2018 Recent Developments in Queer PR History PDF

502 CENTRO Journal
volume xxx • number ii • summer 2018
REFLEXIONS / REFLEXIONES
Recent Developments in Queer Puerto

Rican History, Politics, and Culture
lawrence la fountain-stokes
Issues related to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) sexualities
and gender identities are complex and continue to be extremely contentious for archi-
pelagic and diasporic Puerto Ricans, mirroring the enormous advances and profound
challenges experienced across the United States and Latin America.1 Profound biases,
frequently the result of intolerance linked to traditional patriarchal and sexist think-
ing, have hampered demands for basic civil rights.2 Conservative religious thinking,
whether linked to the Catholic Church or to the numerous Pentecostal and Evangelical
churches that dominate political debates in Puerto Rico, has created additional obsta-
cles.3 Notable recent achievements include the decriminalization of sodomy in 2003;
the publication of landmark books and anthologies; the establishment of a biennial
academic conference in 2006 and of a leading film festival in 2009; the election of an
openly lesbian lawyer to lead the Colegio de Abogados de Puerto Rico in 2012 and of
an openly gay political candidate in San Juan that same year; the successful boycott
of a homophobic television program that led to the program’s cancelation in 2013; the
The author (lawrlafo@umich.edu) is Associate Professor of American Culture, Romance

Languages and Literatures, and Women’s Studies at the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and the acting director of the Latina/o Studies Program (2018–2019). He is author
of Queer Ricans: Cultures and Sexualities in the Diaspora (University on Minnesota Press,
2009), Uñas pintadas de azul/Blue Fingernails (Bilingual Review Press, 2009), Abolición del
pato (Terranova, 2013), A Brief and Transformative Account of Queer History (Enciclopedia
Deiknumena, 2016), Escenas transcaribeñas: ensayos sobre teatro, performance y cultura
(Editorial Isla Negra, 2018), and co-editor of Keywords for Latina/o Studies (New York
University Press, 2017). He previously co-edited an issue of CENTRO Journal on Puerto Rican
Queer Sexualities (Spring 2007) and is currently writing on Puerto Rican transgender and
drag performance and activism. He performs as Lola von Miramar since 2010.
Recent Developments in Queer Puerto Rican History, Politics, and Culture • Lawrence La Fountain-Stokes 503
naming of an openly lesbian judge to the Puerto Rico Supreme Court in 2014; the rec-
ognition of equal marriage rights in 2015; and the authorization to change sex markers
on birth certificates in 2018. These have been accompanied by a thriving queer arts
and business scene encompassing music, dance, theater, film, literature, alternative
community centers, bars, and nightclubs. These achievements are unstable in a time of
rising conservatism and economic precarity, particularly given the long-term financial
crisis that started in 2006 and the impact of Hurricanes Irma and María in 2017.
In this survey article, I go over many of these developments and also offer a
timeline spanning from 2002 to 2018. I include additional bibliographical refer-
ences for many of the authors and events discussed in this special issue of CENTRO
Journal on Revisiting Queer Puerto Rican Sexualities (2018), which I coedited with
Yolanda Martínez-San Miguel. We envision this thematic and chronological appen-
dix as a useful teaching tool that can serve to raise awareness about the complex
reality of contemporary Puerto Rican LGBTQ matters. We hope that the following
subsections, timeline, and list of works cited contribute to a better understanding of
these topics and complement the articles included in this issue.
Legal Activism, Marriage Rights, Adoption, Name and Sex Change on Documents,
and the Sexual Orientation and Public Identity of Lawyers and Judges
The last twenty years have been marked by activist struggles in Puerto Rico and
the diaspora regarding anti-sodomy laws, protection against domestic violence,
same-sex couples’ marriage rights, adoption rights, ability to run for and win politi-
cal office, and transgender persons’ right to change their name and gender on legal
documents. Activists have mobilized in diverse ways and recurred to the courts as a
strategy to obtain civil rights. Many of these lawsuits have been initially unsuccess-
ful, but have served as a public forum to articulate new conceptions of jurisprudence
that can attend to the realities of LGBTQ or gender non-conforming persons.
In some notable cases, legal victories have brought about profound change.
These have occurred both at the local and federal level. Given Puerto Rico’s colonial
status, decisions made in the Supreme Court of the United States such as Lawrence v.
Texas in 2003, which decriminalized same-sex sexual relations between consenting
adults (previously referred to as sodomy), and Obergefell v. Hodges in 2015, which
established the right of same-sex couples to marry, have the potential to profoundly
impact life in the Puerto Rican archipelago and for Puerto Ricans in the diaspora.
Yet, it is important to note that Lawrence v. Texas was anteceded in Puerto Rico by
the decriminalization of sodomy (its deletion from the Penal Code) three days ear-
lier, on June 23, 2003, as a result of legislative action led by the Popular Democratic
Party senate majority, as scholar Juana María Rodríguez (2007, 136; 2014, 88–89) has
observed.4 At other times, local struggles ensure access to rights, such as the recent
victory in Arroyo González et al. v. Rosselló Nevares et al. in April of 2018; this case
had as its goal “to permit transgender persons born in Puerto Rico to correct their
birth certificates to accurately reflect their true sex” (2018, 1).
504 centro journal • volume xxx • number ii • summer 2018
One notable case of a legal setback which is also analyzed by Rodríguez is

Sánchez et al. v. Puerto Rico (2002), when the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico dis-
missed a high-profile case brought by Reverend Margarita Sánchez de León chal-
lenging the sodomy law; the court kept intact the provisions of Article 103 of the
Penal Code criminalizing same-sex intercourse.5 (Sánchez famously demanded to
be arrested in 1997 for committing the crime of sodomy as a strategy to raise aware-
ness about this issue.) Another example is Pueblo v. Ruiz Martínez (2003), where
the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico held that same-sex couples were excluded
from the protections granted to “relaciones consensuales” (consensual relation-
ships) under the Prevention and Intervention of Domestic Violence Law, known
as Act (Ley) 54, despite the gender-neutral language of the statute. The per curiam
decision was accompanied by two separate written dissenting opinions, one by
Associate Judge Federico Hernández Denton, joined by Associate Judge Miriam
Naveira de Rodón, and the other by Associate Judge Jaime Fuster Berlingeri. A
third example is Ex parte A.A.R. (2013), in which the Supreme Court of Puerto
Rico determined that the Puerto Rican Civil Code prohibited same-sex second
parent adoption of a minor child raised by the same-sex couple.6
One of the most fiercely contested issues in the last decades was access to equal
marriage, which was banned in Puerto Rico until 2015. Starting in 2003, when equal
marriage was approved in Massachusetts and in Toronto, Ontario (Canada), many
Puerto Rican couples traveled from the archipelago to other jurisdictions to get mar-
ried.7 On March 26, 2014, activist Ada Mercedes Conde Vidal and her partner Ivonne
Álvarez Vélez of San Juan filed a federal lawsuit in the U.S. District Court of Puerto
Rico seeking recognition of their Massachusetts marriage.8 On June 24, 2014, they
were joined by activists and writers Zulma Oliveras Vega and Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro
and by three additional couples.9 U.S. District Judge Juan Pérez-Giménez eventually
ruled against the plaintiffs.10 In this case, it was only the 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges
decision that ensured justice; on August 16, 2015, sixty-four same-sex couples mar-
ried in a massive wedding in Old San Juan.11 Yet paradoxically, even a legal victory
in the Supreme Court of the United States does not always guarantee the civil rights
of LGBTQ populations in Puerto Rico. For example, Judge Pérez-Giménez upheld
the same-sex marriage ban on March 8, 2016, arguing that Obergefell v. Hodges did
not apply in Puerto Rico because of the island’s colonial territorial status.12 Pérez-
Giménez’s decision was opposed by the Puerto Rico Department of Justice and was
overturned by the First Circuit of Appeals in Boston on April 7, 2016.13
Transgender rights have become highly central and visible, particularly the
right of having state-issued documents that match gender expression; lack of con-
sonant documents creates very serious problems, particularly when engaging with
police, Transportation Security Administration (TSA) or U.S. Customs and Border
Protection agents, the health system, and potential employers.14 Two contrasting
lawsuits, with opposite results, serve to illustrate this struggle: Ex parte Delgado
Hernández (2005) and Arroyo González et al. v. Rosselló Nevares et al. (2018), as Joel
Castro Pérez explores in his article in this issue of CENTRO Journal. In the first case,
on June 30, 2005, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico held that the Demographic
Registry Law did not allow a change of sex marker for transsexual petitioner, over-
turning a previous Supreme Court’s order (Ex parte Andino Torres (2000)) granting
petitioner’s request to change the sex marker on her birth certificate and driver’s
license.15 In the case of Ex parte Delgado Hernández, Associate Justice Anabelle
Rodríguez Rodríguez wrote for the majority while Associate Justice Liana Fiol
Matta and Associate Justice Jaime Fuster Berlingeri each wrote separate dissenting
opinions and Associate Justice Efraín E. Rivera Pérez wrote a concurring opinion. As
Associate Justice Fuster Berlingeri stated in his dissent:
Para mí resulta claro el curso de acción que por razones de Derecho y de solidaridad
humana deberíamos tomar. Sobran los fundamentos jurídicos para acceder a lo que
se nos solicita, conforme a lo que resolvimos en Ex-parte Andino, supra. No hacerlo
no sólo constituye el injustificado y ominoso abandono de un precedente nuestro sino
además el rechazo a compadecernos de la honda desdicha de un ser humano. Se falta
así tanto a la justicia como a un deber de solidaridad.
En resumen, no estamos decidiendo ahora aquí si son válidos o no los llamados

‘matrimonios’ de homosexuales o las llamadas uniones de hecho de personas del
mismo sexo, ni ningún otro escabroso asunto similar. Sólo se trata aquí de ayudar a un
ser humano que ha sufrido una angustiosa existencia a que su vida futura sea un poco
más llevadera, mediante la modificación de dos documentos particulares. Lamento que
la mayoría del Tribunal no comparta esta visión, y disiento de su dictamen. (2005, 8–9)
History has sided with the line of thinking that Associate Justice Fuster Berlingeri
espoused above. This became apparent in 2018 with the favorable ruling of U.S.
District Court Judge Carmen Consuelo Cerezo in the case of Arroyo González et al.
v. Rosselló Nevares et al.16
As Judge Cerezo indicates, for transgender persons, having legal recognition of their
identity is a matter of life or death.
On April 20, 2018, the Federal District Court for the District of Puerto Rico
struck down as unconstitutional Puerto Rico’s prohibition against changing the sex
marker on birth certificates and driver’s licenses of transgender petitioners, signal-
ing a major change for transgender persons in Puerto Rico. The lawsuit was filed by
19-year-old student Daniela Arroyo González along with the well-known trans activ-
ist Victoria Rodríguez Roldán, who is currently the Trans/Gender Non-Conforming
Justice Project Director at the National LGBTQ Task Force, an additional trans man
only identified by his initials (J.G.), and the organization Puerto Rico Para Tod@s
(Puerto Rico for All); the plaintiffs were represented by Lambda Legal, a national
U.S. LGBT legal rights organization.17 As Judge Cerezo wrote in her opinion,
The right to identify our own existence lies at the heart of one’s humanity. And so, we
must heed their voices: “the woman that I am,” “the man that I am.” Plaintiffs know they
are not fodder for memoranda legalese. They have stepped up for those whose voices,
debilitated by raw discrimination, have been hushed into silence. They cannot wait for
another generation, hoping for a lawmaker to act. They, like Linda Brown, took the steps to
the courthouse to demand what is due: their right to exist, to live more and die less. (Arroyo
González et al. v. Rosselló Nevares et al. 2018, 16)
In her powerful statement, Judge Cerezo invokes the figure of Linda Brown, the
third-grade child at the center of the landmark 1954 Brown v. Board of Education
U.S. Supreme Court case that led to the desegregation of public schools in the United
States. As Judge Cerezo indicates, for transgender persons, having legal recognition
of their identity is a matter of life or death. The first successful birth certificate
change petitions occurred on July 16, 2018, including that of trans activist Ivana
Fred, and received positive news coverage.18
Finally, it is worth pointing out advances regarding the openly-declared LGB
sexual orientation of judges and of lawyers in positions of leadership and how it might
indicate shifting mores. For example, the openly-lesbian black Puerto Rican lawyer
and activist Ana Irma Rivera Lassén (interviewed by Frances Negrón-Muntaner in
this issue) was elected to serve as the president of the Colegio de Abogados de Puerto
Rico (Bar Association of Puerto Rico) from 2012 to 2014; she is only the third woman to
serve in this role, and the first openly gay president of the Bar Association.19 Meanwhile,
on July 15, 2014, Maite Oronoz Rodríguez was sworn in as Associate Justice to the
Supreme Court of Puerto Rico; she is the Court’s first openly gay justice.20 On February
22, 2016, she was confirmed as Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court, the
first openly gay Chief Justice to be appointed to a state or territorial Supreme Court
in the United States.21 Future scholarship will determine the impact of her presence
in the court and the relevance (if any) of her sexual orientation on her legal thought.
Politics: Elected Officials, Community Activism, Legislative Change, Conservative Backlash

As the political scientist John A. García has indicated in Latino Politics in America
(2017), the realm of politics entails diverse geographic scales (whether neighborhood,
city, state, and nation, or local, regional, archipelagic, and transnational) and combines
party politics with grassroots activism. The substantial challenges faced by openly-gay
candidates such as onetime New Progressive Party (NPP) member Pedro Julio Serrano,
who failed to achieve his party’s support in 1998, and the vociferous homophobic slurs
launched against individuals who do not self-identify as LGBT, such as Zaida “Cucusa”
Hernández (NPP) and Eduardo Bhatia of the Popular Democratic Party (PDP), highlight
the persistence of bias at the formal (institutional) level in Puerto Rico.22 For this reason,
the electoral victory on November 6, 2012, of long-time activist Pedro Peters Maldonado
(PDP) for the San Juan Municipal Legislature is very significant, as he became the first
openly gay candidate to win public office on the island.23 Openly-LGBTQ Puerto Rican
politicians have fared slightly better in the United States, particularly in Connecticut,
Massachusetts, and New York, including Margarita López, Rosie Méndez, Nelson
Rafael Román, Pedro Segarra (the openly-gay former mayor of Hartford, CT), and Jossie
Valentín.24 Openly gay Puerto Ricans also serve in positions of leadership in national
organizations, such as Anthony D. Romero, who has been the executive director of the
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) since 2001.25
Conversely, individual homophobic politicians such as Thomas Rivera Schatz
(NPP) and María Milagros (Tata) Charbonier (NPP) and groups such as Puerto Rico
por la Familia (Puerto Rico for the Family) have actively worked against LGBTQ
rights.26 Generalized intolerance against the LGBTQ population became apparent on
February 18, 2013, when thousands participated in a march at the Capitol of Puerto
Rico against the anti-discrimination amendments on the basis of sexual orientation
and gender identity under consideration in the Legislature.27 The march was orga-
nized by Puerto Rico por la Familia “en defensa de la familia, el matrimonio, la niñez
y la vida” (in defense of the family, matrimony, childhood and life). A small group
known as the Movimiento Inclusivo de Apoyo a la Comunidad (Inclusive Movement
to Support the Community) organized a countermarch.28
Politics frequently occur at the grassroots level through diverse progressive
organizations. Currently, one of the most visible coalitions in Puerto Rico is CABE
(Comité Amplio para la Búsqueda de Equidad), a work group that includes commu-
nity organizations with a human rights focus, LGBT groups, and professional orga-
nizations that support the human rights of LGBT communities.29 The coalition has
been represented by figures such as Larry Emil Alicea Rodríguez (President of the
Colegio de Profesionales del Trabajo Social de Puerto Rico) and by lawyer and activ-
ist Ana Irma Rivera Lassén. CABE was created in 2013 in order to support legislative
projects that led to the approval of Acts 22 and 23 that same year. In their volume
Queer Brown Voices: Personal Narratives of Latina/o LGBT Activism (2015), Uriel
Quesada, Letitia Gomez, and Salvador Vidal-Ortiz include testimonies by a range of
additional Puerto Rican activists including Luz Guerra, Moisés Agosto-Rosario, Olga
Orraca Paredes, and Wilfred W. Labiosa.
This type of support can be crucial for progressive politicians, particularly in
a hostile environment. For example, on May 29, 2013, Governor Alejandro García
Padilla (PDP) enacted Act 22-2013 (Ley 22-2013) to prohibit discrimination based on
sexual orientation and gender identity in public and private employment. The same
day, the governor also enacted Act 23-2013 (Ley 23-2013) to amend Act 54 to extend
its domestic violence prevention and intervention protections to all people in a con-
sensual relationship regardless of sexual orientation and gender identity.30
These gains are never guaranteed or stable. One example of a setback occurred
in March 2017, when Senate President Thomas Rivera Schatz rescinded an admin-
istrative order that allowed transgender employees to use facilities consistent with
their gender identity. At the time, activists accused him of violating Law 22 of 2013,
which guaranteed workplace protections.31 In a separate incident, Rivera Schatz
proceeded to misgender openly-lesbian Junta de Control Fiscal (Financial Oversight
and Management Board) member Ana Matosantos, referring to her twice as “el señor
Matosantos” (Mr. Matosantos) on a radio show on July 3, 2017.32 Rivera Schatz was
denounced by activist Pedro Julio Serrano and by U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez.33
While many progressive lesbian activists strongly oppose the federal PROMESA law
and the unlawful imposition of a federal control board over Puerto Rico, attacking
one of the board’s members with accusations of female masculinity constitutes an
unwarranted act of sexist and lesbophobic aggression.
Public Education at the Primary and Secondary Level:

Controversies over Perspectiva de Género and School Uniforms
One of the most contested arenas in the last decade in Puerto Rico has been recogni-
tion of gender identity and sexual diversity in public education.34 Here, we see dra-
matic shifts varying by political administration, and massive protests by conservative
religious groups that oppose any social change. For example, under the government of
Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá (PDP), Act 108 (Ley 108) was signed into law on May
26, 2006, to amend the Organic Law of the Puerto Rico Department of Education to
require the Department to design and implement a curriculum that promotes gender
equity and prevents domestic violence (“Para añadir un inciso (bb) al Artículo 6.03
de la Ley Núm. 149 de 15 de junio de 1999, según enmendada, conocida como la Ley
Orgánica del Departamento de Educación, a los fines de imponer la obligación al
Departamento de Educación de diseñar e implantar un currículo dirigido a promover
la equidad por género y la prevención de violencia doméstica en coordinación con la
Oficina de la Procuradora de las Mujeres”). This led to fierce debates and religious
opposition in 2008–2009 over the Puerto Rico Department of Education’s “Carta
Circular” regarding “perspectiva de género” (gender perspective).35
Similar opposition surfaced more recently in 2015. On February 16 of that
year, Puerto Rican religious groups organized a Marcha Contra el Currículo con
Perspectiva de Género (March against a Curriculum with Gender Perspective),
positioning themselves against proposed Department of Education reforms.36 A
few days before (on February 12), CABE had positioned itself strongly in favor, as
indicated by their spokesperson Osvaldo Burgos Pérez and by other members of the
organization such as Amárilis Pagán Jiménez, executive director of Proyecto Matria,
a nonprofit organization that supports women who have been victims of domestic
violence and that also provides LGBTQ awareness education.37 In spite of the opposi-
tion, on February 25, 2015, Secretary of Education Rafael Román Meléndez emitted
the Carta Circular 19-2014-2015 regarding the “Política pública sobre la equidad de
género y su integración al currículo del Departamento de Educación de Puerto Rico

como instrumento para promover la dignidad del ser humano y la igualdad de todos
y todas ante la ley” (Public Policy regarding Gender Equity and Its Integration to
the Curriculum of the Puerto Rico Department of Education as an Instrument to
Promote the Dignity of Human Beings and the equality of All before the Law).
The Secretary of Education then went on on September 9, 2015, to emit the Carta
Circular 16-2015-2016 regarding school uniforms in public schools (“Directrices
sobre el uso del uniforme escolar en el sistema público de enseñanza en Puerto
Rico”) allowing students to decide what uniform to wear (whether skirt or pants)
according to their personal preferences. As Directive 9 indicates, “No se impondrá la
utilización de una pieza particular de ropa a estudiantes que no se sientan cómodos
con la misma por su orientación sexual o de identidad de género. El Departamento
de Educación tiene la función primaria de atender el proceso de aprendizaje y no
es partícipe del maltrato emocional que esto pueda generar” (Students shall not be
forced to wear a particular item of clothing that makes them uncomfortable due to
their sexual orientation or gender identity. The Department of Education has the
primary function of assisting the learning process and is not a party to the emotional
abuse that this may generate).
These gains in the Department of Education were short-lived and tied to the
political clout of the Popular Democratic Party. Recent electoral victories by the
New Progressive Party signaled a reverse, particularly under the administration of
Governor Ricardo Rosselló Nevárez (NPP). For example, on February 8, 2017, Puerto
Rico Secretary of Education Julia Keleher emitted the Carta Circular 32-2016-2017
invalidating previous directives regarding the teaching of gender equity (Carta
Circular 19-2014-2015) and the regulation regarding school uniforms (“el inciso 9 de
las Directrices Generales de la Carta Circular 16-2015-2016 sobre uniformes esco-
lares”).38 In a separate incident in August 2018, debate ensued regarding a mural on
“equidad de género” painted by two students at a public school in Aibonito, when
the students claimed they were told to remove it; the Department of Education ulti-
mately allowed the mural to remain.39
Persistence of Violence
Anti-LGBTQ violence has been a constant for decades and serves as one of the main
ways to maintain patriarchal and sexist structures and to limit social change; trans-
gender women are one of the most seriously affected groups (Rodríguez-Madera
et al. 2016). This violence has been documented in varied ways and is frequently
presented in sensationalist tone, for example the coverage of the spate of crimes
committed by serial killer Ángel Colón Maldonado, referred to by the press as “El
Ángel de los Solteros” (The Angel of Single Men), who is believed to have killed 27
men in the mid-1980s in the San Juan metropolitan region, including the well-known
social columnist Iván Frontera.40 More recently, the murder of Jorge Steven López
Mercado, a 19-year-old, aspiring makeup artist, clothing designer, and drag perform-
er whose body was found decapitated, dismembered, and burned on November 14,
2009, in Cayey, caused similar distress.41 This murder generated massive activist and
scholarly responses and transnational news coverage.42
The death of 49 persons, most of them LGBT, including 23 Puerto Ricans, and the injury
of many more who were attending “Latin Night” at Pulse motivated Latinx activists,
artists, writers, and scholars to react forcefully, particularly as mainstream media
frequently neglected to mention the ethnic identity of the victims.
Equally shocking, the massacre at Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida, on June

12, 2016, also garnered enormous attention, and led many to reflect on the effects
of gun violence, homophobia, and intolerance in the United States.43 The death
of 49 persons, most of them LGBT, including 23 Puerto Ricans, and the injury of
many more who were attending “Latin Night” at Pulse motivated Latinx activists,
artists, writers, and scholars to react forcefully, particularly as mainstream media
frequently neglected to mention the ethnic identity of the victims.44 Among these
scholars, Lilliana Ramos Collado (2016) reflected on the significance of the LGBTT
monument designed by Alberto de la Cruz, which was erected in San Juan barely
two weeks after the Pulse incident as a remembrance to the victims.45 The monu-
ment stands at the site where the traditional yearly San Juan LGBTQ pride march
concludes at Parque del Tercer Milenio near Escambrón beach. Meanwhile, the
LGBTQ Latinx community of Orlando has come together and created QLatinx, an
organization that “seeks to center and empower the most marginalized members of
our community, establish affirming and supportive healing spaces, build a strong
and united community, and work towards a society free of fear, violence, and hate.”46
Media (Particularly Television, including Boycotts, Activism, and Media Events)

Media—whether television, Internet, radio, or print—occupies a central role in form-
ing public opinion and in representing diverse experiences. It can be a core site of
support for sexual diversity but also for the transmission of harmful views and for
the dissemination of intolerance. Whether it is news coverage or entertainment,
media plays a central role in social debates.
Media scholar Félix Jiménez (2004) and historian Javier E. Laureano (2016)
have noted how there is a long history of queer representation in Puerto Rican televi-
sion. Yeidy M. Rivero (2005) has noted the controversies regarding singer Lucecita
Benítez’s masculine self-presentation, while Licia Fiol-Matta (2017) has commented
on the queer nature of Myrta Silva’s television program and persona, particularly of
her undisclosed lesbianism.
One example of male effeminate TV representation is the character of “Guille”
performed by actor and dancer Víctor Alicea in Entrando por la cocina from 1986 to
2002, which has been seen by some as exemplary, particularly given the character’s
mostly positive reception.47 More recently, the now openly-gay and pro-indepen-
dence Alicea has used his radio platform as host of ‘Machacando’ con Susa y Epifanio
on WIAC 740 AM and his theater appearances (for example in his 2015 play Los
Golden Boys) to advance positive discussions of sexual diversity.48
Parodic (somewhat absurd) current representations in 2018 also include cis-
gender, heterosexual comedian Joshua Pauta’s “Pauti La Presidenta,” presented as
an over-the-top, wig-wearing effeminate female character.49 Representation of queer
women has been less frequent, and in many cases these depictions are actually
derogatory instead of celebratory. One example of a problematic representation of
feminine masculinities is Jorge Pabón’s (El Molusco) character “Buchi, bien femeni-
na” presented through radio and in theater between 2009 and (approximately) 2013,
which received mixed review from critics.50
Puerto Rican LGBTQ representation at a national (United States) and inter-
national level includes the appearance of Nina Flowers (Jorge Flores) and of over
twenty additional Puerto Rican drag performers in the ten seasons of the television
reality competition RuPaul’s Drag Race since this program started airing on LOGO
TV on February 2, 2009 (and more recently on VH1), leading to international careers
for performers such as Flowers, Cynthia Lee Fontaine, and April Carrión.51 These
appearances on RuPaul’s Drag Race have also been marked by the occasional enforce-
ment of damaging stereotypes by the judges and by some contestants’ bias against
their peers’ lack of English-language fluency and/or use of Hispanic English.52
Notably, Puerto Rican megastar Ricky Martin’s coming out as gay on his website
and on Twitter on March 29, 2010 (Martin’s declaration “I am proud to say that I am
a fortunate homosexual man”), generated significant international news coverage.53
Martin’s public disclosure coincided with the publication of his memoir titled Me in
English and Yo in Spanish. At the same time, Martin has been the subject of attacks from
the self-described “Apóstol” (Apostle) and Evangelical media personality Pastor Wanda
Rolón (also referred to as “Wanda Rolex,” given her extravagant tastes and her penchant
for expensive wristwatches), who has spoken disparagingly of the actor and musician,
referring to Martin as an “embajador del infierno” (an ambassador from hell).54
Biased representation can be combatted through activism, including sophis-
ticated use of social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram,
as the scholar Manuel Avilés-Santiago (2014) has shown. Avilés-Santiago analyzes
the successful boycott of the homophobic and transphobic puppet character of
La Comay, interpreted by the ventriloquist/comedian Antulio “Kobbo” Santarrosa
on the extremely highly rated and commercially lucrative television program
SuperXclusivo, which was transmitted on WAPA-TV from 2000 to 2013; the pro-
gram had been marked by constant biased representation.55 The boycott was led by
activist Pedro Julio Serrano and joined by others such as lawyer and activist Yoryie
Irizarry beginning on December 4, 2012, after La Comay suggested that publicist
José Enrique Gómez-Saladín was murdered because he frequented a street known
for male and female prostitution. This event served as a catalyst to bring together dif-
ferent sectors; the boycott led to the cancellation of the program on January 9, 2013.56
Valuable information on current Puerto Rican LGBT topics frequently appears
on sites such as LGBT Puerto Rico (http://www.lgbtpuertorico.com/), a portal that was
established in 2013 by Avilés-Santiago and George Arce on the principles of “Inclusión”
(Inclusion), “Visibilidad” (Visibility), “Respeto y Equidad” (Respect and Equity), and
“Eficacia” (Effectiveness). LGBT Puerto Rico maintains an extremely active social media
presence and is a reliable source of up-to-date news. Meanwhile, the transfeminist
media collective known as EspicyNipples “busca contar y visibilizar las experiencias de
la comunidad LGBTTQIA en Puerto Rico” (seeks to tell and make visible the experi-
ences of the LGBTTQIA community in Puerto Rico), as Mariola Pagán Hidalgo (2018)
describes in 80grados. EspicyNipples members More, Rayo Radiante, Betún Warhol, and
Fe Fugaz maintain the collective’s website (https://www.espicynipples.com/), record a
podcast titled Bokisucixs and have participated in events at El Hangar in Santurce.
Literature
There have been important developments in the literary field.57 Notable among these
has been the publication of the pioneering Spanish-language literary anthology Los
otros cuerpos: antología de temática gay, lésbica y queer desde Puerto Rico y su diáspora
coedited by David Caleb Acevedo, Moisés Agosto-Rosario, and Luis Negrón in 2007,
which includes some translations from English to Spanish.58 Los otros cuerpos was
the first anthology of its kind in Puerto Rico and among the first in Latin America
and the Caribbean; it was dedicated to the openly-gay writer Manuel Ramos Otero
(1948–1990), who is the focus of several essays in this issue of CENTRO Journal.59
The enthusiasm for Los otros cuerpos during its multiple book presentations across
Puerto Rico and in New York City led to the creation on February 13, 2009, of the
Colectivo Literario Homoerótica (Homoerotic Literary Collective). Homoerótica
was founded by poet and editor Ángel Antonio Ruiz Laboy (2011a, 2014, 2016), who
also edited the Revista Corpóreo (currently available on the website Issuu), launched
Editorial Erizo, and published the anthology Ó: Colectivo Literario Homoerótica in
2012, the year the collective ended.60 During its four years of existence, Homoerótica
organized numerous public readings and workshops, marched in the LGBTQ Pride
March in San Juan, and actively participated in several editions of the Festival de la
Palabra, a literary festival spearheaded by the writer Mayra Santos-Febres.61 The col-
lective included a wide range of participants, such as poet Raquel Salas Rivera (2011,
2018), who more recently was declared Poet Laureate of the City of Philadelphia;
Salas Rivera identifies as “queer, Latinx, and fiercely Boricua.”62
Specific literary works can have a great impact. Building on the legacy of the
pioneering Ramos Otero, and following the success of Ángel Lozada’s novel La pato-
grafía (1998) and of Santos-Febres’s well-received Sirena Selena vestida de pena (2000),
Luis Negrón published his acclaimed collection of short stories Mundo cruel in 2010.63
Negrón’s highly-accessible and well-received book privileges an oral register and
centers on the district of Santurce in San Juan, including its diverse immigrant and
working class populations and its rich LGBTQ community life. It has been reissued in
Argentina, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Slovenia, and Spain.64 The English-
language edition was published by an imprint of Penguin Random House in the United
States; the book was translated into English by the esteemed translator Suzanne Jill
Levine, winning the Lambda Literary Award in 2014, the highest award for U.S. LGBT
publishing.65 Mundo cruel has also had diverse theatrical and film adaptations, includ-
ing by leading actor and director Gil René Rodríguez.66 The short film Mataperros
(2018, dir. Joaquín Octavio), which is based on a short story from Mundo cruel, was
screened at the 2018 Puerto Rico Queer Film Fest.
Equally significant are the prolific publications and editorial and activist work
of Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro, which include editing the anthology Cachaperismos:
poesía y narrativa lesboerótica (2010), publishing her novels Caparazones (2010)
and Violeta (2013), and establishing her blog and independent publishing house
Boreales, among many additional achievements.67 Arroyo Pizarro, whose work
has been reprinted in Spain by the esteemed Editorial Egales (an independent,
LGBT-centered, woman-owned publishing house) and translated into several
languages, is the focus of three articles in this issue of CENTRO Journal. Through
the Cátedra de Mujeres Negras Ancestrales founded by her, the author has been
extremely involved in Afro-Puerto Rican and, more broadly, Afro-Caribbean and
Afro-diasporic literary and cultural advocacy and education projects, dedicating
several books to this topic, such as Las negras (2012), Tongas, palenques y quilombos
(2013), and Yo, Makandal (2017).
Notable recent English-language Puerto Rican LGBTQ publications in the
United States have included the novels Chulito (2011) by Charles Rice-González,
We the Animals (2011) by Justin Torres (also released as a film in 2018), Juliet Takes
a Breath (2016) by Gabby Rivera, and The House of Impossible Beauties (2018) by
Joseph Cassara, as well as Blas Falconer’s four books of poetry (2006, 2007, 2012,
2018) and Charles Rice-González and Charlie Vázquez’s anthology From Macho to
Mariposa: New Gay Latino Fiction (2011), which includes numerous Puerto Rican
contributors such as David Caleb Acevedo and Robert Vázquez-Pacheco. As Andrew
Viñales highlights in this issue, Rice-González centers on youth and early adult
queer Bronx and Afro-Latinx experience.68 Meanwhile, Torres, in his loosely auto-
biographical tale of three half-Puerto Rican boys growing up in rural, upstate New
York, portrays bestialization (the animals of the novel’s title) and ultimately distanc-
ing and rejection, once the queer young adult protagonist’s family discovers his
erotic diaries.69 As Consuelo Martínez-Reyes discusses in this issue, Rivera addresses
an underserved population: young Puerto Rican queer/lesbian readers; Rivera has
also attained great visibility as the writer of the Marvel Comics series America, star-
ring a Puerto Rican queer superhero.70 In a different vein, Cassara re-envisions the
landmark documentary Paris Is Burning (dir. Jennie Livingston, 1990), a profile of
African American and Puerto Rican gays, drag queens, and transgender women, cen-
tering his novel on the legendary Latinx House of Xtravaganza.71 Finally, following
the tradition of poet Rane Arroyo, whose work is analyzed by María DeGuzmán in
this issue, Falconer explores questions of Puerto Rican heritage and of gay identity.72
The debate highlighted issues of white male heterosexual cisgender privilege, prestige,
power, and authority, and the contentious nature of the literary field.
The rise in visibility of LGBTQ publications has also created a backlash by authors
who have attempted to minimize, parody, or degrade specific achievements, or who insist
on anachronistic conceptions of stigma.73 A particularly toxic example was the publica-
tion of the deceitful Opus totus: antología de poesía lésbica (Anthology of Lesbian Poetry),
which generated fierce debates after the presentation of this book in April 2009 at La
Tertulia Bookstore in Río Piedras by Professor Luis Felipe Díaz, who appeared as their
performance persona Lizza Fernanda.74 The Opus totus anthology was originally published
in 2006 by three male-identified, cisgender, heterosexual university professors (Rafael
Acevedo and two additional unacknowledged authors, Pablo Juan Canino Salgado and
Angel Luis Méndez) who published and promoted the book using the female pseudonyms
of Rosalba López Cepera, Beba Marucci, Elvira Montes Stubbe, and Carmen Pérez Müller;
selections of the book were reprinted in their blog El Mimbre Despeinado and in the pages
of the weekly newspaper Claridad. In an interview in El Nuevo Día, Acevedo claimed that
the publication and cover-up was an exercise of creative expression, even when the book
was taught in their Spanish-language literature classes without indicating its parodic
nature.75 Acevedo also published a polemical short piece in Claridad titled “No tolero a
los gays” (2010) that was seen as a provocation. The debate highlighted issues of white
male heterosexual cisgender privilege, prestige, power, and authority, and the contentious
nature of the literary field. As critic Rubén Ríos Ávila wrote at the time, “Estamos ante un
ejercicio bastante rudimentario de parodia reaccionaria, la parodia que aspira a destruir el
modelo que imita, a desprestigiarlo, a borrarlo del escenario de lo politizable” (2010b); Ríos
Ávila also commented on the rise of transphobia in Puerto Rico. And, as Yolanda Martínez-
San Miguel (2010) noted, “surge la pregunta ¿por qué es necesario editar una antología de
poesía lesbiana mediocre cuando en Puerto Rico tenemos una nutrida tradición poética
lésbica (pienso en Nemir Matos Cintrón, Luz María Umpierre, Lilliana Ramos Collado, y
Frances Negrón Muntaner, entre tantas otras) que han creado proyectos estéticos diversos,
innovadores y muy interesantes?”
Theater and Performance

Notable developments in the dramatic arts and performance include the premiere of
the Festival de Teatro de Tercer Amor (Third Love Theater Festival) in 2006 at Teatro
Coribantes in Hato Rey (San Juan), which in 2018 celebrated its thirteenth edition,
and the work of individual artists such as Javier Cardona, Jorge Merced (profiled in
this issue), Awilda Rodríguez Lora (“La Performera”), Lío Villahermosa (also profiled),
and Kairiana Núnez Santaliz.76 Appealing to a general audience, the Festival del Tercer
Amor, as it is also known, showcases straightforward and not particularly experimental
or alternative representation; it has included important plays by women and about les-
bianism.77 While the festival has thrived and served as a space for community building,
Festival director Rafael Rojas accused the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture of censor-
ship in 2017 when the government agency withdrew its financial support.78
In the diaspora, key spaces such as Teatro Pregones (where Merced is based) and
the Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance (BAAD!, co-founded and led by executive direc-
tor Charles Rice-González), both in New York City, have continued to create space
for queer Puerto Rican and Latinx theater, performance, and dance.79 Meanwhile, in
Puerto Rico, spaces such as Casa de Cultura Ruth Hernández Torres, which was led
by Gisela Rosario Ramos and Helen Ceballos but has been shuttered since Hurricane
María, and other venues such as Casa Cruz de la Luna (in San Germán), Patio Taller (in
Barrio San Antón, Carolina), Club 77 (in Río Piedras), La Casa de los Contrafuertes (in
Old San Juan), and El Cuadrado Gris, El Departamento de la Comida (no longer open),
El Hangar, El Local, La Respuesta, the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Puerto Rico
(MAC-PR), and Radiored, all in Santurce, have welcomed experimental queer arts.80
El Hangar is particularly interesting as a bare-bones, post-Hurricane María, queer-
identified, woman-led, trans-friendly space created by Carla Jeanet Torres and her
first cousin, the filmmaker and visual artist Rubén Rolando Solla-Rosario; the space is
run by a collective, offers many events in its extensive yard, includes a large kitchen
for cooking collective meals, and was created after retaking an abandoned lot that had
served as a failed Pentecostal church and then as a “hospitalillo” (a space for illicit
drug use) on Hoare Street, on the edge of the exclusive residential neighborhood of
Miramar, abutting Barrio Gandul. Its events combine sustainable agro-ecological
awareness, alternative health practices, and radical queer culture.
Performance has served as a space for innovation and transformation regard-
ing gender identity, but has also generated controversy. For example, in late January
2014, the fairly conventional and mostly mainstream María Chuzema (a character
portrayed by the actress and puppeteer Tere Marichal) was criticized by Puerto
Rico por la Familia for her children’s story “Carla Feliz” about a transgender girl.81
As one newspaper headline indicated, “Tabú el tema LGBTT dirigido a los menores”
(LGBTT Themes Taboo When Directed at Minors).82 Marichal received widespread
public support and police protection from the Mayor of San Juan Carmen Yulín Cruz
to perform the story in public in Old San Juan.83
The homophobia of organizations such as Puerto Rico por la Familia has been
challenged through performance. For example, on February 16, 2015, the experi-
mental performance artist Mickey Negrón carried out a well-documented protest
intervention against the Marcha Contra el Currículo con Perspectiva de Género
(March against a Curriculum with Gender Perspective). Negrón’s performance was
titled PonerMickeytarme: ritual de pluma y purificación and entailed appearing in
female drag with a Bible tied to his body in front of the Puerto Rican Capitol build-
ing in Puerta de Tierra, embracing hostile protesters, and ultimately covering his
semi-naked body with honey and white feathers.84 The performance was carried out
with the assistance of Helen Ceballos and videotaped by Ryan Pérez-Hicks, and is
available on Vimeo and YouTube.
Film and Film Festivals

Film is a major genre; film festivals help to generate audiences and attention for
pioneering works. The premiere edition of the Puerto Rico Queer Film Fest was
held on November 12–18, 2009, and included screenings of feature-length and short
international and Puerto Rican films; the Puerto Rican short films were identified
as “Cortos BoriQueer.”85 The festival celebrated its ninth edition in 2018, having had
to cancel the 2017 edition due to Hurricane María. The festival has been consis-
tently led by Víctor González (Executive Director), Jaime Santiago (Programming
Director), and Rebeca Fraticelli (Executive Producer).86
Many leading Puerto Rican films have premiered at the Puerto Rico Queer Film
Fest. For example, Carmen Oquendo-Villar and José Correa-Viguier’s well-received,
mid-length documentary La aguja/The Needle was first shown at the festival in
November of 2012.87 La aguja focuses on the life experiences of José Quiñones, a
retired nurse and drag performer who runs a beauty clinic in his home, where he
assists many celebrities and transgender women; the film was not released commer-
cially due to legal concerns. The award-winning, bilingual feature-length film Mala
Mala also had its local premiere at the Puerto Rico Queer Film Fest on November 23,
2014; the documentary obtained commercial U.S. distribution with Strand Releasing
in 2015.88 Mala Mala was directed by Antonio Santini and Dan Sickles and focuses on
drag and trans experience in Puerto Rico, featuring nine individuals, including trans
spokesperson Ivana Fred and genderqueer/trans chef Paxx Caraballo Moll.
Additional landmark films presented at the Puerto Rico Queer Film Fest include
El hijo de Ruby, a short documentary produced in 2014 by independent artist and
film director Gisela Rosario Ramos that features Lío Villahermosa, which Anastacia
Valecce discusses in this issue, and the Puerto Rican-Venezuelan coproduction Extra
Terrestres (2016), a feature-length narrative film directed by Carla Cavina, starring
Marisé Álvarez and Prakriti Maduro as a lesbian couple.89 Meanwhile, the documen-
tary Kiki (2016), directed by Sara Jordenö, prominently features the Puerto Rican
Chi Chi Mizrahi (Francisco González Jr.); the film focuses on the youth-led LGBTQ
African American and Latinx ball scene in New York City, particularly on HIV/AIDS
prevention work.90 Kiki has been considered by many to be a follow-up to the land-
mark 1990 documentary Paris Is Burning.91 Another film that centers on the impact
of AIDS is Cecilia Aldarondo’s Memories of a Penitent Heart (2016), in which the
Puerto Rican filmmaker “reconstructs her uncle Miguel’s New York life, one he lived
far from his family, especially his religious mother”; the documentary was televised
nationally across the United States on PBS.92
Parades
Parades serve as a space of community validation and group consolidation. These
range from LGBTQ-specific events such as the yearly Marcha del Orgullo LGBTTIQ
de Puerto Rico held without interruption in San Juan since 1991, which is organized
by the Colectivo Orgullo Arcoiris (COA), to the Boquerón (Cabo Rojo) pride parade
and weekend festival, held for the sixteenth year in 2018.93 They also include local
community events in the diaspora such as the Chicago People’s Puerto Rican Parade
held yearly in Humboldt Park, which prominently features drag and trans Cacica
Queens and, since 2018, a gay Cacique King.94 Notably, the 2016 National Puerto
Rican Day Parade in New York City, which was held on June 12, included recognition
for the first time ever of Puerto Rican LGBTQ pioneers such as activist Pedro Julio
Serrano, gay boxer Orlando “El Fenómeno” Cruz, equal marriage lawsuit plaintiffs
Ada Conde and Ivonne Álvarez, and transgender pioneer Soraya Santiago, who is
featured in Mala Mala.95 Posthumous recognition was made to trans activist Sylvia
Rivera and to the lesbian educator and community leader Antonia Pantoja, who
founded ASPIRA.96 Sadly, this parade occurred on the same day as the Pulse Orlando
massacre, highlighting the precariousness of our limited gains.
Notably, the 2016 National Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York City, which was held
on June 12, included recognition for the first time ever of Puerto Rican LGBTQ pioneers
such as activist Pedro Julio Serrano, gay boxer Orlando “El Fenómeno” Cruz, equal
marriage lawsuit plaintiffs Ada Conde and Ivonne Álvarez, and transgender pioneer
Soraya Santiago, who is featured in Mala Mala.
Bars, Community Centers, HIV/AIDS Organizations

While it exceeds the scope of this survey article to offer detailed information about
all the current bars, nightclubs, and other LGBTQ businesses and organizations in
Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rican diaspora, it is worthwhile to point out their cen-
trality and importance. This is evident, for example, in Yoryie Irizarry’s (2014) remi-
niscence about Bachelor, which was the leading San Juan gay bar during the 1970s,
80s, and 90s.97 Bars and other businesses are also central to Javier E. Laureano’s
(2016) analysis of gay life and culture in San Juan. Current spaces include Zal Zi
Puedes, a very small bar in Santurce with a mostly older, male clientele that offers
drag shows with veteran performers such as Ruddys Martínez Díaz (La Pantoja de
Puerto Rico), Gilo Rosa, and Félix Chevremont and which features informal poetry
readings on Sunday nights called “Cultureta” (Clavell Carrasquillo 2013). More
recent locations such as The Bear Tabern on Degetau Street in Santurce organize
beach excursions (“Bear Beach Invasion”), varied parties (including birthday cel-
ebrations), Friday night karaoke, art exhibits, and contests and serves as a home base
for the Comunidad Osos de Puerto Rico and for San Juan Leather Men. At the pres-
ent moment there seem to be few if any women-centered bars, but there are spaces
such as El Hangar in Santurce, Casa Ruth in Rio Piedras, El Departamento de la
Comida (originally in Barrio Gandul and then in Ocean Park, now closed), and Patio
Taller in Carolina that are very women-focused and are women-led. There have also
been lesbian parties at La Respuesta in Santurce. In her research on Mexico City,
Anahí Russo Garrido (2009) comments that women frequently have less-established
spaces, or take over a particular spot one night, or frequent men’s spaces where they
are treated well, or do events in private homes. This also occurs in Puerto Rico.
In addition to El Hangar in Santurce, more established community centers
include the Centro Comunitario LGBTT de Puerto Rico (http://www.centrolgbttpr.
org/) in Hato Rey, led by Cecilia La Luz, which has operated since 2011. According
to their website, this center offers support groups, psychosocial help, psychotherapy,
and educational and community activities. The center is located on a second floor
and is not wheelchair accessible.
Finally, it is important to mention the centrality of HIV/AIDS organizations, many
of which have been operating since the 1980s and 1990s. For example, Coaí, Inc. (http://
coaipr.org/), led by José Joaquín Mulinelli Rodríguez, is a non-profit organization “dedi-
cated to health promotion and disease prevention from a social justice and human rights
perspective, with emphasis on serving lesbians, homosexuals, bisexual, transgender,
transsexual, queer, questioning and intersex (LGBTTQQI) people in Puerto Rico,” as
their website indicates. The organization includes support programs such as Aché T.O.P.
(Taking On Prevention) for “Men that have Sex with Men and Transgender/Transsexual
persons” as well as Trans Tanamá for “16 to 29 years old young transgender persons and
their partners (regardless of age, gender identity and sexual orientation)” who live in the
San Juan and Ponce areas. Coaí also organizes Transfashion, a transgender fashion show
that serves as a fundraiser for the organization.
Academia: Research and the Creation of University Spaces

for the Discussion of LGBTQ Culture and Knowledge
Universities in Puerto Rico have been slow to fully embrace LGBTQ studies, but
meaningful gains have been made, ranging from the teaching of specific classes, the
work of student organizations, individual scholar’s research, and hosting larger, pub-
lic events. Unfortunately, scholarly research indicates that many university students
in Puerto Rico still harbor homophobic views.98 One landmark achievement was the
establishment in 2006 of the Coloquio Del Otro La’o, an LGBTQ academic conference
at the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, which has been held biennially without
interruption and has always been accompanied by the publication of the conference
proceedings.99 Christopher Powers and Jocelyn A. Géliga Vargas discuss this history in
their interview with conference organizers Lissette Rolón Collazo and Beatriz Llenín
Figueroa featured in this issue of CENTRO Journal.
Another example of a public event was the hosting a Jornada de Literatura
Puertorriqueña (Puerto Rican Literary Day) focused on queer literature on February
15, 2012, organized by the Departamento de Estudios Hispánicos (Hispanic Studies

Department) of the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, including diverse pan-
els and talks by Ángel Antonio Ruiz Laboy, Moisés Agosto-Rosario, Yolanda Arroyo
Pizarro, Luis Negrón, José Quiroga, Javier E. Laureano, Lilliana Ramos Collado, and
Félix Jiménez.100 The Jornada concluded with a literary reading by members of the
Colectivo Literario Homoerótica. This impetus has continued with the establishment
in May 2015 of the Congreso de Literatura Queer (CLiQ) at the University of Puerto
Rico, Carolina, under the leadership of author and editor Max Chárriez from Editorial
La Tuerca and of Professor Mónica Lladó Ortega.101 The conference has been held
twice and is scheduled to occur in October 2018. In addition, Professor Regner Ramos
is currently organizing Sites Queer: Technologies, Spaces and Otherness, a conference
scheduled to take place at the School of Architecture of the University of Puerto Rico,
Río Piedras, on February 7–9, 2019.
In the United States, the Center for Puerto Rican Studies at Hunter College,
CUNY, has hosted events such as the launch of the special issue of CENTRO Journal
on Puerto Rican Queer Sexualities on May 7, 2007, and the first-ever LGBT Puerto
Rican Diaspora Summit in New York City (LGBT Ricans: El Encuentro), held on June
11, 2016.102 Meanwhile, at Columbia University, Frances Negrón-Muntaner has orga-
nized events such as Superstar! A Tribute to Mario Montez, held on March 31, 2010,
which was an homage to the New York avant-garde/underground drag performer and
Warhol superstar Mario Montez, and FIERCE: The Work and Life of Manuel Ramos
Otero, a panel discussion held on October 5, 2014, featuring Arnaldo Cruz-Malavé, Luis
Negrón, and Consuelo Arias on the occasion of the inauguration of the Manuel Ramos
Otero Papers at the Columbia University Library.103
Finally, it is important to recognize the importance of particular scholarly publi-
cations. One example is Javier E. Laureano’s pioneering history volume San Juan gay:
conquista de un espacio urbano de 1948 a 1991, published in 2016, which follows in the
tradition of other historiographical efforts such as Aixa Ardín’s undergraduate thesis
“Elyíbiti: historia del activismo LGBTT en Puerto Rico desde los 70 a mediados de
los 90” (2001).104 Ardín’s thesis was accompanied by a documentary film of the same
name. Another valuable contribution is LGBT 101: una mirada introductoria al colectivo
(Vázquez-Rivera et al. 2016), which includes an essay by Ana Irma Rivera-Lassén and
eighteen additional chapters by a wide range of scholars and clinical practitioners.
Final Observations
This limited survey highlights some of the numerous historical, political, and cultural
events and key leading figures in Puerto Rican LGBTQ life, but inevitably excludes
many additional interesting and valuable contributions. Analysis of these events has
also been limited given publication constraints. The coeditors of this issue of CENTRO
Journal hope that future research will take up many of the issues addressed in these
pages and will continue to develop and expand the field of Puerto Rican queer studies.
TIMELINE
2002. Sanchez v. Puerto Rico. The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico dismisses case brought
by Reverend Margarita Sánchez de León challenging Puerto Rico’s sodomy law.
2003. Pueblo v. Ruiz Martínez. On April 8, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico holds that
same-sex couples are excluded from the protections granted to “relaciones consensu-
ales” (consensual relationships) under the Prevention and Intervention of Domestic
Violence Law, known as Act 54, despite the gender-neutral language of the statute.
2003. The Puerto Rican Senate decriminalizes sodomy in Puerto Rico on June 23.
2003. Lawrence v. Texas, 539 US 558. On June 26, the Supreme Court of the United States
strikes down the Texas anti-sodomy law as unconstitutional, reasoning that the 14th
Amendment’s substantive due process protections guarantee the liberty rights of
consenting adults engaged in private conduct.
2005. Ex parte Delgado Hernández. On June 30, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico holds
that the Demographic Registry Law does not allow a change of sex marker for
transsexual petitioner, overturning a previous Supreme Court’s order granting
petitioner’s request to change the sex marker on her birth certificate and driver’s
license.
2006. First edition of the Coloquio Del Otro La’o, an LGBTQ academic conference held at
the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez.
2006. First edition of the Festival de Teatro del Tercer Amor (Third Love Theater
Festival) at Teatro Coribantes in Hato Rey (San Juan).
2006. Initial publication of Opus totus: antología de poesía lésbica (Anthology of Lesbian
Poetry), written by three heterosexual cisgender men and published with pseud-
onyms.
2006. Signing into law of Act 108 on May 26 to amend the Organic Law of the Puerto
Rico Department of Education to require the department to design and implement
a curriculum that promotes gender equity and prevents domestic violence.
2007. Publication of CENTRO Journal’s special issue “Puerto Rican Queer Sexualities”
(vol. 19, no. 1, Spring 2007).
2007. Publication of the landmark anthology Los otros cuerpos: antología de temática gay,
lésbica y queer desde Puerto Rico y su diáspora.
2008–09. Debates ensue over the Puerto Rico Department of Education’s “Carta Circular”
regarding “perspectiva de género” (gender equity).
2009. Nina Flowers and two additional Puerto Rican drag performers appear on the first
season on RuPaul’s Drag Race.
2009. Creation of the Colectivo Literario Homoerótica.
2009. Controversy ensues following the April presentation of Opus totus: antología de
poesía lésbica at La Tertulia Bookstore in Río Piedras.
2009. First edition of the Puerto Rican Queer Film Fest held in November.
2009. The body of Jorge Steven López Mercado is found decapitated, dismembered, and
burned on November 14 in Cayey.
2010. Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro edits and publishes the collective anthology Cachaperismos:
poesía y narrativa lesboerótica, and publishes her novel Caparazones.
2010. Luis Negrón publishes Mundo cruel.
2010. Ricky Martin comes out as gay on Twitter on March 29, coinciding with the publi-
cation of his memoir titled Me in English and Yo in Spanish.
2011. Justin Torres publishes his novel We the Animals on August 30.
2012. On February 15, the Hispanic Studies Department of the University of Puerto Rico, Río
Piedras, hosts the Jornada de Literatura Puertorriqueña focused on queer literature.
2012. On September 8, Ana Irma Rivera Lassén becomes the first openly lesbian black
lawyer to lead the Colegio de Abogados de Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico Bar Association).
2012. On November 6, Pedro Peters Maldonado becomes the first openly gay candidate to
win public office in Puerto Rico.
2012. Carmen Oquendo-Villar and José Correa-Viguier’s documentary La aguja/The
Needle premieres at the Puerto Rico Queer Film Fest on November 18.
2012. Murder of publicist José Enrique Gómez-Saladín on November 29.
2012. Boycott of the television program SuperXclusivo, which features the puppet char-
acter of La Comay, after La Comay made disparaging comments about Gómez-
Saladín on show on December 4.
2013. Cancellation of the television program SuperXclusivo on January 9.
2013. On February 18, thousands participate in a march at the Capitol of Puerto Rico
against the anti-discrimination amendments on the basis of sexual orientation and
gender identity under consideration in the Legislature.
2013. CABE (Comité Amplio para la Búsqueda de Equidad) holds its first press confer-
ence at the Colegio de Abogados (Bar Association of Puerto Rico).
2013. Ex parte A.A.R. On February 20, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico determines that
the Puerto Rican Civil Code prohibits same-sex second parent adoption of a minor
child raised by the same-sex couple.
2013. Act 22-2013 is enacted by Governor Alejandro García Padilla on May 29 to prohibit
discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in public and pri-
vate employment. The same day, the governor enacts Act 23-2013 to amend Act
54 to extend its domestic violence prevention and intervention protections to all
people in a consensual relationship regardless of sexual orientation and gender
identity.
2013. Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro publishes her novel Violeta.
2014. In late January, María Chuzema is criticized by Puerto Rico por la Familia for her
children’s story titled “Carla Feliz” about a transgender girl.
2014. Ada Mercedes Conde Vidal and Ivonne Álvarez Vélez of San Juan file a federal
lawsuit on March 26 in the U.S. District Court of Puerto Rico seeking recognition of
their Massachusetts marriage.
2014. The bilingual documentary film Mala Mala premieres at the Tribeca Film Festival
in New York City on April 19 and later at the Puerto Rico Queer Film Fest in
November, obtaining commercial U.S. distribution with Strand Releasing in 2015.
2014. On June 2, Luis Negrón’s Mundo Cruel wins the Lambda Literary Award in the cat-
egory of fiction.
2014. On July 15, Maite Oronoz Rodríguez is sworn in as Associate Justice to the
Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, the court’s first openly gay justice.
2014. Zulma Oliveras Vega, Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro, and three additional couples join
Ada Conde and Ivonne Álvarez in their lawsuit on June 24. U.S. District Judge Juan
Pérez-Giménez rules against the plaintiffs on October 22.
2015. On February 16, Puerto Rican religious groups organize a Marcha Contra el
Currículo con Perspectiva de Género (March against a Curriculum with Gender
Perspective) against proposed Department of Education reforms.

2015. On February 25, Secretary of Education Rafael Román Meléndez emits the Carta
Circular 19-2014-2015 regarding the “Public Policy regarding Gender Equity and
Its Integration to the Curriculum of the Puerto Rico Department of Education as
an Instrument to Promote the Dignity of Human Beings and the equality of All
before the Law.”
2015. First edition of the Congreso de Literatura Queer (CLiQ) held June 2–6 at the
University of Puerto Rico, Carolina.
2015. Obergefell v. Hodges. On June 26, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that
same-sex couples have the right to marry.
2015. On September 9, Secretary of Education Rafael Román Meléndez emits the Carta
Circular 16-2015-2016 regarding school uniforms in public schools (“Directrices sobre
el uso del uniforme escolar en el sistema público de enseñanza en Puerto Rico”).
2016. On February 22, Maite Oronoz Rodríguez is confirmed as Chief Justice of the
Puerto Rico Supreme Court.
2016. On March 8, U.S. District Court Judge Juan Pérez-Giménez upholds the same-sex
marriage ban in Puerto Rico.
2016. On April 7, the First Circuit of Appeals in Boston overturns U.S. District Court
Judge Juan Pérez-Giménez’s decision.
2016. In the early morning of June 12, Omar Mateen murders 49 persons, including 23
Puerto Ricans, and injures many more who are attending “Latin Night” at the Pulse
nightclub in Orlando, Florida.
2016. Later that same day (June 12), the National Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York
City recognizes past and present Puerto Rican LGBT pioneers.
2016. In August, Javier Laureano publishes his pioneering scholarly history volume San
Juan gay: conquista de un espacio urbano de 1948 a 1991.
2017. On February 8, Puerto Rico Secretary of Education Julia Keleher emits the Carta
Circular 32-2016-2017 invalidating previous directives regarding the teaching of
gender equity and the regulation regarding school uniforms.
2017. In March, Senate President Thomas Rivera Schatz rescinds an administrative order that
allowed transgender employees to use facilities consistent with their gender identity.
2017. On July 3, Senate President Thomas Rivera Schatz refers to openly-lesbian Fiscal
Supervision Board member Ana Matosantos as “sir” on a radio show, creating
great controversy.
2018. On February 1, Joseph Cassara publishes his novel The House of Impossible Beauties.
2018. Arroyo González v. Rosselló Nevares. On April 20, the Federal District Court for the
District of Puerto Rico strikes down as unconstitutional Puerto Rico’s prohibition
against changing the sex marker on birth certificates and driver’s license of trans-
gender petitioners.
2018. The film adaptation of Justin Torres’s novel We the Animals is released commer-
cially on August 17.
NOTES
1
Méndez-Méndez (2015) offers a valuable general overview. In an earlier essay (La Fountain-
Stokes 1999) I offered a broad panoramic analysis of Puerto Rican LGBT issues. Also see La
Fountain-Stokes (2009), Rapp (2010), Toro-Alfonso (2008). On Latin America, see Corrales
and Pecheny (2010).
2
See Ostolaza Bey (2010), Rivera Lassén (2010, 2016).
3
See Irizarry (2017), Rabell Ramírez (2015), Rivera Pagán (2015, 2016), Sued (2013).
4
Also see Senado de Puerto Rico (2003).
5
See ACLU Lesbian and Gay Rights Project (2003, 57), Martínez-Rivera (2012), Rodríguez
(2007). On Sánchez de León, also see La Fountain-Stokes (1999).
6
See Feliciano Acosta 2014; Fernós (2013).
7
See “Pareja de boricuas lesbianas se casa en Nueva York” (2012).
8
See Lavers (2014b).
9
See Lavers (2014a).
10
See Johnson (2014).
11
See Figueroa Rosa (2015).
12
See Bratu (2016).
13
See Cobián (2016a, 2016b).
14
See Martínez Rivera (2007).
15
See Díaz Morales (2012), Pérez Camacho (2006).
16
See Microjuris (2018).
17
See Caro González (2018b), Cerda Campero (2018), Plax (2018). On Rodríguez Roldán, see
Gonzalez (2016), González-Ramírez (2016), Spinks (2017).
18
See Caro González (2018a). For a detailed account of Ivana Fred’s visit to the Registro
Demográfico to change her documents, see Irizarry Álvarez (2018).
19
See CyberNews/NotiCel (2012).
20
See Banuchi (2014), Méndez-Méndez (2015, 259).
21
See Banuchi (2016).
22
See Bauzá (2010), “Denuncian incremento” (2009), Fernández (2015), “Fuerza gay en la
papeleta” (2012), “Inaceptable guerra” (2010), Laureano (2016, 225–36). Pedro Julio Serrano
no longer identifies with the PNP.
23
See “Homosexual gana por primera vez unas elecciones en la Isla” (2012).
24
See La Fountain-Stokes (1999), Mark-Viverito and Mendez (2013). On Holyoke, MA, City
Councilor Jossie Valentín, see Nicco (2013). On Holyoke City Councilor Nelson Rafael Román,
see https://www.americansforthearts.org/users/14686. On Pedro Segarra, see Peña López (2012).
25
On Romero, see https://www.aclu.org/bio/anthony-d-romero.
26
See “Odio sin tapujos contra la comunidad gay” (2009), “Tildan de homofóbico a Rivera
Schatz” (2011).
27
See “Miles protestan” (2013).
28 See “Sí a la igualdad para la comunidad LGBTT” (2013).
29
See “Crean comité amplio en busca de la equidad” (2013).
30
See Capó Matos (2013), “Son ley” (2013).
31
See Avery (2017), Banuchi (2017).
32
See Metro Puerto Rico (2017).
33
See Delgado Robles (2017), “Rep. Gutiérrez Speaks Out” (2017), Serrano (2017).
34
See Mercado Sierra (2012).
35
See, for example, López Peña (2016), Maldonado Miranda (2008).
36
See “Protestan en contra de educación sobre perspectiva de género” (2015).
37
See “Comité Amplio para la Búsqueda de Equidad” (2015) and Proyecto Matria website
(https://www.proyectomatria.org/).
38
See López Alicea (2017).
39
See González (2018), Metro Puerto Rico (2018b), Tirado Ramos (2018). It is unclear why
this minor incident received such substantial media attention.
40
See del Puente (1986), Laureano (2016, 301–21).
41
See Figueroa Rosa (2009), “Suspect Charged” (2009).
42
See Mirzoeff (2010), Ríos Ávila (2010a).
43
See Alvarez and Madigan (2016), Jusino Díaz (2019).
44
See Irizarry (2016a), Kornhaber (2016), La Fountain-Stokes (2018b), Quiroga (2016), Ramos
Collado (2016), Rodríguez (2016), Torres (2016).
45
Also see “Erigen monumento” (2016), NotiCel and EFE (2016).
46
The QLatinx mission statement appears on their website, https://www.qlatinx.org/about.
Also see Chavez (2017), Cordeiro (2016), Rodriguez (2017).
47
See Colón (2018), Ríos Camacho (2016).
48
See Ortiz Díaz (2017), Vargas Casiano (2015).
49
See Rosario (2018).
50
See Martínez-Reyes (2010a, 2010b).
51
RuPaul’s Drag Race airs on VH1 since 2017.
52
See Goldmark (2015), La Fountain-Stokes (2014), Mayora (2014).
53
See Associated Press (2010), Duke (2010), Martin (2010a, 2010b).
54
See “‘No he difamado ni ofendido a nadie’” (2011), Romero (2011), “Wanda Rolón reitera su
ataque contra Ricky Martin” (2011).
55
Also see Irizarry (2012), Vega (2012).
56
See Voxxi (2012).
57
See Torres (2015, 107–63).
58
See Acevedo, Agosto Rosario, and Negrón (2007). For a discussion of the anthology, see La
Fountain-Stokes (2018, 81–9).
59
Recent scholarship on Ramos Otero includes articles and book chapters by Cortés-Vélez
(2012), Cruz-Malavé (2015), Guzzardo Tamargo (2017), La Fountain-Stokes (2009, 19–63),
Lladó-Ortega (2010), Rolón Machado (2016), Rosa (2011).
60
See Toro (2010), Torres (2013; 2015, 109–12).
61
See “Hay hambre de poder expresar” (2009).
62
Quoted in Zorrilla (2018). Also see Ruiz Laboy (2011b).
63
On Luis Negrón, see Gutiérrez Negrón (2018), Pintado Burgos (2011), Ramos Collado
(2012a), Torres (2015, 113–5).
64
See Pardo (2016), Román Samot (2016).
65
On the Lambda Literary Award, see La Fountain-Stokes (2016c), Swanson (2014).
66
See Fullana Acosta (2015), Irizarry (2016c), Meléndez (2015).
67
See Falconí Trávez (2016), Large (2017), Quezada (2015), Ramos Collado (2012b), Torres
(2015, 140–2), Vázquez Cruz (2016).
68
On Chulito, see González (2011).
69
See Isherwood (2011). On the film, see Osenlund (2018).
70
Also see Betancourt (2017), Moreno (2018), Sawyers-Lovett (2016).
71
See Jacques (2018).
72
On Arroyo, see La Fountain-Stokes, Torres, and Rivera-Servera (2011).
73
See, for example, Silén (2012), who claims that “la mariconería, es una forma oscura y
frívola de ser traidor, de ser colaborador, de ser chismoso y de ser chota”; Silén opposes the
noble homosexual to the treacherous and frivolous maricón, a contrast that evokes Federico
García Lorca’s though in his “Ode to Walt Whitman” (1929). For a discussion of Silén’s book
and of the controversies it generated on Facebook, particularly after Silén accused a gay
Puerto Rican writer of being “sidoso” (a person with HIV/AIDS), see Torres (2015, 36–40).
74
See “Hay hambre de poder expresar” (2009), Martínez-San Miguel (2010), Ríos Ávila
(2010b). On Luis Felipe Díaz/Lizza Fernanda, see La Fountain-Stokes (2018, 93–5).
75
See “Hay hambre de poder expresar” (2009).
76
On the Festival de Teatro del Tercer Amor, see La Fountain-Stokes (2018a, 209–12), López
Ortiz (2006), Santiago (2006). On Cardona, see Arroyo (2002, 2007, 2016), Rivera-Velázquez
and Torres Narváez (2016). On Rodríguez Lora, see Peña López (2014), Sharp (2018). On
Villahermosa, see Colón (2016). On Núnez Santaliz, who is known for her solo and ensemble
work, see Laureano (2010), Metro Puerto Rico (2018a).
77
For example, see the extensive news coverage about actress Lizmarie Quintana and
director Emineh de Lourdes. See “Emineh de Lourdes y Lizmarie Quintana alardean de
su felicidad” (2013), “Premian a lo mejor de Festival de Teatro del Tercer Amor” (2014),
Santiago Torres (2014).
78
See Vega Calles (2017).
79
See La Fountain-Stokes (2009, 2016a), Rivera-Servera (2012).
80
On filmmaker, performer, and cultural activist Gisela Rosario (also known as Macha Colón)
see “La lucha de una artista boricua ‘brutalmente honesta’” (2015), Vallejo González (2015).
81
See NotiCel (2014).
82
See front cover of Metro, January 30, 2014, <https://rm.metrolatam.com/
pdf/2014/01/30/20140130_sanjuan.pdf/>.
83
See Burgos (2014), Olivares (2014).
84
See La Fountain-Stokes (2018, 227–33).
85
See Agencia EFE (2009).
86
See Reyes Angleró (2018), Vargas Molina (2011).
87
See Laureano (2012), López Chávez (2013), Ramos Collado (2013).
88
See La Fountain-Stokes (2016b), Ríos Ávila (2014).
89
On Extra Terrestres, see Alegre Femenías (2017), La Fountain-Stokes (2018, 102–5).
90
On Kiki, see Betancourt (2016).
91
See Kenny (2017).
92
See POV Pressroom (2017).
93
On the Puerto Rican LGBTTIQ Pride March in San Juan see Laureano (2016, 202–24). On
Boquerón Pride see D. Rodríguez (2014).
94
On 2018 Cacique King Orlando “El Fenómeno” Cruz, see Malagón (2018).
95
See “Desfile puertorriqueño” 2016. Santiago has published a memoir covering her life expe-
riences; see Soraya (2014).
96
On Pantoja, see Torres (2009).
97
See “Recuerdan la era dorada de la discoteca Bachelor” (2013) regarding a more recent cel-
ebration party sponsored by the disk jockey Pablo Flores, and Vargas Casiano (2015).
98
See Nieves Rosa (2012), Toro-Alfonso, Borrero Bracero, and Nieves Lugo (2008).
99
See Llenín Figueroa (2013, 2015), Ríos Torres (2007), Rolón Collazo (2009, 2011, 2017).
100
See “Dedican jornada a literatura ‘queer’” (2012).
101
See “Arranca mañana” (2015), “Qué comience el Congreso” (2015).
102
See Globe Newswire (2016).
103
See Arias (2014), Columbia University Libraries (2014), Rodríguez Martorell (2010). Magali
García Ramis was scheduled to appear but was unable to travel for personal (health) reasons.
104
On Laureano, see Irizarry (2016b).
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502 CENTRO Journal

volume xxx • number ii • summer 2018

Recent Developments in Queer Puerto

The author (lawrlafo@umich.edu) is Associate Professor of American Culture, Romance

One notable case of a legal setback which is also analyzed by Rodríguez is

En resumen, no estamos decidiendo ahora aquí si son válidos o no los llamados

Politics: Elected Officials, Community Activism, Legislative Change, Conservative Backlash

Public Education at the Primary and Secondary Level:

género y su integración al currículo del Departamento de Educación de Puerto Rico

Equally shocking, the massacre at Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida, on June

Media (Particularly Television, including Boycotts, Activism, and Media Events)

Theater and Performance

Film and Film Festivals

Bars, Community Centers, HIV/AIDS Organizations

Academia: Research and the Creation of University Spaces

15, 2012, organized by the Departamento de Estudios Hispánicos (Hispanic Studies

Perspective) against proposed Department of Education reforms.

__________. 2011. Caparazones. Barcelona-Madrid: Egales.

conciliación entre la sexualidad humana y la jurisprudencia. Revista Jurídica de la

Negrón, Mickey. 2015. PonerMickeytarme: ritual de pluma y purificación. YouTube 17

Toro-Alfonso, José. 2008. Masculinidades subordinadas: investigaciones hacia la transfor-

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