. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
1. Acyclic Alkenes
2. Alkynes
C. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1. Monocyclic (Benzenes) and Polycyclic
II. Halogenated Hydrocarbons
A. Fluorinated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
B. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
C. Brominated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
D. Iodinated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
III. Nitrogen Containing Compounds
A. Amines
1. Primary
a. Aliphatic
b. Aromatic
2. Secondary
a. Aliphatic
b. Aromatic
3. Tertiary
a. Aliphatic
b. Aromatic
B. Pyridines
C. Amine Salts
D. Oximes (-CH=N-OH)
E. Quaternary Ammonium Salts
F. Nitriles (-C≡N)
1. Aliphatic
2. Olefinic
3. Aromatic
G. Thiocyanates (-S-C≡N)
H. Nitro Compounds (-NO2)
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
IV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)
V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O and P(=O)-O)
VI. Sulfur Containing Compounds
A. Sulfides (R-S-R)
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
B. Disulfides (R-S-S-R)
C. Thiols
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
D. Sulfones (R-SO2-R)
VII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)
A. Ethers
1. Aliphatic Ethers (R-O-R)
2. Alicyclic Ethers
3. Aromatic Ethers
B. Alcohols (R-OH)
1. Primary
a. Aliphatic and Alicyclic
b. Aromatic
2. Secondary
a. Aliphatic and Alicyclic
3. Tertiary
a. Aliphatic
4. Phenols
VIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double Bonds
A. Ketones (R-C(=O)-R)
1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic
2. Aromatic
B. Aldehydes (R-C(=O)-H)
C. Acid Halides (R-C(=O)-X)
D. Anhydrides (R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R)
E. Amides
1. Primary (R-C(=O)-NH2)
2. Secondary (R-C(=O)-NH-R)
3. Tertiary (R-C(=O)-N-R2)
F. Carboxylic Acids (R-C(=O)-OH)
1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic
2. Aromatic
G. Esters
1. Aliphatic Esters of Aliphatic Acids
2. Olefinic Esters of Aliphatic Acids
3. Aromatic Esters of Aliphatic Acids
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Table of Contents - MS
Coming Soon
I. Hydrocarbons
II. Halogenated Hydrocarbons
III. Nitrogen Containing Compounds
IV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)
V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O And P(=O)-O)
VI. Sulfur Containing Compounds
VII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)
VIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double Bonds
I. Hydrocarbons
A. Saturated Hydrocarbons
1. Normal Alkanes
2. Branched Alkanes
3. Cyclic Alkanes
B. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
1. Acyclic Alkenes
2. Cyclic Alkenes
3. Alkynes
C. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1. Monocyclic (Benzenes)
2. Polycyclic
II. Halogenated Hydrocarbons
A. Fluorinated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
B. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic
2. Olefinic
3. Aromatic
C. Brominated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic
2. Olefinic
3. Aromatic
D. Iodinated Hydrocarbons
1. Aliphatic and Olefinic
2. Aromatic
III. Nitrogen Containing Compounds
A. Amines
1. Primary
a. Aliphatic and Olefinic
b. Aromatic
2. Secondary
a. Aliphatic and Olefinic
b. Aromatic
3. Tertiary
a. Aliphatic and Olefinic
b. Aromatic
B. Pyridines
C. Quinolines
D. Miscellaneous Nitrogen Heteroaromatics
E. Hydrazines
F. Amine Salts
G. Oximes (-CH=N-OH)
H. Hydrazones (-CH=N-NH2)
I. Azines (-CH=N-N=CH-)
J. Amidines (-N=CH-N)
K. Hydroxamic Acids
L. Azo Compounds (-N=N-)
M. Triazenes (-N=N-NH-)
N. Isocyanates (-N=C=O)
O. Carbodiimides (-N=C=N-)
P. Isothiocyanates (-N=C=S)
Q. Nitriles (-C≡N)
1. Aliphatic
2. Olefinic
3. Aromatic
R. Cyanamides (=N-C≡N)
S. Thiocyanates (-S-C≡N)
T. Nitroso Compounds (-N=O)
U. N-Nitroso Compounds (=N-N=O)
V. Nitrites (-O-N=O)
W. Nitro Compounds (-NO2)
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
X. N-Nitro-Compounds (=N-NO2)
IV. Silicon Containing Compounds (Except Si-O)
V. Phosphorus Containing Compounds (Except P-O and P(=O)-O)
VI. Sulfur Containing Compounds
A. Sulfides (R-S-R)
1. Aliphatic
2. Heterocyclic
3. Aromatic
B. Disulfides (R-S-S-R)
C. Thiols
1. Aliphatic
2. Aromatic
D. Sulfoxides (R-S(=O)-R)
E. Sulfones (R-SO2-R)
F. Sulfonyl Halides (R-SO2-X)
G. Sulfonic Acids (R-SO2-OH)
1. Sulfonic Acid Salts (R-SO2-O-M)
2. Sulfonic Acid Esters (R-SO2-O-R)
3. Sulfuric Acid Esters (R-O-S(=O)-O-R)
H. Thioamides (R-C(=S)-NH2)
I. Thioureas (R-NH-C(=S)-NH2)
J. Sulfonamides (R-SO2-NH2)
K. Sulfamides (R-NH-SO2-NH-R)
VII. Oxygen Containing Compounds (Except -C(=O)-)
A. Ethers
1. Aliphatic Ethers (R-O-R)
2. Acetals (R-CH-(-O-R)2)
3. Alicyclic Ethers
4. Aromatic Ethers
5. Furans
6. Silicon Ethers (R3-Si-O-R)
7. Phosphorus Ethers ((R-O)3-P)
8. Peroxides (R-O-O-R)
B. Alcohols (R-OH)
1. Primary
a. Aliphatic and Alicyclic
b. Olefinic
c. Aromatic
d. Heterocyclic
2. Secondary
a. Aliphatic and Alicyclic
b. Olefinic
c. Aromatic
3. Tertiary
a. Aliphatic
b. Olefinic
c. Aromatic
4. Diols
5. Carbohydrates
6. Phenols
VIII. Compounds Containing Carbon To Oxygen Double Bonds
A. Ketones (R-C(=O)-R)
1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic
2. Olefinic
3. Aromatic
4. α-Diketones and β-Diketones
B. Aldehydes (R-C(=O)-H)
C. Acid Halides (R-C(=O)-X)
D. Anhydrides (R-C(=O)-O-C(=O)-R)
E. Amides
1. Primary (R-C(=O)-NH2)
2. Secondary (R-C(=O)-NH-R)
3. Tertiary (R-C(=O)-N-R2)
F. Imides (R-C(=O)-NH-C(=O)-R)
G. Hydrazides (R-C(=O)-NH-NH2)
H. Ureas (R-NH-C(=O)-NH2)
I. Hydantoins, Uracils, Barbiturates
J. Carboxylic Acids (R-C(=O)-OH)
1. Aliphatic and Alicyclic
2. Olefinic
3. Aromatic
4. Amino Acids
5. Salts of Carboxylic Acids
K. Esters
1. Aliphatic Esters of Aliphatic Acids
2. Olefinic Esters of Aliphatic Acids
3. Aliphatic Esters of Olefinic Acids
4. Aromatic Esters of Aliphatic Acids
5. Esters of Aromatic Acids
6. Cyclic Esters (Lactones)
7. Chloroformates
8. Esters of Thio-Acids
9. Carbamates
10. Esters of Phosphorus Acids
Published by Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Informatics Division. © 1978-2004 Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Saturated Hydrocarbons
Normal Alkanes
Splitting of the absorption band occurs in most cases (730 and 720 cm-1)
when the long carbon-chain alkane is in the crystalline state (orthorombic
or monoclinic form).
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Saturated Hydrocarbons
Branched Alkanes
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Saturated Hydrocarbons
Cyclic Alkanes
Cyclopropanes
Cyclobutanes
Cyclopentanes
Cyclohexanes
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Acyclic Alkenes
Coming Soon!
Asymmetric Disubstituted Alkenes (vinylidine)
Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
1. C=C stretching vibration: or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
C=C stretching, 1661-1639 cm-1 here.
2. C-H deformation vibration:
CH2 wagging, 895-885 cm-1
3. C-H stretching vibration:
CH2 stretching asymmetric, 3100-3077 cm-1
4. C-H deformation vibration overtone:
overtone of CH2 wagging, 1792- 1775 cm-1
Trisubstituted Alkenes
When two or more olefinic groups occur in the hydrocarbon molecule, the infrared
absorption spectrum shows the additive and combined absorption of the
unsaturated
groups. However, if the unsaturated groups are subject to conjugation, the C=C
stretching
frequency, usually, is lowered and a splitting of the C=C stretching frequency
band occurs.
Conjugation also intensifies the C=C stretching frequency of trans unsaturated
groups.
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Cyclic Alkenes
Endocyclic C=C
Exocyclic C=CH2
NOTES: The C=C stretching frequency of both the endocyclic HC=CH and the exocyclic
C=CH2 is sensitive to ring strain. As the ring size decreases from 6 to 4 members, the C=C
stretching frequency of the endocyclic HC=CH is lowered. However, for the C=C stretching
frequency of exocyclic C=CH2, a gradual increase in the C=C stretching frequency occurs
as the ring gets smaller. Substitution of methyl groups for the hydrogens of the endocyclic
HC=CH and the exocyclic C=CH2 cause an increase in the C=C stretching frequency.
When two or more C=C groups occur in the hydrocarbon molecule, the infrared absorption
spectrum shows the additive and combined absorption effects of the unsaturated groups.
If such groups are subject to conjugation, the C=C stretching frequency is lowered and a
splitting of the C=C stretching frequency band occurs.
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Alkynes
NOTES: Although the intensity of the absorption band caused by Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
the C≡C stretching vibration is variable, it is strongest when the alkyne or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
group is monosubstituted. When this group is disubstituted in open chain here.
compounds, the intensity of the C≡C stretching vibration band diminishes
as its position in the molecule tends to establish a pseudo center of symmetry.
In some instances this band is too weak to be detected and, thus, its absence
in the spectrum does not, necessarily, establish proof of the absence of this
linkage.
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Monocyclic Aromatic
Benzene
Monosubstituted Benzene
Disubstituted Benzene
Trisubstituted Benzene
Tetrasubstituted Benzene
Pentasubstituted Benzene
In the majority of cases of conjugation involving the ring and a C=O linkage
or a nitro group, the
C-H deformation vibration of ring hydrogens are also disturbed. As a
consequence, the previously
assigned correlation and absorption band locations due to ring CH wag at
the region of 900-690
cm-1 lose their diagnostic value. Those absorption bands which occur in this
region of the spectra
of such conjugated benzenes are of doubtful value for indicating a particular
pattern of ring substitution.
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Benzene
Monosubstituted Benzene
Disubstituted Benzene
Tetrasubstituted Benzene
Pentasubstituted Benzene
In the majority of cases of conjugation involving the ring and a C=O linkage
or a nitro group, the
C-H deformation vibration of ring hydrogens are also disturbed. As a
consequence, the previously
assigned correlation and absorption band locations due to ring CH wag at
the region of 900-690
cm-1 lose their diagnostic value. Those absorption bands which occur in this
region of the spectra
of such conjugated benzenes are of doubtful value for indicating a particular
pattern of ring substitution.
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Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Fluorinated
The detection of carbon to halogen bonds is not readily accomplished through Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
the examination of the infrared absorption spectra of this class of compounds. The or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
difficulty of locating and recognizing absorption bands that arise from the C-X
here.
bonds
is attributed to the following factors:
4. Equatorial and axial C-X bonds of ring structures have different stretching
frequencies.
5. Multiple absorption bands related to the C-X bonds usually occur in the infrared
spectrum.
As a consequence of these factors, the C-X bonds do not always possess a
constant vibrational
frequency nor do they always have unique absorption band features.
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Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Fluorinated
4. Equatorial and axial C-X bonds of ring structures have different stretching
frequencies.
5. Multiple absorption bands related to the C-X bonds usually occur in the infrared
spectrum.
As a consequence of these factors, the C-X bonds do not always possess a constant
vibrational
frequency nor do they always have unique absorption band features.
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Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Chlorinated
General Note on Halogenated Hydrocarbons Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
The detection of carbon to halogen bonds is not readily accomplished through or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
the examination of the infrared absorption spectra of this class of compounds. The here.
difficulty of locating and recognizing absorption bands that arise from the C-X bonds
is attributed to the following factors:
4. Equatorial and axial C-X bonds of ring structures have different stretching frequencies.
5. Multiple absorption bands related to the C-X bonds usually occur in the infrared spectrum.
As a consequence of these factors, the C-X bonds do not always possess a constant vibrational
frequency nor do they always have unique absorption band features.
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Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Chlorinated
4. Equatorial and axial C-X bonds of ring structures have different stretching frequencies.
5. Multiple absorption bands related to the C-X bonds usually occur in the infrared spectrum.
As a consequence of these factors, the C-X bonds do not always possess a constant vibrational
frequency nor do they always have unique absorption band features.
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Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Chlorinated
General Note on Halogenated Hydrocarbons Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
The detection of carbon to halogen bonds is not readily accomplished through
or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
the examination of the infrared absorption spectra of this class of compounds. The here.
difficulty of locating and recognizing absorption bands that arise from the C-X bonds
is attributed to the following factors:
4. Equatorial and axial C-X bonds of ring structures have different stretching frequencies.
5. Multiple absorption bands related to the C-X bonds usually occur in the infrared spectrum.
As a consequence of these factors, the C-X bonds do not always possess a constant vibrational
frequency nor do they always have unique absorption band features.
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Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Brominated
2. Br sensitive vibrational modes 1200-1000 cm-1 (strong multiple bands) Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
(same as chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons)
or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
here.
General Note on Halogenated Hydrocarbons
4. Equatorial and axial C-X bonds of ring structures have different stretching
frequencies.
5. Multiple absorption bands related to the C-X bonds usually occur in the
infrared spectrum.
As a consequence of these factors, the C-X bonds do not always possess a
constant vibrational
frequency nor do they always have unique absorption band features.
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Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Brominated
2. Br sensitive vibrational modes 1200-1000 cm-1 (strong multiple bands) Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
(same as chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons) here.
4. Equatorial and axial C-X bonds of ring structures have different stretching
frequencies.
5. Multiple absorption bands related to the C-X bonds usually occur in the infrared
spectrum.
As a consequence of these factors, the C-X bonds do not always possess a constant
vibrational
frequency nor do they always have unique absorption band features.
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Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Brominated
C-Br stretching, ca 1050 cm-1 (questionable) Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
2. Br sensitive vibrational modes 1200-1000 cm-1 (strong multiple bands) here.
(same as chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons)
4. Equatorial and axial C-X bonds of ring structures have different stretching
frequencies.
5. Multiple absorption bands related to the C-X bonds usually occur in the
infrared spectrum.
As a consequence of these factors, the C-X bonds do not always possess a
constant vibrational
frequency nor do they always have unique absorption band features.
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Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Iodinated
4. Equatorial and axial C-X bonds of ring structures have different stretching
frequencies.
5. Multiple absorption bands related to the C-X bonds usually occur in the
infrared spectrum.
As a consequence of these factors, the C-X bonds do not always possess a
constant vibrational
frequency nor do they always have unique absorption band features.
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Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Iodinated
4. Equatorial and axial C-X bonds of ring structures have different stretching
frequencies.
5. Multiple absorption bands related to the C-X bonds usually occur in the infrared
spectrum.
As a consequence of these factors, the C-X bonds do not always possess a constant
vibrational
frequency nor do they always have unique absorption band features.
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Primary Amines
Absorption features are the same as those listed for primary amines, Coming Soon!
but overlay the absorption features of the aromatic ring.
Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
Aromatic Primary Amines, N atom attached to C atom of or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
aromatic ring here.
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Primary Amines
Absorption features are the same as those listed for primary amines,
but overlay the absorption features of the aromatic ring. Coming Soon!
Aromatic Primary Amines, N atom attached to C atom of aromatic ring Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
1. N-H stretching vibration: here.
NH2 asymmetric stretching, ca 3500 cm-1
NH2 symmetric stretching, ca 3400 cm-1
2. N-H deformation vibration, in-plane:
NH2 in-plane deformation, 1650-1590 cm-1
(in many instances, very strong and characteristic of N atom
attached to C atom of aromatic ring)
3. N-H deformation vibration, out-of-plane:
NH2 out-of-plane deformation, 900-650 cm-1
(usually masked by absorption features of aromatic ring)
4. C-N stretching vibration:
C-N stretching, 1340-1250 cm-1
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Aliphatic Amines
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Aliphatic Amines
Absorption features are the same as those listed for secondary Coming Soon!
amines,
but overlay the absorption features of the aromatic ring.
Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode here.
Aromatic Secondary Amines, N atom attached to
C atom of aromatic ring
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Tertiary Amines
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Tertiary Amines
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Pyridines
1. C=C and C=N stretching vibration:
C=C and C=N stretching, 1660-1590 cm-1 (usually a
doublet) near 1500 cm-1
2. C-H deformation vibration of adjacent ring H’s:
ring CH deformation, unsubstituted 746 cm-1
2-monosubstituted, 780-740 cm-1
3-monosubstituted, 810-789 cm-1
4-monosubstituted, 820-794 cm-1
2,3-disubstituted, 800-787 cm-1
2,4-disubstituted, 813 cm-1
2,5-disubstituted, 826-813 cm-1
2,6-disubstituted, 813-769 cm-1
2,4,6-trisubstituted, 833-813 cm-1
3. Ring deformation vibration:
ring deformation, unsubstituted, 700 cm-1
2-monosubstituted, 730 cm-1
3-monosubstituted, 712 cm-1
4-monosubstituted, 775-709 cm-1
2,3-disubstituted, 741-725 cm-1 Coming Soon!
2,4-disubstituted, 758 cm-1
2,5-disubstituted, 735-725 cm-1 Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
2,6-disubstituted, 752-725 cm-1
or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
2,4,6-trisubstituted, -------------
4. C-H stretching vibration: here.
C-H stretching, near 3020 cm-1
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Coming Soon!
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Hydrazines
Coming Soon!
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Amine Salts
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Oximes
Oximes
Coming Soon!
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Hydrazones
Oximes
Hydrazones (-CH=N-N)
Coming Soon!
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Azines
Oximes
Azines (-CH=N-N=CH-)
Coming Soon!
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Amidines
Oximes
Amidines (-NH-C=N-)
1. C=N stretching vibration:
C=N stretching, 1670-1600 cm-1
(medium to strong absorption)
Coming Soon!
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Hydroxamic Acids
Oximes
Hydroxamic Acids
Coming Soon!
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AZO Compounds
Coming Soon!
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Triazenes
AZO Compounds
Coming Soon!
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Isocyanates
Carbodiimides
Isothiocyanates
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Isocyanates
1. N=C=O stretching vibration:
N=C=O stretching, 2275-2265 cm-1
(very strong absorption)
Carbodiimides
Isothiocyanates
Coming Soon!
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Isocyanates
Carbodiimides
Isothiocyanates
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Nitriles
Coming Soon!
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Nitriles
Coming Soon!
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Nitriles
Coming Soon!
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Cyanamides
Cyanamides
Isocyanides
Thiocyanates (-S-C≡N)
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Thiocyanates
Cyanamides
Isocyanides
Thiocyanates (-S-C≡N)
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Nitrites (-O-N=O)
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Nitrites (-O-N=O)
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Nitrites (-O-N=O)
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Nitro Compounds
Aliphatic
Aromatic
N-Nitro Compounds
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Nitro Compounds
Aliphatic
Aromatic
N-Nitro Compounds
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N-Nitro Compounds
Aliphatic - Nitro
Aromatic - Nitro
N-Nitro Compounds
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Silicon Compounds
Coming Soon!
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Phosphorus Compounds
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Sulfides
Coming Soon!
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Sulfides
Coming Soon!
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Sulfides
Coming Soon!
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Disulfides
Coming Soon!
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Thiols
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Thiols
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Sulfoxides
Sulfoxides
Sulfones
Sulfonyl Halides
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Sulfones
Sulfoxides
Sulfones
Sulfonyl Halides
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Sulfonyl Halides
Sulfoxides
Sulfones
Sulfonyl Halides
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Sulfonic Acids
Acids
Salts
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Acids
Salts
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Acids
Salts
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Acids
Salts
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Thioamides
Coming Soon!
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Thioureas
1. NH and NH2 stretching vibrations:
NH stretching and NH2 stretching, 3360-3100 cm-1
2. NH deformation and C-N stretching combination band:
NH deformation and C-N stretching,1650-1520 cm-1
Coming Soon!
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Sulfonamides
Primary Sulfonamides
Secondary Sulfonamides
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Sulfamides
Primary Sulfonamides
Secondary Sulfonamides
1. N-H stretching vibration:
NH stretching, 3280-3250 cm-1
Coming Soon!
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Ethers
Aliphatic Ethers
Heterocyclic systems
Larger rings
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Ethers
Aliphatic Ethers
Heterocyclic systems
Larger rings
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Ethers
Aliphatic Ethers
Heterocyclic systems
Larger rings
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Ethers
Aliphatic Ethers
Heterocyclic systems
Larger rings
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Ethers
Aliphatic Ethers
Heterocyclic systems
Larger rings
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Ethers
Aliphatic Ethers
Heterocyclic systems
Larger rings
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Ethers
Aliphatic Ethers
Heterocyclic systems
Larger rings
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Ethers
Aliphatic Ethers
Heterocyclic systems
Larger rings
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Alcohols
Primary
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Alcohols
Primary
The absorption band location given for the C-OH stretching vibration
Coming Soon!
of primary alcohols (1075-1000 cm-1) is not restricted to this class
of alcohols alone. Some secondary alcohols, because of the environmental
effect of neighboring structures on the -CHOH group, have a C-OH stretching Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
vibration that cause absorption at the 1075 -1000 cm-1 region. As a consequence, or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
the presence of a characteristic C-OH absorption band at the designated region here.
in the spectra of alcohols has doubtful diagnostic value. It is valid as an
indication of a primary alcohol group only when it can be supported by additional
structural information. (See secondary alcohols.)
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Alcohols
Primary
The absorption band location given for the C-OH stretching vibration Coming Soon!
of primary alcohols (1075-1000 cm-1) is not restricted to this class
of alcohols alone. Some secondary alcohols, because of the environmental
effect of neighboring structures on the -CHOH group, have a C-OH stretching
Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
vibration that cause absorption at the 1075 -1000 cm-1 region. As a consequence, or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
the presence of a characteristic C-OH absorption band at the designated region here.
in the spectra of alcohols has doubtful diagnostic value. It is valid as an
indication of a primary alcohol group only when it can be supported by additional
structural information. (See secondary alcohols.)
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Alcohols
Primary
The absorption band location given for the C-OH stretching vibration Coming Soon!
of primary alcohols (1075-1000 cm-1) is not restricted to this class
of alcohols alone. Some secondary alcohols, because of the environmental Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
effect of neighboring structures on the -CHOH group, have a C-OH stretching
vibration that cause absorption at the 1075 -1000 cm-1 region. As a consequence,
or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
the presence of a characteristic C-OH absorption band at the designated region here.
in the spectra of alcohols has doubtful diagnostic value. It is valid as an
indication of a primary alcohol group only when it can be supported by additional
structural information. (See secondary alcohols.)
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Secondary Alcohols
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Secondary Alcohols
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Secondary Alcohols
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Tertiary Alcohols
Coming Soon!
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Tertiary Alcohols
Coming Soon!
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Tertiary Alcohols
Coming Soon!
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Diols
1. O-H stretching vibration:
O-H stretching, 3300 cm-1 (very strong intensity, broad)
2. O-H in-plane deformation vibration:
O-H deformation, 1450-1330 cm-1 (medium intensity)
3. C-O stretching vibration:
C-O stretching, 1100-1000 cm-1 (one or more intense bands)
The pattern of bands in the fingerprint are below 1250 cm-1 can serve
as a key to the identification of these compounds.
Coming Soon!
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Carbohydrates
1. O-H stretching vibration:
O-H stretching, 3300 cm-1 (very strong intensity, broad)
2. O-H in-plane deformation vibration:
O-H deformation,1450-1330 cm-1 (medium intensity)
3. C-O stretching vibration:
C-O stretching, 1100-1000 cm-1 (one or more intense bands)
The pattern of bands in the fingerprint are below 1250 cm-1 can serve
as a key to the identification of these compounds.
Coming Soon!
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Phenols
Coming Soon!
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Ketones
Aryl Ketones Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
1. C=O stretching vibration: here.
C=O stretching, 1690-1680 cm-1
C=O stretching, diaryI ketones, 1670-1660 cm-1
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Ketones
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Ketones
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α- and β- Diketones
α-Diketones
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Aldehydes
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Acid Halides
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Anhydrides
Acyclic Anhydrides
The substitution of a halogen on the alpha carbon causes the C=O Click on a vibrational mode link in the table to the left
absorption bands to shift to a slightly higher wave number location or the spectrum above to visualize the vibrational mode
(F>CI>Br>l). here.
Conjugation of the C=O links with alpha, beta double bonds or aryl groups
shift the C=O
absorption bands to slightly lower wave number locations.
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Primary Amides
4. A fifth distinct band occurs in the range from 1420-1400 cm-1 but is of limited
diagnostic value since it is observed in the spectra of other carbonyl
compounds.
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Secondary Amides
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Tertiary Amides
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Imides
1. N-H stretching vibration:
N-H stretching, near 3220 cm-1
(A strong band similar to that of lactams and secondary amides.)
2. C=O stretching vibration:
C=O stretching, 1750-1670 cm-1
(A very strong band, usually split into a doublet or triplet.)
3. Combined C—N stretching and N—H bending vibrations:
C-N stretching and N-H bending, 1310--1210 cm-1 (strong)
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Hydrazides
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Ureas
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Hydantoins
1. N-H stretching vibrations:
-1
N-H stretching, 3300-3120 cm
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Carboxylic Acids
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Carboxylic Acids
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Carboxylic Acids
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Amino Acids
Zwitterionic Form.
1. stretching vibration:
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Aromatic Esters
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Aromatic Esters
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Lactones
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Chloroformates
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Esters of Thio-Acids
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Carbamates
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