SMJK SAM TET, IPOH

HOLIDAY HOMEWORK(WAJA) STPM

BIOLOGY P1

Student’s Name : _____________________________ ( ) Class : _______ Marks : ________

Prepared by : 1) Ms Jacqueline J Jacob

SECTION A

INSTRUCTION: THERE ARE 10 QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION. FOR EACH QUESTION, FOUR
SUGGESTED ANSWERS ARE GIVEN. CHOOSE ONE CORRECT ANSWER
1 What causes water to have a relatively high boiling point?
A* Hydrogen bonds between water molecules
B Hydrogen bonds between hydrogen and oxygen within water molecules
C Cohesion between water molecules and the container in which the water is boiled
D Covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen within water molecules

2 The tendency of water to resist changes in temperature is due to which of the following properties?
A Ability to dissolve solutes
B Low density
C* Specific heat capacity
D Transparency

3 Which of the following molecules is ribose?

A B C* D

4 Which diagram correctly illustrates a dipeptide?

A B C D
*

5 Which of the following represents the peptide linkage of a dipeptide?

A* I
B II
C III
D IV

6 What is one role of the element phosphorus?

A It forms part of the structure of amino acids.
B It forms part of the structure of fatty acids.
C It forms part of the structure of ribose.
D* It forms part of the structure of nucleotides.

7 The diagram below represents a DNA nucleotide. What could the part labelled X represent?
 A Ribose
B Uracil
C* Guanine
D Phosphate

8 Which of the following molecules does not need digesting?

A* Ribose
B Polynucleotides
C Polypeptides
D Disaccharides

9 Which of the following molecules is a purine?

A* Adenine
B Cytosine
C Thymine
D Uracil

10 If 20% of the bases in DNA molecule are cytosine? What percentage of the bases are thymine?
A 10%
B 20%
C* 30%
D 40%
Section B
Answer all question in this section.
1 The diagram below shows a molecule of α-glucose.

a) i) What name is given to this type of monosaccharide? [1]

Hexose

ii) Name the disaccharide formed when two molecules of α-glucose combine. [1]

Maltose

iii) What else is formed in this reaction? [1]

Water

iv) Which carbon atoms (give numbers from the diagram) form the glycosidic bond? [1]

1 and 4

b) i) Explain how the diagram for β-glucose would differ from the above diagram. [1]

The position of –OH and –H are reversed at C1

ii) Why are α- and β-glucose referred to as isomers? [1]

Structurally different molecules with the same general formula

c) Which of the two isomers form the polysaccharide cellulose in plants? [1]
 β-glucose

d) Apart from a few insects and some snails, the great majority of animals have failed to [1]
evolve an enzyme that will digest cellulose. Explain why cellulose is so much less reactive
than other polysaccharides.

Long chains strengthened by cross linkages microfibrils

e) Explain one advantage that the cellulose structure confers on the plant. [1]

Cellulose cell walls confers strength/rigidity/structural support

2 The diagram (A) below shows the general formula of a fatty acid.
Diagram
A

Lipids are formed when three fatty acids react with another molecule (diagram B).
Diagram
B

a) i) Name the molecule. [1]

Triglyceride

ii) In what way is the reaction which forms a lipid, similar to the formation of a [1]
dipeptide or a disaccharide?

Condensation when bond is formed

iii) Describe one feature of the R group in fatty acids. [1]

Hydrocarbon chain

b) The lipids found in plants are often described as oils, because they are liquids at room
temperatures. Animal fats are solids at room temperature.
i) Describe the structural difference between a solid animal fat and a liquid plant oil. [1]

Fat has saturated fatty acid whereas oil has unsaturated fatty acid

ii) Plant oils are often found in seeds. What function do they perform there? [1]

Food storage

iii) What makes lipids particularly suitable for this function? [1]

Insoluble in water/ Stores more energy per g compared to carbohydrates/lesser space

occupied

c) Complete the diagram below to show the structure of a phospholipid (Diagram C).
Diagram C

ii) How do the properties of diagram C differ from those of diagram B? [2]

B has no hydrophilic regions but C has.

 iii) Explain how this change plays a vital role in cells. [2]

Can form membranes because of amphiphatic property

Hydrophobic region inside and hydrophilic region facing out in the phospholipid bilayer

Section C
Answer any all questions in this section.

1 Outline the first three levels of protein structure, including the types of bonding within each [5]
and the significance of each level.

Primary structure level-order/sequence of amino acids; linked by peptide bonds;

determines the type/function of protein/secondary and tertiary structures

Secondary structure/level: regular folding/beta-pleated sheets/spiralling/alpha-helices;

held through hydrogen bonding

Tertiary structure/level: 3-dimentional conformation of a polypeptide protein; held with

ionic bonds; hydrogen bonds; disulphide bonds/bridges and hydrophobic bonds;
determines overall shape; give examples

2 Draw the basic structure of an amino acid, and label the groups that are used in peptide bond [4]
formation.
Carboxyl and amine groups shown as part of a molecule; alpha/central carbon atom
with carboxyl and amine groups bonded to it correctly; side chain and hydrogen also
bonded correctly to alpha carbon; label indicate peptide bond forms between groups
labelled as amine and carboxyl groups

3 Distinguish among covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals [6]
interactions. Compare them in terms of the mechanisms by which they form and their relative
strengths.

Covalent bonds are strong stable bonds, formed when atoms share valence electrons, 2
forming molecules. When covalent bonds are formed, the orbitals of the valence electrons
may become rearranged in a process known as orbital hybridization. Covalent bonds are
non-polar if the electrons are shared equally between the two atoms. Covalent bonds are
polar if one atom is more electro negative than the other.
An ionic bond is formed between a positively charged cation and a negatively charged 2
anion. Ionic bonds are strong in the absence of water but relatively weak in aqueous
solutions.
Hydrogen bonds are relatively weak bonds formed when a hydrogen atom with a partial 2
positive charge is attracted to an atom(usually oxygen and nitrogen) with a partial negative
charge already bonded to another molecule or in another part of the same molecule.