PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

JAISAKTHI EDUCATIONAL TRUST

CHENNAI – 600 123

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EE 6351-ELECTRICAL DRIVES AND CONTROL

UNIT-I

INTRODUCTION

UNIT I

INTRODUCTION

Basic Elements – Types of Electric Drives – factors influencing the choice of electrical
drives – heating and cooling curves – Loading conditions and classes of duty – Selection of
power rating for drive motors with regard to thermal overloading and Load variation factors

Prepared By Approved by

Principal

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 Important Two mark Questions
1. List out the basic elements of electric drives? (May/June 2014) (Nov/Dec 2013)
Electric motors and load
Power modulator
Sources
Control unit
Sensing unit
2. List out some advantages of electric drives. (April /May 2010)
i. Availability of electric drives over a wide range of power a few watts to megawatts.
ii. Ability to provide a wide range of torques over wide range of speeds.
iii. Electric motors are available in a variety of design in order to make them compatible to any
type of load.
3. What are the types of electric drives? (Nov/Dec2007) (April /May 2015)
Group electric drives (Shaft drive), Individual drives and Multi motor electric drives.
4. What is a Group Electric Drive (Shaft Drive)? (Nov/Dec 2014)
• This drive consists of single motor, which drives one or more line shafts supported on
bearings.
• The line shaft may be fitted with either pulleys & belts or gears, by means of which a group
of machines or mechanisms may be operated.
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Group drive (Shaft drive)?
Advantages:
• A single large motor can be used instead of a number of small motors.
• The rating of the single motor may be appropriately reduced taking into account the diversity
factor of loads.
Disadvantages:
• There is no flexibility; Addition of an extra machine to the main shaft is difficult.
• The efficiency of the drive is low, because of the losses occurring in several transmitting
mechanisms.
6. What is an individual electric drive? Give some examples. (Nov/Dec 2014)

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 In this drive, each individual machine is driven by a separate motor. This motor also imparts
motion to various other parts of the machine. Examples: Single spindle drilling machine, Lathe
machines etc.
7. What is a multi-motor electric drive? Give some examples. (Nov/Dec 2014)

In this drive, there are several drives, each of which serves to activate on of the working
parts of the driven mechanisms. Examples: Metal cutting machine tools, paper making machines,
rolling mills, traction drive, Traveling cranes etc.,
8. What are the typical elements of an Electric Drive? (April /May 2007)
Power source, Power modulator, Motor-Load system, Control unit, sensing unit.
9. What are the types drive systems? (Nov/Dec2015)
Electric Drives Mechanical Drives
Electromechanical Drives Hydraulic drives.
10. Indicate the importance of power rating & heating of electric drives.
Power rating: Correct selection of power rating of electric motor is of economic interest as it is
associated with capital cost and running cost of drives.
Heating: For proper selection of power rating the most important consideration is the heating
effect of load. In this connection various forms of loading or duty cycles have to be considered.
11. How heating occurs in motor drives? (apl/may2011)
The heating of motor due to losses occurring inside the motor while converting the
electrical power into mechanical power and these losses occur in steel core, motor
winding & bearing friction.

12. What are the classes of duties?

1. Continuous duty
2. Short time duty operation of motor Main classes of duties
3. Intermittent periodic duty
4. Intermittent periodic duty with starting
5. Intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking
6. Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading
7. Continuous duty with starting & braking

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 8. Continuous duty with periodic load changes
13. Why the losses at starting are not a factor of consideration in a continuous duty motor?
While selecting a motor for this type of duty it is not necessary to give importance to the
heating caused by losses at starting even though they are more than the losses at rated load. This
is because the motor does not require frequent starting it is started only once in its duty cycle and
the losses during starting do not have much influence on heating.
14. What is meant by “short time rating of motor”? (Nov/Dec 2010)
Any electric motor that is rated for a power rating P for continuous operation can be
loaded for a short time duty (Psh) that is much higher than P, if the temperature rise is the
consideration.
15. Define heating time constant & cooling time constant? (Nov/Dec 2010)
The time required to heat the machine parts to 63.3% of its final temperature rise is called
as heating time constant.
The time required to cool the machine parts to 36.6% of its final temperature fall is called as
cooling time constant.

Important 16 marks questions and answers

1. Explain in detail about block diagram of electric drives

Definition for an electric drive:

An electric drive can be defined as an electromechanical device for converting electrical

energy into mechanical energy to impart motion to different machines and mechanisms for
various kinds of process control.

Functions performed by Electric Drives:

1. Driving fans, ventilators, compressor and pumps, etc.,

2. Lifting goods by hoists and cranes
3. Imparting motion to conveyors in factories mines and warehouses
4. Running excavators and escalators, electric locomotives, trains, cars, trolley buses, lifts
and drum winders, etc.,

Basic Elements of Electrical Drives

Motion control is required in large number of industrial and domestic applications like
transportation systems, rolling mills, paper machines, textile mills, machine tools, fans, pumps,

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robots, washing machines etc. Systems employed for motion control are called drives and may
employ any of the prime movers such as, diesel or petrol engines, gas or steam turbines, steam
engines, hydraulic motors and electric motors, for supplying mechanical energy for motion
control. Drives employing motors are known as electrical drives.

Source

Electrical sources or power supplies provide the energy to the electrical motors. For high
efficiency operation, the power obtained from the electrical sources need to be regulated using
power electronic converters. Power sources can be AC or DC in nature and them normally
uncontrollable, i.e their magnitudes or frequencies are fixed or depend on the sources of energy
such as solar or wind. AC source can be either three phase or single phase. Three phase sources
are normally for high power applications.

Power processor or power modulator

Since the electrical sources are normally uncontrollable, it is therefore necessary to be

able to control the flow of power to the motor-this is achieved using power processor or power
modulator. With controllable sources( i.e. output of power processor), the motor can be
reversed, brake or can be operated with variable speed. Classical method used, for example,
variable impedance or relays, to shape the voltage or current that is supplied to the motor-these
methods however are inflexible and inefficient.

Increasing number of power processors use power electronic converters which has
advantages over classical methods such as:

More efficient-since ideally no losses occur in power electronic converters

Flexible-voltage and current can be shaped by simply controlling switching functions of

the power converter

Fig 1.1 block diagram of an electric drive

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Power electronic converters

Converters are used to convert and possibly regulate (i.e using closed-loop control) the available
sources to suit the load i.e motors.

DC to AC,

AC to DC

DC to DC

AC to AC

These converters are efficient because the switches operate in either cut-off or saturation modes.

Motors

Motors obtain power from electrical sources. They convert energy from electrical to
mechanical therefore can be regarded as energy converters. There are several types of motors
used in electric drives-choice of type used depending on applications and electrical sources
available. Broadly, they can be classified as either DC or AC motors:

DC motors (wound or permanent magnet)-DC voltage

AC motors

Induction motors-squirrel cage, wound rotor-AC voltage

Synchronous motors-wound field, permanent magnet-AC voltage

Brushless DC motor-AC voltage

Stepper motor-require power electronic converters

Synchronous reluctance motors or switched reluctance motor-require power

electronic converters.

Control unit

Complexity depends on drive performance

- Analog-noise, nonflexible, infinite bandwidth

- Digital-immune to noise, configurable, bandwidth depends on sampling frequency
- DSP/microprocessor-flexible, lower bandwidth compared to above. DSPs perform
faster operation than microprocessors (multiplication in single cycle). With
DSP/microprocessor complex estimations and observers can be easily implemented.

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 2. Explain in detail about the various types of electric drives
Electrical drives are normally classified into three groups, based on their development,
namely group, individual and multimotor electric drives.

Group drive

If several groups of mechanisms or machines are organized on one shaft and driven or
actuated by one motor, the system is called group drive or shaft drive. The various mechanisms
connected may have different speeds. Hence the shaft is equipped with multistepped pulleys and
belts for connection to individual loads. In this type of drive a single machine whose rating is
smaller than the sum total of all connected loads may be used, because all the loads may not
appear at the same time. This makes the drive economical, even though the cost of the shaft with
stepped pulleys may seem to be high.

This method is rarely used in modern drive systems and has become of historical interest,
because of the following disadvantages:

1. The efficiency of the drive is low, because of the losses occurring in several transmitting
mechanisms.
2. The complete drive system requires shutdown if the motor requires servicing or repair.
3. The location of the mechanical equipment being driven depends on the shaft and there is
little flexibility in its arrangement.
4. The system is not very safe to operate.
5. The noise level at the work spot is high.

Individual drive

If a single motor is used to drive or actuate a given mechanism and it does all the jobs
connected with this load, this drive is called individual drive. For example, all the operations
connected with operating have to be performed at different speeds, transmission devices may be
required. The efficiency may become poor over several applications, due to power loss. In some
cases it is possible to have the drive motor and driven load in one unit.

Multi-motor drive

In a multimotor drive each operation of the mechanism is taken care of by a separate

drive motor. The system contains several individual drives, each of which is used to operate its
own mechanism. This type of drive finds application in complicated machine tools, travelling
cranes, rolling mills, etc. Automatic control methods can be employed and each operation can be
executed under optimum conditions.

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 Fig types of electrical drives

3. Explain the Factors Influencing the Choice of Electrical Drives (6)

Choice of an electrical drive depends on a number of factors. Some of the important factors
are:

1. Steady state operation requirements: Nature of speed torque characteristics, speed

regulation, speed range, efficiency, duty cycle, quadrants of operation, speed fluctuation
if any, ratings.
2. Transient operation requirements: Values of acceleration and deceleration, starting,
braking and reversing performance.
3. Requirements related to the source: Type of source, and its capacity, magnitude of
voltage, voltage fluctuations, power factor, harmonics and their effect on other loads,
ability to accept regenerated power.
4. Capital and running cost, maintenance needs, life.
5. Space and weight restrictions if any.
6. Environment and location
7. Reliability.

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 3. (b)Define heating and cooling time constants. How the thermal rating of the motor is
defined? (10)
(or)

Draw the typical temperature rise-time curve and derive the equation for
temperature rise in an electric drive.
Heating and Cooling time constant

Heating Curve

A machine can be considered as a homogeneous body developing heat internally at uniform rate
and dissipating heat proportionately to its temperature rise, the relationship between temperature rise and
time can be shown to be an exponential function.

Assumption made for heating and cooling time constant derivation:

1. The machine is considered to be homogeneous body having a uniform temperature gradient.

2. All the points at which the heat is generated at the steady state temperature.
3. All the points at which the heat is dissipated to the cooling medium at same temperature.
4. Heat dissipation taking place is proportional to the difference of temperature of the body and
surrounding medium. No heat radiated.
5. The rate of heat dissipation is constant at all temperature.
6. Heat developed is proportional to losses.
Let, W – Power loss or heat developed, joules/sec or watts
G – Weight of the active part of the motor in kg

S – Specific heat of the material of the body, J / kg / °C

λ – Specific heat dissipation or emissivity, J/s / m2 / °C
S – Area of cooling surface, m
θ - Temperature rise, °C
θm – Final temperature rise, °C
t – Time, seconds
τ - Heating time constant, seconds
τ’ - Cooling time constant, seconds

Assume that a machine attains a temperature rise θ after the lapse of time t seconds.
In an element of time ‘dt’ a small temperature rise ‘dθ’ takes place.

Total heat generated Heat dissipated to Heat stored in body /

= +
in the body surrounding medium Heat absorbed

Heat developed = W. dt
Heat dissipated = A λ θ dt

Heat stored = Gh dθ

Therefore, Total heat developed = Heat dissipated + Heat stored

Wdt = Aλθdt + Gs dθ.............................(1)
By rearranging equation (1), we get

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 Wdt - Aλθdt = Gs dθ

(W- Aλθ)dt = Gs dθ

W 
Aλ  - θ  dt = Gs dθ
 Aλ 

W  Gs
 - θ  dt = dθ
 Aλ  Aλ

dt dθ
= .........................(2)
 Gs  W 
   - θ
 Aλ   Aλ 

Temperature rise reaches its maximum value, then the body is said to have reached the
maximum temperature rise θm. Therefore the equation (1) becomes,

Generated heat = Heat dissipated

Wdt = Aλθ m dt
W
θm  .........................(3)
Aλ
Substitute equation (3) in (2), we get

dt dθ
= .........................(4)
 Gs  θ - θm 
 
 Aλ 

Integrating both sides of above equation, we get

Aλ
t = - ln(θ m - θ) + K.....................(5)
Gs
At t = 0, θ = θo

0 = - ln(θm - θ o ) + K

K = ln(θ m - θ o ) ...........................(6)

Equation (6) is substitute in equation (5), we get

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 Aλ
t = - ln(θ m - θ) + ln(θm - θ o )
Gs

Aλ θ -θ 
t = ln  m o 
Gs  θm - θ 

 Aλ 
 t θ m - θo
e  Gs 
=
θm - θ

 Aλ 
 t
θm - θ e  Gs 
= θm - θo

 Aλ 
  t
θm - θ  = θm - θo  e  Gs 

 Aλ 
  t
θ = θ m - θ m - θo  e  Gs 
................(7)

 Gs 
Where   = τ = Thermal heating time constant
 Aλ 

It is defined as time taken to reach 63.2% steady state temperature θm

In other words, this happen to be at the time taken by the motor to reach the final steady state
temperature rise if the initial rate of rise of temperature continues.

Now, the equation (7) becomes

t
-
θ = θ m -  θ m - θ o  e ................(8)
τ

t t
 -  -
Or θ = θ m -  1  e τ   θ oe τ
 
Motor starts from cold condition (Ambient temperature)

θm = 0 o C

It is substitute in equation (8)

t
 - 
θ = θ m - 1  e  .................(9)
τ

 
Based on the equation (8) and (9), we can draw the heating curve of the machine.

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Cooling time constant

When a machine is switched off from the mains or when the load on the motor is reduced, now
gradually motor temperature is reduced to ambient temperature.

If rate of heat generation is less than the rate of heat dissipation cooling will takes place.

Total heat generated Heat dissipated to

+ Heat stored in body =
in the body surrounding medium

Heat developed = W. dt

Heat dissipated = A λ’ θ dt

Heat stored = Gh dθ

Wdt + Gs dθ = Aλ 'θdt.............................(1)

By rearranging equation (1), we get

Wdt + Gs dθ = Aλ 'θdt

(Aλ'θ - W)dt = Gs dθ

 W 
Aλ '  θ - dt = Gs dθ
 Aλ ' 

 W  Gs
θ - ' 
dt = dθ
 Aλ  Aλ '

dθ decrease in temperature [Include negative sign in left side of equation 2]

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  W  - Gs
θ - ' 
dt = dθ...............(2)
 Aλ  Aλ '

- dθ dt
= .........................(3)
 W   Gs 
θ -
 Aλ   Aλ 
When final temperature drop (θf) is reached, then the heat generated is equal to heat
dissipated.
Generated heat = Heat dissipated

Wdt = Aλθf dt
W
θf  .........................(4)
Aλ
Substitute equation (3) in (2), we get

- dθ dt
= ........................(4)
 θ - θ f   Gs 
 ' 
 Aλ 

Integrating both sides of above equation, we get

Aλ '
- ln(θ - θ f ) = t+ K
Gs

- Aλ '
ln(θ - θf ) = t-K
Gs

- Aλ '
ln(θ - θ f ) = t + K1 ................(5)
Gs
At t = 0, θ = θm

The equation (5) become

K1 = ln(θ m - θ f ) ...........................(6)

Equation (6) is substitute in equation (5), we get

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 - Aλ '
ln(θ - θ f ) = t + ln(θ m - θ f )
Gs

- Aλ '
ln(θ - θ f ) - ln(θ m - θf )= t
Gs

 θ - θf  - Aλ '
ln  = t
 θm - θf  Gs

- Aλ
θ - θf t
=e Gs
θm - θ f
- Aλ
t
θ - θf =  θm - θf  e Gs

- Aλ
t
θ =θf   θ m - θf  e Gs

 Gs 
Where  ' 
= τ ' = Thermal heating time constant
 Aλ 

Cooling time constant is defined as time required cooling the machine to 36.7% of initial
temperature rise above ambient temperature.

- Aλ
t
θ =θf   θ m - θf  e Gs

- Aλ - Aλ
 t t
θ =θf  1  e Gs   θ m e Gs
...............................(7)
 
The above equation is suitable only when the machine is switched off ,
diagram shows the cooling curve of the machine

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 θm

Temperature

Time (t)

Heating time constant (τ)

The heating time constant of the motor is defined as the time taken to temperature rise to reach
the 63.2% of its final or steady state temperature rise θm or θf.

Cooling time constant (τ’)

The cooling time constant of the motor is defined as the time taken to machine cool down from
final temperature to 36.7% of its initial temperature rise above the ambient temperature.

4. Write a brief note on classes of duty for an electric motor.

An electric motor, under steady state operation, develops electromagnetic torque
of such a magnitude which can counterbalance the actual load torque T L of the connected
equipment and an opposing torque Tmech corresponding to the losses that take place in gear and
transmission mechanisms. Under transient conditions, the motor torque has to overcome the
inertia torque Tdyn also. Hence, in general, the torque developed by the motor should be
expressed as:

= + + (15)

The combines load torque ( + ) is determined from the torque time plot of the connected
load. A typical example is shown in fig 1.4 (a) In order to determine the variation of inertia
torque with respect to time, the speed-time curve, and example of which is shown in fig 1.4 (b)
and the moment of inertia of the rotating masses J must be known. Now, with the help of
equation 15 it will be possible to obtain the torque-time curve of the driving motor fig 1.4 (c),
which is called the duty cycle of the motor.

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 Fig 1.4 (a) torque time curve of connected load

(b) speed-time curve

(c) torque-time curve of the driving motor

Since, initially J remains unknown, the torque-time graph can be plotted by taking into
account only TL and Tmech. After determining the power rating of the machine using the above
time-torque graph it can be corrected for the presence of inertia torque by increasing the rating
obtained by 15-20 percent. Knowing J of the chosen motor, the exact torque-time curve can be
plotted and a more correct estimation of the rating of the driving motor can be made.

CLASSES OF MOTOR DUTY

IS:4722-1968 categories various load time variations encountered in practice into eight standard
classes of duty:

1. Continuous duty
2. Short time duty
3. Intermittent periodic duty
4. Intermittent periodic duty with starting
5. Intermittent periodic duty with starting and braking
6. Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading
7. Continuous duty with starting and braking
8. Continuous duty with periodic speed changes

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 Fig 1.5 some classes of duty

Continuous duty

It denotes the motor operation at a constant load torque for a duration long enough for the
motor temperature to reach steady-state value. This duty is characterized by a constant motor
loss. Paper mill drives, compressors, conveyers, centrifugal pumps and fans are some examples
of continuous duty. Fig(a)

Short time duty

In this, time of drive operation is considerably less than the heating time constant and
machine is allowed to cool off to ambient temperature before the motor is required to operate
again. In this operation, the machine can be overloaded until temperature at the end of loading
time reaches the permissible limit. Some examples are: crane drives, drives for household
appliances, tuning bridges, sluice-gate drives, valve drives and many machine tool drives for
position control.Fig(b)

Intermittent periodic duty

It consists of periodic duty cycles, each consisting of a period of running at a constant

load and a rest period. Neither the duration of running period is sufficient to raise the
temperature to a steady-state value, nor the rest period is long enough for the machine to cool off
to ambient temperature. In this duty, heating of machine during starting and braking operations is
negligible. Some examples are pressing, cutting and drilling machine drives. Fig (c)

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Intermittent periodic duty starting

This is the intermittent periodic duty where heat losses during starting cannot be ignored.
Thus, it consists of period of starting, a short period of operation at a constant load and a rest
period; with operating and rest periods being too short for the respective steady state temperature
to be attained. In this duty, heating of machine during braking is considered to be negligible,
because mechanical brakes are used for stopping or motor is allowed to stop due to its own
friction. Few examples are metal cutting and drilling tool drives, drives for fork lift trucks, mine
hoist etc.Fig(d)

Intermittent periodic duty with starting and braking

This is the intermittent periodic duty where heat losses during starting and braking cannot
be ignored. Thus, it consists of a period of starting, a period of operation with a constant load, a
braking period with electrical braking and a rest period; with operating and rest periods being too
short for the respective steady state temperatures to be attained. Billet mill drive, manipulator
drive, ingot buggy drive, schrewdown mechanism of blooming mill, several machine tool drives,
drives for electric suburban train and mine hoist are examples of this duty. Fig (e)

Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading

It consists of periodic duty cycles, each consisting of a period of running at a constant

load and a period of running at no load, with normal voltage across the excitation winding.
Again the load period and no load period being too short for the respective temperatures to be
attained. This duty is distinguished from the intermittent periodic duty by the fact that a period
of running at a constant load is followed by a period of running at no load instead of rest.
Pressing, cutting, shearing and drilling machine drives are the examples.

Continuous duty with starting and braking

Consists of periodic duty cycle, each having a period of starting, a period of running at a
constant load and a period of electrical braking; there is no period of rest. The main drive of a
blooming mill is an example

Continuous duty with periodic speed changes

Consists of periodic duty cycle, each having a period of running at one load and speed,
and another period of running at different speed and load; again both operating periods are too
short for respective steady-state temperatures to be attained. Further there is no period of rest.

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 5. Explain how the rating of the motor is determined working on a given
duty cycle.
Motor Rating for Variable Load:

Selection of motor ratings.

The horse power rating of motor to drive a particular load is selected on the basis of thermal loading of
the motor.
The capacity of the motor must match
 The requirement of the load
 Temperature rise of the motor should be within the permissible limit.
The limit of temperature rise is dictated by the type of insulation of the motor.
It is important to select the power rating of the motor based on economy and maintenance.
If the motor power selected is insufficient,
 It is difficult to drive the load
 It would get damaged due to frequent loading.
If the motor with high power rating is selected
 The capital cost and the running cost will be high
 Because the motors are designed to have maximum efficiency on their full load.
The output of the electric motor is given by torque multiplied by its speed.
The input of the motor is given by sum of output and losses.
Iron losses in electric motor remains constant and copper loss is proportional to the square of the current
taken by the motor.
Therefore losses are a function of motor current.
The torque produced by the motor is a function of flux and current.
Motor current depends on the magnitude of the load and losses produced by this current produce heat
inside the motor.
The amount of heat produced depends on the magnitude and duration of current applied.
The dissipation of heat to the atmosphere is directly proportional to temperature rise of motor above
ambient values
Selecting of power rating depends on magnitude of load and duration of loading.

Continuous duty load.

Selection of motor power rating is simple.
Magnitude of the load is constant.

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P = power, N = speed, T= torque.
NT
P= η KW
975
If the motor of exact power KW rating is unavailable in market, the next higher Kw rating motor is
selected.
In case of fan,

Qh
P= KW
102η
Q= volume of air in m3 /sec , h = pressure in kg/m2 and Ƞ = efficiency of the fan.
If magnitude of the load does not remains constant and the motor has to operate continuously, the rating
of the motor can be determined on the basis of average losses.

For the calculation of average losses, Wav, the losses at different periods of loading are multiplied by their
respective time period and the products are added to get the total losses. This is divided by the total time
of running of the motor to get the average losses as follows.

WL1 t1 +WL2 t 2 +.......+WLn t n

Wav =
t1 +t 2 +..........+t n

The average current will produce the same losses as the variable current during different load condition.

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If Ieq = equivalent current
I1, I2,…. = current pertaining to the intervals t1, t2.
Then the average losses Wav = Wc + I2eq R
Wc = constant losses and R = motor resistance.

I21 t1 +I2 2 t 2 +.......+I2 n t n

I2eq =
t1 +t 2 +..........+t n
The motor should have the current rating more than or equal to equivalent current.
It is necessary to check the overload capacity of the motor from the relation I max/Ir ≤overload capacity of
the motor
Imax = maximum current, Ir = rated current.
Normally for the load, the T vs time or the power vs time is known, therefore the losses are proportional
torque2 or power2 is assumed and equivalent torque or the equivalent power of the motor can obtained as

T 21 t1 +T 2 2 t 2 +.......+T 2 n t n
Teq =
t1 +t 2 +..........+t n

Teq = equivalent torque, T1 , T2, T3…. Etc are instantaneous torques.

If the speed of the machine remains more or less constant, the motor power rating can be obtained as
follows
Teq N
Pr =
975
The equivalent power is given by,

P 21 t1 +P 2 2 t 2 +.......+P 2 n t n
Peq =
t1 +t 2 +..........+t n
Where P1, P2, P3 etc are instantaneous powes.
Short time duty load
There are certain applications in which the machine is run for a short time only.
It is switched off for a sufficiently long time before starting.
For such loads, the motor with a smaller power rating may be selected so that the temperature rise during
the working period may reach the permissible value.
The temperature rise of the motor during the period is given by,

-t -t
τ τ
θ = θ m (1-e ) + θ o e

θ o =0, then
-t
θ = θ m (1-e τ )

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Since during the period ton or t the temperature rise of the motor can be equal to θoper, which is the
permissible value of temperature rise for the type of insulation used in the motor, the steady state
temperature rise of the motor will be much higher and can be denoted by θ’m.

-t
θ oper θ 'm (1-e τ )

The heating over load ratio Ph can be written as

'
θ 1
Ph = m -t
θ oper 1 - e τ

Pm = Ph
1
Pm =
-t
τ
1- e
Since the heating of the motor is proportional to the losses occurring in the motor which in turn is
proportional to square of the current or power, the mechanical overload ratio.

Intermittent duty load

There are certain loads which require motors to be run for a certain period of time and then switched off
for a small period.
This cycle is repeated indefinitely.
Thus the motor is heated up when it is loaded and cools down when not running.
A constant load P is applied for a period ton and then the motor is switched off for a period toff
The motor temperature will start rising and after a number of cycles, steady state will be reached.
The motor temperature will fluctuate between θmax and θmin

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So the motor capacity may be selected that the maximum temperature θmax has the same value as the
permissible value of temperature rise.

-t -t
τ τ
θ max = θ m (1- e ) + θ min e

-t
τ'
θ min = θ max e

Since the motor is started and stopped in quick succession, the heating time constant and the cooling time
constant can assumed to have the same values.

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