Nitrate

Figure 1 shows the value of Nitrate for all six stations that are below than 5 mg/L. According to
United States Environmental Agency, the higher nitrate concentration will cause hypoxia which
means low level of dissolved oxygen. The lowest concentration of Nitrate was 0.6 mg/L at station 6
and the highest concentration was 1.3 mg/L at station 10. The sources of nitrate concentration in
each station could be due to improper disposal of chemical substances such as ammonia waste into
laboratories sink which was then discharged to water surface of FSSA lake. Besides that, the
presence of algae at each station which caused varying in Nitrate concentration. Station 10 shows
the highest removal efficiency was 23.08%. To conclude, nitrate concentration in each station was
still considered low in level concentration as refers to WHO standards (1993) which must not
exceeds the limits 50 mg/L.

1.4 30
20
1.2
10
Nitrate Concentration, mg/L

Removal efficiency, %
1 0
-10
0.8
-20
-30
0.6
-40
0.4 -50
-60
0.2
-70
0 -80
S1 S2 S4 S5 S6 S10
Station

Phosphate
 0.12 60

50
Phosphate concentration, mg/L

0.1
40

Removal efficiency, %
0.08 30

20
0.06
10

0.04 0

-10
0.02
-20

0 -30
S1 S2 S4 S5 S6 S10
Station

Figure 2 shows the value of Phosphate in all six stations that are below than 1 mg/L. According to
United States Environmental Agency, Phosphorus with high concentration will leads to water quality
problems such as eutrophication and harmful algal growth. The lowest concentration of Phosphate
concentration was 0.04 mg/L in station 4 and 5 while the highest concentration was 0.1 mg/L at
station 10. The nonpoint sources of phosphate may be due to diluted liquid hand wash, floor
cleaners or toilet hygiene and deodorant products after used by communities around FSSA campus
which discharges to water surface of FSSA lake. Besides that, the presence of algae at each station
which caused differing in Phosphate concentration. Again, station 10 shows the highest removal
efficiency which is 50% required to remove the concentration of phosphate from the lake. Thus, the
concentration of Phosphate in FSSA lake were classified as class III in Malaysia’s National Water
Quality Standard.