States of Consciousness Openstax Textbook CH 4

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Chapter 4
States of Consciousness
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4.1 What Is Consciousness?

Learning Objectives
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LINK TO LEARNING
7>Q@EQEFP?OFBC video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/circadian) ABP@OF?FKD@FO@>AF>K

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LINK TO LEARNING
7>Q@EQEFP video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/jetlag) QLEB>OQFMPLKELTQL

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Table 4.1 Sleep Needs at Different Ages
Age Nightly Sleep Needs
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LINK TO LEARNING
4L>PPBPPVLROLTKPIBBMFKDE>?FQPOB>AQEFP article (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/

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4.2 Sleep and Why We Sleep

Learning Objectives
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VBQ PLJB >KFJ>IP BD O>QP
AFB >CQBO QTL TBBHP LC PIBBM ABMOFS>QFLK 3FBDBI
7EV AL TB
ABSLQB PL JR@E QFJB QL PIBBMFKD )P FQ >?PLIRQBIV BPPBKQF>I QE>Q TB PIBBM 4EFP PB@QFLK TFII @LKPFABO QEBPB
NRBPQFLKP>KABUMILOBS>OFLRPBUMI>K>QFLKPCLOTEVTBPIBBM
WHAT IS SLEEP?
9LR E>SB OB>A QE>Q PIBBM FP AFPQFKDRFPEBA ?V ILT IBSBIP LC MEVPF@>I >@QFSFQV >KA OBAR@BA PBKPLOV
>T>OBKBPP !P AFP@RPPBA ?V 3FBDBI
> ABCFKFQFLK LC PIBBM JRPQ >IPL FK@IRAB JBKQFLK LC QEB FKQBOMI>V
LC QEB @FO@>AF>K >KA ELJBLPQ>QF@ JB@E>KFPJP QE>Q OBDRI>QB PIBBM (LJBLPQ>QF@ OBDRI>QFLK LC PIBBM FP
BSFABK@BA ?V PIBBM OB?LRKA CLIILTFKD PIBBM ABMOFS>QFLK Sleep rebound OBCBOP QL QEB C>@Q QE>Q > PIBBM
ABMOFSBA FKAFSFAR>I TFII QBKA QL Q>HB ILKDBO C>IIFKD >PIBBM AROFKD PR?PBNRBKQ LMMLOQRKFQFBP CLO PIBBM
3IBBM FP @E>O>@QBOFWBA ?V @BOQ>FK M>QQBOKP LC >@QFSFQV LC QEB ?O>FK QE>Q @>K ?B SFPR>IFWBA RPFKD
BIB@QOLBK@BME>ILDO>MEV %%'
>KA AFCCBOBKQ ME>PBP LC PIBBM @>K ?B AFCCBOBKQF>QBA RPFKD %%' >P TBII
Figure 4.6

Figure 4.6 4EFPFP>PBDJBKQLC>MLIVPLKLDO>ME03' >OB@LOAFKDLCPBSBO>IMEVPF@>IS>OF>?IBPAROFKDPIBBM4EB

x >UFPPELTPM>PP>DBLCQFJBFKPB@LKAPQEFPOB@LOAFK@IRABPPB@LKAPLCA>Q>4EBIL@>QFLKLCQEBPBQPLC
BIB@QOLABQE>QMOLAR@BAB>@EPFDK>IFPI>?BIBALKQEB y >UFP4EBOBA?LUBK@LJM>PPBP%%'LRQMRQ>KAQEB
T>SBCLOJP>OB@E>O>@QBOFPQF@LC>PMB@FCF@PQ>DBLCPIBBM/QEBO@ROSBPPELTLQEBOPIBBM OBI>QBAA>Q>PR@E>P?LAV
QBJMBO>QROBJRP@IB>@QFSFQV>KAEB>OQ?B>Q
3IBBMT>HB @V@IBP PBBJ QL ?B @LKQOLIIBA ?V JRIQFMIB ?O>FK >OB>P >@QFKD FK @LKGRK@QFLK TFQE LKB >KLQEBO
3LJB LC QEBPB >OB>P FK@IRAB QEB QE>I>JRP QEB EVMLQE>I>JRP >KA QEB MLKP !P >IOB>AV JBKQFLKBA QEB
EVMLQE>I>JRP @LKQ>FKP QEB 3#.oQEB ?FLILDF@>I @IL@H LC QEB ?LAVoFK >AAFQFLK QL LQEBO KR@IBF QE>Q FK
@LKGRK@QFLK TFQE QEB QE>I>JRP OBDRI>QB PILTT>SB PIBBM 4EB MLKP FP FJMLOQ>KQ CLO OBDRI>QFKD O>MFA BVB
JLSBJBKQ 2%-
PIBBM .>QFLK>I)KPQFQRQBPLC(B>IQE KA

3IBBM FP >IPL >PPL@F>QBA TFQE QEB PB@OBQFLK >KA OBDRI>QFLK LC > KRJ?BO LC ELOJLKBP COLJ PBSBO>I BKAL@OFKB
DI>KAP FK@IRAFKD JBI>QLKFK CLIIF@IB PQFJRI>QFKD ELOJLKB &3(
IRQBFKFWFKD ELOJLKB ,(
>KA DOLTQE
ELOJLKB .>QFLK>I )KPQFQRQBP LC (B>IQE KA
9LR E>SB OB>A QE>Q QEB MFKB>I DI>KA OBIB>PBP JBI>QLKFK
AROFKD PIBBM Figure 4.7
-BI>QLKFK FP QELRDEQ QL ?B FKSLISBA FK QEB OBDRI>QFLK LC S>OFLRP ?FLILDF@>I
OEVQEJP >KA QEB FJJRKB PVPQBJ (>OABI>KA BQ >I
$ROFKD PIBBM QEB MFQRFQ>OV DI>KA PB@OBQBP ?LQE
&3( >KA ,( TEF@E >OB FJMLOQ>KQ FK OBDRI>QFKD QEB OBMOLAR@QFSB PVPQBJ #EOFPQBKPBK BQ >I 3LCFHFQFP
BQ >I
4EB MFQRFQ>OV DI>KA >IPL PB@OBQBP DOLTQE ELOJLKB AROFKD PIBBM TEF@E MI>VP > OLIB FK MEVPF@>I
DOLTQE>KAJ>QRO>QFLK>PTBII>PLQEBOJBQ>?LIF@MOL@BPPBP ">OQHB 3RK ,LKDL

Figure 4.7 4EBMFKB>I>KAMFQRFQ>OVDI>KAPPB@OBQB>KRJ?BOLCELOJLKBPAROFKDPIBBM
WHY DO WE SLEEP?
'FSBK QEB @BKQO>I OLIB QE>Q PIBBM MI>VP FK LRO IFSBP >KA QEB KRJ?BO LC >ASBOPB @LKPBNRBK@BP QE>Q E>SB ?BBK
>PPL@F>QBA TFQE PIBBM ABMOFS>QFLK LKB TLRIA QEFKH QE>Q TB TLRIA E>SB > @IB>O RKABOPQ>KAFKD LC TEV FQ
FP QE>Q TB PIBBM 5KCLOQRK>QBIV QEFP FP KLQ QEB @>PB ELTBSBO PBSBO>I EVMLQEBPBP E>SB ?BBK MOLMLPBA QL
BUMI>FKQEBCRK@QFLKLCPIBBM
Adaptive Function of Sleep

/KB MLMRI>O EVMLQEBPFP LC PIBBM FK@LOMLO>QBP QEB MBOPMB@QFSB LC BSLIRQFLK>OV MPV@ELILDV Evolutionary
psychology FP > AFP@FMIFKB QE>Q PQRAFBP ELT RKFSBOP>I M>QQBOKP LC ?BE>SFLO >KA @LDKFQFSB MOL@BPPBP E>SB
BSLISBA LSBO QFJB >P > OBPRIQ LC K>QRO>I PBIB@QFLK 6>OF>QFLKP >KA >A>MQ>QFLKP FK @LDKFQFLK >KA ?BE>SFLO
J>HB FKAFSFAR>IP JLOB LO IBPP PR@@BPPCRI FK OBMOLAR@FKD >KA M>PPFKD QEBFO DBKBP QL QEBFO LCCPMOFKD /KB
EVMLQEBPFP COLJ QEFP MBOPMB@QFSB JFDEQ >ODRB QE>Q PIBBM FP BPPBKQF>I QL OBPQLOB OBPLRO@BP QE>Q >OB BUMBKABA
AROFKD QEB A>V *RPQ >P ?B>OP EF?BOK>QB FK QEB TFKQBO TEBK OBPLRO@BP >OB P@>O@B MBOE>MP MBLMIB PIBBM >Q
KFDEQ QL OBAR@B QEBFO BKBODV BUMBKAFQROBP 7EFIB QEFP FP >K FKQRFQFSB BUMI>K>QFLK LC PIBBM QEBOB FP IFQQIB
OBPB>O@E QE>Q PRMMLOQP QEFP BUMI>K>QFLK )K C>@Q FQ E>P ?BBK PRDDBPQBA QE>Q QEBOB FP KL OB>PLK QL QEFKH QE>Q
BKBODBQF@ ABJ>KAP @LRIA KLQ ?B >AAOBPPBA TFQE MBOFLAP LC OBPQ >KA FK>@QFSFQV &O>KH 2F>I BQ >I

>KA PLJB OBPB>O@E E>P >@QR>IIV CLRKA > KBD>QFSB @LOOBI>QFLK ?BQTBBK BKBODBQF@ ABJ>KAP >KA QEB >JLRKQ
LCQFJBPMBKQPIBBMFKD #>MBIIFKF ">OQLK -@.>J>O> 0OBPQLK .RKK

!KLQEBO BSLIRQFLK>OV EVMLQEBPFP LC PIBBM ELIAP QE>Q LRO PIBBM M>QQBOKP BSLISBA >P >K >A>MQFSB OBPMLKPB
QL MOBA>QLOV OFPHP TEF@E FK@OB>PB FK A>OHKBPP 4ERP TB PIBBM FK P>CB >OB>P QL OBAR@B QEB @E>K@B LC E>OJ
!D>FK QEFP FP >K FKQRFQFSB >KA >MMB>IFKD BUMI>K>QFLK CLO TEV TB PIBBM 0BOE>MP LRO >K@BPQLOP PMBKQ
BUQBKABA MBOFLAP LC QFJB >PIBBM QL OBAR@B >QQBKQFLK QL QEBJPBISBP COLJ MLQBKQF>I MOBA>QLOP #LJM>O>QFSB
OBPB>O@E FKAF@>QBP ELTBSBO QE>Q QEB OBI>QFLKPEFM QE>Q BUFPQP ?BQTBBK MOBA>QLOV OFPH >KA PIBBM FP SBOV
@LJMIBU >KA BNRFSL@>I 3LJB OBPB>O@E PRDDBPQP QE>Q PMB@FBP QE>Q C>@B EFDEBO MOBA>QLOV OFPHP PIBBM CBTBO
ELROP QE>K LQEBO PMB@FBP #>MBIIFKF BQ >I
TEFIB LQEBO OBPB>O@EBOP PRDDBPQ QEBOB FP KL OBI>QFLKPEFM
?BQTBBK QEB >JLRKQ LC QFJB > DFSBK PMB@FBP PMBKAP FK ABBM PIBBM >KA FQP MOBA>QFLK OFPH ,BPHR 2LQE
!JI>KBO ,FJ>

)Q FP NRFQB MLPPF?IB QE>Q PIBBM PBOSBP KL PFKDIB RKFSBOP>IIV >A>MQFSB CRK@QFLK >KA AFCCBOBKQ PMB@FBP E>SB
BSLISBA AFCCBOBKQ M>QQBOKP LC PIBBM FK OBPMLKPB QL QEBFO RKFNRB BSLIRQFLK>OV MOBPPROBP 7EFIB TB E>SB
AFP@RPPBA QEB KBD>QFSB LRQ@LJBP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE PIBBM ABMOFS>QFLK FQ PELRIA ?B MLFKQBA LRQ QE>Q QEBOB
>OB J>KV ?BKBCFQP QE>Q >OB >PPL@F>QBA TFQE >ABNR>QB >JLRKQP LC PIBBM ! CBT PR@E ?BKBCFQP IFPQBA ?V QEB
.>QFLK>I 3IBBM &LRKA>QFLK KA

FK@IRAB J>FKQ>FKFKD EB>IQEV TBFDEQ ILTBOFKD PQOBPP IBSBIP FJMOLSFKD
JLLA >KA FK@OB>PFKD JLQLO @LLOAFK>QFLK >P TBII >P > KRJ?BO LC ?BKBCFQP OBI>QBA QL @LDKFQFLK >KA JBJLOV
CLOJ>QFLK
Cognitive Function of Sleep

!KLQEBO QEBLOV OBD>OAFKD TEV TB PIBBM FKSLISBP PIBBMsP FJMLOQ>K@B CLO @LDKFQFSB CRK@QFLK >KA JBJLOV
CLOJ>QFLK 2>QQBK?LOD ,BPHR ->OQFKBW'LKW>IBW ,FJ>
)KABBA TB HKLT PIBBM ABMOFS>QFLK
OBPRIQP FK AFPORMQFLKP FK @LDKFQFLK >KA JBJLOV ABCF@FQP "OLTK
IB>AFKD QL FJM>FOJBKQP FK LRO
>?FIFQFBP QL J>FKQ>FK >QQBKQFLK J>HB AB@FPFLKP >KA OB@>II ILKDQBOJ JBJLOFBP -LOBLSBO QEBPB
FJM>FOJBKQP ?B@LJB JLOB PBSBOB >P QEB >JLRKQ LC PIBBM ABMOFS>QFLK FK@OB>PBP !IELI> 0LIL+>KQLI>

&ROQEBOJLOB PILTT>SB PIBBM >CQBO IB>OKFKD > KBT Q>PH @>K FJMOLSB OBPRIQ>KQ MBOCLOJ>K@B LK QE>Q
Q>PH (R?BO 'EFI>OAF ->PPFJFKF 4LKLKF
>KA PBBJP BPPBKQF>I CLO BCCB@QFSB JBJLOV CLOJ>QFLK
3QF@HDLIA
5KABOPQ>KAFKD QEB FJM>@Q LC PIBBM LK @LDKFQFSB CRK@QFLK PELRIA EBIM VLR RKABOPQ>KA
QE>Q@O>JJFKD>IIKFDEQCLO>QBPQJ>V?BKLQBCCB@QFSB>KA@>KBSBKMOLSB@LRKQBOMOLAR@QFSB
LINK TO LEARNING
7>Q@EQEFP?OFBC video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/sleepdeprived) ABP@OF?FKD

PIBBMABMOFS>QFLKFK@LIIBDBPQRABKQP
(BOBhP>KLQEBO?OFBC video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/sleeptips) ABP@OF?FKD
PIBBMQFMPCLO@LIIBDBPQRABKQP
3IBBM E>P >IPL ?BBK >PPL@F>QBA TFQE LQEBO @LDKFQFSB ?BKBCFQP 2BPB>O@E FKAF@>QBP QE>Q FK@IRABA >JLKD
QEBPB MLPPF?IB ?BKBCFQP >OB FK@OB>PBA @>M>@FQFBP CLO @OB>QFSB QEFKHFKD #>F -BAKF@H (>OOFPLK +>K>AV
-BAKF@H 7>DKBO '>FP (>FABO 6BOIBDBO "LOK
I>KDR>DB IB>OKFKD &BKK .RP?>RJ
->ODLIF>PE 'hJBW "LLQWFK .>ABI
>KA FKCBOBKQF>I GRADJBKQP %IIBK?LDBK (R 0>VKB
4FQLKB 7>IHBO
)Q FP MLPPF?IB QE>Q BSBK QEB MOL@BPPFKD LC BJLQFLK>I FKCLOJ>QFLK FP FKCIRBK@BA ?V
@BOQ>FK>PMB@QPLCPIBBM 7>IHBO

LINK TO LEARNING
7>Q@EQEFP?OFBC video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/sleepmemory) ABP@OF?FKDQEB

OBI>QFLKPEFM?BQTBBKPIBBM>KAJBJLOV
4.3 Stages of Sleep

Learning Objectives
k $FCCBOBKQF>QB?BQTBBK2%->KAKLK2%-PIBBM
k $BP@OF?BQEBAFCCBOBK@BP?BQTBBKQEBCLROPQ>DBPLCKLK2%-PIBBM
k 5KABOPQ>KAQEBOLIBQE>Q2%->KAKLK2%-PIBBMMI>VFKIB>OKFKD>KAJBJLOV
3IBBM FP KLQ > RKFCLOJ PQ>QB LC ?BFKD )KPQB>A PIBBM FP @LJMLPBA LC PBSBO>I AFCCBOBKQ PQ>DBP QE>Q @>K
?B AFCCBOBKQF>QBA COLJ LKB >KLQEBO ?V QEB M>QQBOKP LC ?O>FK T>SB >@QFSFQV QE>Q L@@RO AROFKD B>@E PQ>DB
4EBPB @E>KDBP FK ?O>FK T>SB >@QFSFQV @>K ?B SFPR>IFWBA RPFKD %%' >KA >OB AFPQFKDRFPEBA COLJ LKB
>KLQEBO ?V ?LQE QEB COBNRBK@V >KA >JMIFQRAB LC ?O>FK T>SBP Figure 4.8
3IBBM @>K ?B AFSFABA FKQL
QTL AFCCBOBKQ DBKBO>I ME>PBP 2%- PIBBM >KA KLK2%- .2%-
PIBBM Rapid eye movement (REM)
PIBBM FP @E>O>@QBOFWBA ?V A>OQFKD JLSBJBKQP LC QEB BVBP RKABO @ILPBA BVBIFAP "O>FK T>SBP AROFKD 2%-
PIBBM >MMB>O SBOV PFJFI>O QL ?O>FK T>SBP AROFKD T>HBCRIKBPP )K @LKQO>PQ non-REM (NREM) PIBBM FP
PR?AFSFABA FKQL CLRO PQ>DBP AFPQFKDRFPEBA COLJ B>@E LQEBO >KA COLJ T>HBCRIKBPP ?V @E>O>@QBOFPQF@ M>QQBOKP
LC ?O>FK T>SBP 4EB CFOPQ CLRO PQ>DBP LC PIBBM >OB .2%- PIBBM TEFIB QEB CFCQE >KA CFK>I PQ>DB LC PIBBM FP 2%-
PIBBM )K QEFP PB@QFLK TB TFII AFP@RPP B>@E LC QEBPB PQ>DBP LC PIBBM >KA QEBFO >PPL@F>QBA M>QQBOKP LC ?O>FK
T>SB>@QFSFQV
Figure 4.8 "O>FKT>SB>@QFSFQV@E>KDBPAO>J>QF@>IIV>@OLPPQEBAFCCBOBKQPQ>DBPLCPIBBM@OBAFQPIBBMFKD

JLAFCF@>QFLKLCTLOH?V2V>K6>>OPF
NREM STAGES OF SLEEP

4EB CFOPQ PQ>DB LC .2%- PIBBM FP HKLTK >P PQ>DB PIBBM Stage 1 sleep FP > QO>KPFQFLK>I ME>PB QE>Q L@@ROP
?BQTBBK T>HBCRIKBPP >KA PIBBM QEB MBOFLA AROFKD TEF@E TB AOFCQ LCC QL PIBBM $ROFKD QEFP QFJB QEBOB FP
> PILTALTK FK ?LQE QEB O>QBP LC OBPMFO>QFLK >KA EB>OQ?B>Q )K >AAFQFLK PQ>DB PIBBM FKSLISBP > J>OHBA
AB@OB>PBFK?LQELSBO>IIJRP@IBQBKPFLK>KA@LOB?LAVQBJMBO>QROB
)K QBOJP LC ?O>FK T>SB >@QFSFQV PQ>DB PIBBM FP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE ?LQE >IME> >KA QEBQ> T>SBP 4EB B>OIV
MLOQFLK LC PQ>DB PIBBM MOLAR@BP alpha waves TEF@E >OB OBI>QFSBIV ILT COBNRBK@V n(W
EFDE
>JMIFQRAB M>QQBOKP LC BIB@QOF@>I >@QFSFQV T>SBP
QE>Q ?B@LJB PVK@EOLKFWBA Figure 4.9
4EFP M>QQBOK LC
?O>FK T>SB >@QFSFQV OBPBJ?IBP QE>Q LC PLJBLKB TEL FP SBOV OBI>UBA VBQ >T>HB !P >K FKAFSFAR>I @LKQFKRBP
QEOLRDE PQ>DB PIBBM QEBOB FP >K FK@OB>PB FK QEBQ> T>SB >@QFSFQV Theta waves >OB BSBK ILTBO COBNRBK@V
n (W
EFDEBO >JMIFQRAB ?O>FK T>SBP QE>K >IME> T>SBP )Q FP OBI>QFSBIV B>PV QL T>HB PLJBLKB COLJ PQ>DB
PIBBMFKC>@Q MBLMIBLCQBKOBMLOQQE>QQEBVE>SBKLQ?BBK>PIBBMFCQEBV>OB>TLHBKAROFKDPQ>DBPIBBM
Figure 4.9 "O>FKT>SB>@QFSFQV@E>KDBPAO>J>QF@>IIV>@OLPPQEBAFCCBOBKQPQ>DBPLCPIBBM
!P TB JLSB FKQL stage 2 sleep QEB ?LAV DLBP FKQL > PQ>QB LC ABBM OBI>U>QFLK 4EBQ> T>SBP PQFII ALJFK>QB
QEB >@QFSFQV LC QEB ?O>FK ?RQ QEBV >OB FKQBOORMQBA ?V ?OFBC ?ROPQP LC >@QFSFQV HKLTK >P PIBBM PMFKAIBP
Figure 4.10
! sleep spindle FP > O>MFA ?ROPQ LC EFDEBO COBNRBK@V ?O>FK T>SBP QE>Q J>V ?B FJMLOQ>KQ CLO
IB>OKFKD >KA JBJLOV &LDBI 3JFQE 0LB 7>IPE "GLOKBPP
)K >AAFQFLK QEB >MMB>O>K@B LC
+@LJMIBUBP FP LCQBK >PPL@F>QBA TFQE PQ>DB PIBBM ! K-complex FP > SBOV EFDE >JMIFQRAB M>QQBOK LC ?O>FK
>@QFSFQV QE>Q J>V FK PLJB @>PBP L@@RO FK OBPMLKPB QL BKSFOLKJBKQ>I PQFJRIF 4ERP +@LJMIBUBP JFDEQ PBOSB
>P > ?OFADB QL EFDEBO IBSBIP LC >OLRP>I FK OBPMLKPB QL TE>Q FP DLFKD LK FK LRO BKSFOLKJBKQP (>I[PW
3QBOF>AB!JWF@>

Figure 4.10 3Q>DBPIBBMFP@E>O>@QBOFWBA?VQEB>MMB>O>K@BLC?LQEPIBBMPMFKAIBP>KA+ @LJMIBUBP
Stage 3 >KA stage 4 LC PIBBM >OB LCQBK OBCBOOBA QL >P ABBM PIBBM LO PILTT>SB PIBBM ?B@>RPB QEBPB PQ>DBP
>OB @E>O>@QBOFWBA ?V ILT COBNRBK@V RM QL (W
EFDE >JMIFQRAB delta waves Figure 4.11
$ROFKD QEFP
QFJB >K FKAFSFAR>IsP EB>OQ O>QB >KA OBPMFO>QFLK PILT AO>J>QF@>IIV )Q FP JR@E JLOB AFCCF@RIQ QL >T>HBK
PLJBLKB COLJ PIBBM AROFKD PQ>DB >KA PQ>DB QE>K AROFKD B>OIFBO PQ>DBP )KQBOBPQFKDIV FKAFSFAR>IP TEL
E>SB FK@OB>PBA IBSBIP LC >IME> ?O>FK T>SB >@QFSFQV JLOB LCQBK >PPL@F>QBA TFQE T>HBCRIKBPP >KA QO>KPFQFLK
FKQL PQ>DB PIBBM
AROFKD PQ>DB >KA PQ>DB LCQBK OBMLOQ QE>Q QEBV AL KLQ CBBI OBCOBPEBA RMLK T>HFKD
OBD>OAIBPPLCELTILKDQEBVPIBMQ 3QLKB 4>VILO -@#O>B +>IPBH>O ,F@EPQBFK

Figure 4.11 > $BIQ>T>SBPTEF@E>OBILTCOBNRBK@V>KAEFDE>JMIFQRAB@E>O>@QBOFWB? PILT T>SBPQ>DB>KA

PQ>DBPIBBM
REM SLEEP
!P JBKQFLKBA B>OIFBO 2%- PIBBM FP J>OHBA ?V O>MFA JLSBJBKQP LC QEB BVBP 4EB ?O>FK T>SBP >PPL@F>QBA
TFQE QEFP PQ>DB LC PIBBM >OB SBOV PFJFI>O QL QELPB L?PBOSBA TEBK > MBOPLK FP >T>HB >P PELTK FK Figure
4.12 >KA QEFP FP QEB MBOFLA LC PIBBM FK TEF@E AOB>JFKD L@@ROP )Q FP >IPL >PPL@F>QBA TFQE M>O>IVPFP LC JRP@IB
PVPQBJP FK QEB ?LAV TFQE QEB BU@BMQFLK LC QELPB QE>Q J>HB @FO@RI>QFLK >KA OBPMFO>QFLK MLPPF?IB 4EBOBCLOB
KL JLSBJBKQ LC SLIRKQ>OV JRP@IBP L@@ROP AROFKD 2%- PIBBM FK > KLOJ>I FKAFSFAR>I 2%- PIBBM FP LCQBK
OBCBOOBA QL >P M>O>ALUF@>I PIBBM ?B@>RPB LC QEFP @LJ?FK>QFLK LC EFDE ?O>FK >@QFSFQV >KA I>@H LC JRP@IB QLKB
,FHB .2%- PIBBM 2%- E>P ?BBK FJMIF@>QBA FK S>OFLRP >PMB@QP LC IB>OKFKD >KA JBJLOV 7>DKBO '>FP
"LOK
>IQELRDE QEBOB FP AFP>DOBBJBKQ TFQEFK QEB P@FBKQFCF@ @LJJRKFQV >?LRQ ELT FJMLOQ>KQ ?LQE
.2%->KA2%-PIBBM>OBCLOKLOJ>IIB>OKFKD>KAJBJLOV 3FBDBI

Figure 4.12 > !MBOFLALCO>MFABVBJLSBJBKQFPJ>OHBA?VQEBPELOQOBAIFKBPBDJBKQ4EB?O>FKT>SBP

>PPL@F>QBATFQE2%-PIBBMLRQIFKBAFKQEBOBA?LUFK> ILLHSBOVPFJFI>OQLQELPBPBBK? AROFKDT>HBCRIKBPP
)C MBLMIB >OB ABMOFSBA LC 2%- PIBBM >KA QEBK >IILTBA QL PIBBM TFQELRQ AFPQRO?>K@B QEBV TFII PMBKA JLOB
QFJB FK 2%- PIBBM FK TE>Q TLRIA >MMB>O QL ?B >K BCCLOQ QL OB@LRM QEB ILPQ QFJB FK 2%- 4EFP FP HKLTK >P
QEB 2%- OB?LRKA >KA FQ PRDDBPQP QE>Q 2%- PIBBM FP >IPL ELJBLPQ>QF@>IIV OBDRI>QBA !PFAB COLJ QEB OLIB
QE>Q 2%- PIBBM J>V MI>V FK MOL@BPPBP OBI>QBA QL IB>OKFKD >KA JBJLOV 2%- PIBBM J>V >IPL ?B FKSLISBA FK
BJLQFLK>I MOL@BPPFKD >KA OBDRI>QFLK )K PR@E FKPQ>K@BP 2%- OB?LRKA J>V >@QR>IIV OBMOBPBKQ >K >A>MQFSB
OBPMLKPB QL PQOBPP FK KLKABMOBPPBA FKAFSFAR>IP ?V PRMMOBPPFKD QEB BJLQFLK>I P>IFBK@B LC >SBOPFSB BSBKQP
QE>QL@@ROOBAFKT>HBCRIKBPP 3R@EB@HF 4F?> ->@E>AL

7EFIB PIBBM ABMOFS>QFLK FK DBKBO>I FP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE > KRJ?BO LC KBD>QFSB @LKPBNRBK@BP "OLTK

QEB @LKPBNRBK@BP LC 2%- ABMOFS>QFLK >MMB>O QL ?B IBPP MOLCLRKA >P AFP@RPPBA FK 3FBDBI
)K C>@Q
PLJB E>SB PRDDBPQBA QE>Q 2%- ABMOFS>QFLK @>K >@QR>IIV ?B ?BKBCF@F>I FK PLJB @FO@RJPQ>K@BP &LO FKPQ>K@B
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LINK TO LEARNING
6FBTQEFP video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/sleepstages) QE>QABP@OF?BPQEB

S>OFLRPPQ>DBPLCPIBBM
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4.4 Sleep Problems and Disorders

Learning Objectives
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PARASOMNIAS
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DIG DEEPER
A Sleepwalking Defense?
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Other Parasomnias
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SLEEP APNEA
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PB@LKAP LO ILKDBO >KA LCQBK >OB >PPL@F>QBA TFQE ?OFBC MBOFLAP LC >OLRP>I 7EFIB FKAFSFAR>IP PRCCBOFKD COLJ
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4.5 Substance Use and Abuse

Learning Objectives
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DRUG CATEGORIES
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Figure 4.18 #O>@HOL@HPIFHBQEBPB>OBPJLHBAQL>@EFBSB>EFDE#LJM>OBATFQELQEBOOLRQBPLC

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LINK TO LEARNING
2B>AQEFPFKQBOBPQFKD newspaper article (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/crack)

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ALM>JFKB FK >AAFQFLK QL PQFJRI>QFKD FQP OBIB>PB Figure 4.19
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OB@BMQLOP OBAR@FKD M>FK >KA MOLAR@FKD BRMELOF> 4ERP LMFLFA AORDP TEF@E JFJF@ QEFP BKALDBKLRP
M>FKHFIIFKD JB@E>KFPJ E>SB >K BUQOBJBIV EFDE MLQBKQF>I CLO >?RPB .>QRO>I LMFLFAP @>IIBA opiates >OB
ABOFS>QFSBP LC LMFRJ TEF@E FP > K>QRO>IIV L@@ROOFKD @LJMLRKA CLRKA FK QEB MLMMV MI>KQ 4EBOB >OB
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(FPQLOF@>IIV EBOLFK E>P ?BBK > J>GLO LMFLFA AORD LC >?RPB Figure 4.20
(BOLFK @>K ?B PKLOQBA PJLHBA
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AORDP E>SB>KFK@OB>PBAOFPHCLO@LKQO>@QFLKLC?LQEQR?BO@RILPFP>KA()6
Figure 4.20 > #LJJLKM>O>MEBOK>IF>CLOEBOLFKMOBM>O>QFLK>KARPB>OBPELTKEBOBFK>KBBAIBBU@E>KDBHFQ?

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Figure 4.21 0PV@EBABIF@FJ>DBPIFHBQEFP>OBLCQBK>PPL@F>QBATFQEE>IIR@FKLDBKF@@LJMLRKAP@OBAFQJLAFCF@>QFLK

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LINK TO LEARNING
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4.6 Other States of Consciousness

Learning Objectives
k $BCFKBEVMKLPFP>KAJBAFQ>QFLK
k 5KABOPQ>KAQEBPFJFI>OFQFBP>KAAFCCBOBK@BPLCEVMKLPFP>KAJBAFQ>QFLK
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HYPNOSIS
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?ROFBA ABBMIV FK PLJBLKBsP JBJLOV &LO FKAFSFAR>IP TEL >OB BPMB@F>IIV LMBK QL QEB MLTBO LC PRDDBPQFLK
EVMKLPFP @>K MOLSB QL ?B > SBOV BCCB@QFSB QB@EKFNRB >KA ?O>FK FJ>DFKD PQRAFBP E>SB ABJLKPQO>QBA
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>KA BKQBOQ>FKJBKQ Figure 4.23
4EBOBCLOB FQ FP FJMLOQ>KQ QL J>HB > AFPQFK@QFLK ?BQTBBK EVMKLPFP >P
>K BJMFOF@>IIV ?>PBA QEBO>MBRQF@ >MMOL>@E SBOPRP >P > CLOJ LC BKQBOQ>FKJBKQ #LKQO>OV QL MLMRI>O ?BIFBC
FKAFSFAR>IP RKABODLFKD EVMKLPFP RPR>IIV E>SB @IB>O JBJLOFBP LC QEB EVMKLQF@ BUMBOFBK@B >KA >OB FK
@LKQOLI LC QEBFO LTK ?BE>SFLOP 7EFIB EVMKLPFP J>V ?B RPBCRI FK BKE>K@FKD JBJLOV LO > PHFII PR@E
BKE>K@BJBKQP>OBSBOVJLABPQFKK>QROB 2>W

Figure 4.23 0LMRI>OMLOQO>V>IPLCEVMKLPFPE>SBIBAQLPLJBTFABIV EBIAJFP@LK@BMQFLKP
(LT BU>@QIV ALBP > EVMKLQFPQ ?OFKD > M>OQF@FM>KQ QL > PQ>QB LC EVMKLPFP 7EFIB QEBOB >OB S>OF>QFLKP QEBOB
>OB CLRO M>OQP QE>Q >MMB>O @LKPFPQBKQ FK ?OFKDFKD MBLMIB FKQL QEB PQ>QB LC PRDDBPQF?FIFQV >PPL@F>QBA TFQE
EVMKLPFP .>QFLK>I2BPB>O@E#LRK@FI
4EBPB@LJMLKBKQPFK@IRAB
k 4EBM>OQF@FM>KQFPDRFABAQLCL@RPLKLKBQEFKD PR@E>PQEBEVMKLQFPQsPTLOAPLO>QF@HFKDT>Q@E
k 4EBM>OQF@FM>KQFPJ>AB@LJCLOQ>?IB>KAFPAFOB@QBAQL?BOBI>UBA>KAPIBBMV
k 4EBM>OQF@FM>KQFPQLIAQL?BLMBKQLQEBMOL@BPPLCEVMKLPFP QORPQQEBEVMKLQFPQ>KAIBQDL
k 4EBM>OQF@FM>KQFPBK@LRO>DBAQLRPBEFPLOEBOFJ>DFK>QFLK
4EBPBPQBMP>OB@LKAR@FSBQL?BFKDLMBKQLQEBEBFDEQBKBAPRDDBPQF?FIFQVLCEVMKLPFP
0BLMIB S>OV FK QBOJP LC QEBFO >?FIFQV QL ?B EVMKLQFWBA ?RQ > OBSFBT LC >S>FI>?IB OBPB>O@E PRDDBPQP QE>Q
JLPQ MBLMIB >OB >Q IB>PQ JLABO>QBIV EVMKLQFW>?IB +FEIPQOLJ
(VMKLPFP FK @LKGRK@QFLK TFQE LQEBO
QB@EKFNRBP FP RPBA CLO > S>OFBQV LC QEBO>MBRQF@ MROMLPBP >KA E>P PELTK QL ?B >Q IB>PQ PLJBTE>Q BCCB@QFSB
CLO M>FK J>K>DBJBKQ QOB>QJBKQ LC ABMOBPPFLK >KA >KUFBQV PJLHFKD @BPP>QFLK >KA TBFDEQ ILPP !II>AFK
%IHFKP *LEKPLK &FPEBO 'LIABK -LKQDLJBOV 3@EKRO +O>SFQP

3LJB P@FBKQFPQP >OB TLOHFKD QL ABQBOJFKB TEBQEBO QEB MLTBO LC PRDDBPQFLK @>K >CCB@Q @LDKFQFSB MOL@BPPBP
PR@E >P IB>OKFKD TFQE > SFBT QL RPFKD EVMKLPFP FK BAR@>QFLK>I PBQQFKDP 7>OH
&ROQEBOJLOB QEBOB
FP PLJB BSFABK@B QE>Q EVMKLPFP @>K >IQBO MOL@BPPBP QE>Q TBOB LK@B QELRDEQ QL ?B >RQLJ>QF@ >KA LRQPFAB
QEB MROSFBT LC SLIRKQ>OV @LKQOLI PR@E >P OB>AFKD ,FCPEFQW !R?BOQ "LKK &FP@EBO +>PEBJ 2>W
2>W 3E>MFOL &>K 0LPKBO
(LTBSBO FQ PELRIA ?B KLQBA QE>Q LQEBOP E>SB PRDDBPQBA QE>Q QEB
>RQLJ>QF@FQVLCQEBPBMOL@BPPBPOBJ>FKPFKQ>@Q !RDRPQFKLS>&BOO>KA

(LT ALBP EVMKLPFP TLOH 4TL QEBLOFBP >QQBJMQ QL >KPTBO QEFP NRBPQFLK /KB QEBLOV SFBTP EVMKLPFP >P
AFPPL@F>QFLK >KA QEB LQEBO QEBLOV SFBTP FQ >P QEB MBOCLOJ>K@B LC > PL@F>I OLIB !@@LOAFKD QL QEB AFPPL@F>QFLK
SFBT EVMKLPFP FP BCCB@QFSBIV > AFPPL@F>QBA PQ>QB LC @LKP@FLRPKBPP JR@E IFHB LRO B>OIFBO BU>JMIB TEBOB VLR
J>V AOFSB QL TLOH ?RQ VLR >OB LKIV JFKFJ>IIV >T>OB LC QEB MOL@BPP LC AOFSFKD ?B@>RPB VLRO >QQBKQFLK
FP CL@RPBA BIPBTEBOB 4EFP QEBLOV FP PRMMLOQBA ?V %OKBPQ (FID>OAsP OBPB>O@E FKQL EVMKLPFP >KA M>FK )K
(FID>OAsP BUMBOFJBKQP EB FKAR@BA M>OQF@FM>KQP FKQL > PQ>QB LC EVMKLPFP >KA MI>@BA QEBFO >OJP FKQL F@B
T>QBO 0>OQF@FM>KQP TBOB QLIA QEBV TLRIA KLQ CBBI M>FK ?RQ QEBV @LRIA MOBPP > ?RQQLK FC QEBV AFA TEFIB QEBV
OBMLOQBA KLQ CBBIFKD M>FK QEBV AFA FK C>@Q MOBPP QEB ?RQQLK PRDDBPQFKD > AFPPL@F>QFLK LC @LKP@FLRPKBPP
TEFIBFKQEBEVMKLQF@PQ>QB (FID>OA(FID>OA

4>HFKD > AFCCBOBKQ >MMOL>@E QL BUMI>FK EVMKLPFP QEB PL@F>I@LDKFQFSB QEBLOV LC EVMKLPFP PBBP MBLMIB
FK EVMKLQF@ PQ>QBP >P MBOCLOJFKD QEB PL@F>I OLIB LC > EVMKLQFWBA MBOPLK !P VLR TFII IB>OK TEBK VLR
PQRAV PL@F>I OLIBP MBLMIBsP ?BE>SFLO @>K ?B PE>MBA ?V QEBFO BUMB@Q>QFLKP LC ELT QEBV PELRIA >@Q FK
> DFSBK PFQR>QFLK 3LJB SFBT > EVMKLQFWBA MBOPLKsP ?BE>SFLO KLQ >P >K >IQBOBA LO AFPPL@F>QBA PQ>QB LC
@LKP@FLRPKBPP ?RQ>PQEBFOCRICFIIJBKQLCQEBPL@F>IBUMB@Q>QFLKPCLOQE>QOLIB
MEDITATION
Meditation FP QEB >@Q LC CL@RPFKD LK > PFKDIB Q>ODBQ PR@E >P QEB ?OB>QE LO > OBMB>QBA PLRKA
QL FK@OB>PB
>T>OBKBPP LC QEB JLJBKQ 7EFIB EVMKLPFP FP DBKBO>IIV >@EFBSBA QEOLRDE QEB FKQBO>@QFLK LC > QEBO>MFPQ >KA
QEB MBOPLK ?BFKD QOB>QBA >K FKAFSFAR>I @>K MBOCLOJ JBAFQ>QFLK >ILKB /CQBK ELTBSBO MBLMIB TFPEFKD
QL IB>OK QL JBAFQ>QB OB@BFSB PLJB QO>FKFKD FK QB@EKFNRBP QL >@EFBSB > JBAFQ>QFSB PQ>QB ! JBAFQ>QFSB PQ>QB
>P PELTK ?V %%' OB@LOAFKDP LC KBTIVMO>@QF@FKD JBAFQ>QLOP FP KLQ >K >IQBOBA PQ>QB LC @LKP@FLRPKBPP MBO
PB ELTBSBO M>QQBOKP LC ?O>FK T>SBP BUEF?FQBA ?V BUMBOQ JBAFQ>QLOP J>V OBMOBPBKQ > RKFNRB PQ>QB LC
@LKP@FLRPKBPP &BII !UJ>@EBO (>RMQ

!IQELRDE QEBOB >OB > KRJ?BO LC AFCCBOBKQ QB@EKFNRBP FK RPB QEB @BKQO>I CB>QROB LC >II JBAFQ>QFLK FP @IB>OFKD
QEB JFKA FK LOABO QL >@EFBSB > PQ>QB LC OBI>UBA >T>OBKBPP >KA CL@RP #EBK BQ >I ,>KD BQ >I

-FKACRIKBPP JBAFQ>QFLK E>P OB@BKQIV ?B@LJB MLMRI>O )K QEB S>OF>QFLK LC JBAFQ>QFLK QEB JBAFQ>QLOsP
>QQBKQFLK FP CL@RPBA LK PLJB FKQBOK>I MOL@BPP LO >K BUQBOK>I L?GB@Q :BFA>K 'O>KQ "OLTK -@(>CCFB
#LDEFII

-BAFQ>QFSB QB@EKFNRBP E>SB QEBFO OLLQP FK OBIFDFLRP MO>@QF@BP Figure 4.24
?RQ QEBFO RPB E>P DOLTK FK
MLMRI>OFQV >JLKD MO>@QFQFLKBOP LC >IQBOK>QFSB JBAF@FKB 2BPB>O@E FKAF@>QBP QE>Q JBAFQ>QFLK J>V EBIM
OBAR@B ?ILLA MOBPPROB >KA QEB !JBOF@>K (B>OQ !PPL@F>QFLK PRDDBPQP QE>Q JBAFQ>QFLK JFDEQ ?B RPBA FK
@LKGRK@QFLK TFQE JLOB QO>AFQFLK>I QOB>QJBKQP >P > T>V QL J>K>DB EVMBOQBKPFLK >IQELRDE QEBOB FP KLQ
PRCCF@FBKQ A>Q> CLO > OB@LJJBKA>QFLK QL ?B J>AB "OLLH BQ >I
,FHB EVMKLPFP JBAFQ>QFLK >IPL
PELTP MOLJFPB FK PQOBPP J>K>DBJBKQ PIBBM NR>IFQV #>IATBII (>OOFPLK !A>JP 1RFK 'OBBPLK

QOB>QJBKQ LC JLLA >KA >KUFBQV AFPLOABOP #EBK BQ >I &OBBJ>K BQ >I 6lIIBPQ>A .FBIPBK
.FBIPBK
>KAM>FKJ>K>DBJBKQ 2BFKBO 4F?F ,FMPFQW

Figure 4.24 > 4EFPFP>PQ>QRBLC>JBAFQ>QFKD"RAAE>OBMOBPBKQFKDLKBLCQEBJ>KVOBIFDFLRPQO>AFQFLKPLCTEF@E

JBAFQ>QFLKMI>VP>M>OQ? 0BLMIBMO>@QF@FKDJBAFQ>QFLKJ>VBUMBOFBK@B>K>IQBOK>QBPQ>QBLC@LKP@FLRPKBPP@OBAFQ
>JLAFCF@>QFLKLCTLOH?V*FJ%MIBO@OBAFQ?JLAFCF@>QFLKLCTLOH?V#>IB?2LBKFDH
LINK TO LEARNING
&BBIFKDPQOBPPBA4EFKHJBAFQ>QFLKJFDEQEBIM4EFP instructional video

(http://openstaxcollege.org/l/meditate) QB>@EBPELTQLRPB"RAAEFPQJBAFQ>QFLK
QB@EKFNRBPQL>IIBSF>QBPQOBPP
LINK TO LEARNING
7>Q@EQEFP video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/brainimaging) ABP@OF?BQEBOBPRIQP

LC>?O>FKFJ>DFKDPQRAVFKFKAFSFAR>IPTELRKABOTBKQPMB@FCF@JFKACRIKBPP
JBAFQ>QFSBQB@EKFNRBP
Key Terms
alpha wave QVMBLCOBI>QFSBIVILTCOBNRBK@V OBI>QFSBIVEFDE>JMIFQRAB?O>FKT>SBQE>Q?B@LJBP

PVK@EOLKFWBA@E>O>@QBOFPQF@LCQEB?BDFKKFKDLCPQ>DBPIBBM
biological rhythm FKQBOK>I@V@IBLC?FLILDF@>I>@QFSFQV
cataplexy I>@HLCJRP@IBQLKBLOJRP@IBTB>HKBPP >KAFKPLJB@>PBP@LJMIBQBM>O>IVPFPLCQEBSLIRKQ>OV

JRP@IBP
central sleep apnea PIBBMAFPLOABOTFQEMBOFLAPLCFKQBOORMQBA?OB>QEFKDARBQL>AFPORMQFLKFKPFDK>IP

PBKQCOLJQEB?O>FKQE>QOBDRI>QB?OB>QEFKD
circadian rhythm ?FLILDF@>IOEVQEJQE>QL@@ROPLSBO>MMOLUFJ>QBIVELROP
codeine LMF>QBTFQEOBI>QFSBIVILTMLQBK@VLCQBKMOBP@OF?BACLOJFKLOM>FK
cognitive-behavioral therapy MPV@ELQEBO>MVQE>QCL@RPBPLK@LDKFQFSBMOL@BPPBP>KAMOL?IBJ?BE>SFLOP

QE>QFPPLJBQFJBPRPBAQLQOB>QPIBBMAFPLOABOPPR@E>PFKPLJKF>
collective unconscious QEBLOBQF@>IOBMLPFQLOVLCFKCLOJ>QFLKPE>OBA?V>IIMBLMIB>@OLPP@RIQROBP >P

ABP@OF?BA?V#>OI*RKD
consciousness >T>OBKBPPLCFKQBOK>I>KABUQBOK>IPQFJRIF
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ABSF@BRPBAQLQOB>QPIBBM>MKB>FK@IRABP>J>PHQE>QCFQP

LSBOQEBPIBBMBOsPKLPB>KAJLRQE TEF@EFP@LKKB@QBAQL>MRJMQE>QMRJMP>FOFKQLQEBMBOPLKsP
>FOT>VP CLO@FKDQEBJQLOBJ>FKLMBK
delta wave QVMBLCILTCOBNRBK@V EFDE>JMIFQRAB?O>FKT>SB@E>O>@QBOFPQF@LCPQ>DB>KAPQ>DBPIBBM
depressant AORDQE>QQBKAPQLPRMMOBPP@BKQO>IKBOSLRPPVPQBJ>@QFSFQV
euphoric high CBBIFKDPLCFKQBKPBBI>QFLK>KAMIB>PROBCOLJAORDRPB
evolutionary psychology AFP@FMIFKBQE>QPQRAFBPELTRKFSBOP>IM>QQBOKPLC?BE>SFLO>KA@LDKFQFSB

MOL@BPPBPE>SBBSLISBALSBOQFJB>P>OBPRIQLCK>QRO>IPBIB@QFLK
hallucinogen LKBLC>@I>PPLCAORDPQE>QOBPRIQPFKMOLCLRKA>IQBO>QFLKPFKPBKPLOV>KAMBO@BMQR>I
BUMBOFBK@BP LCQBKTFQESFSFAE>IIR@FK>QFLKP
homeostasis QBKABK@VQLJ>FKQ>FK>?>I>K@B LOLMQFJ>IIBSBI TFQEFK>?FLILDF@>IPVPQBJ
hypnosis PQ>QBLCBUQOBJBPBICCL@RP>KA>QQBKQFLKFKTEF@EJFKFJ>I>QQBKQFLKFPDFSBKQLBUQBOK>IPQFJRIF
insomnia @LKPFPQBKQAFCCF@RIQVFKC>IIFKDLOPQ>VFKD>PIBBMCLO>QIB>PQQEOBBKFDEQP>TBBHLSBO>JLKQEsP
QFJB
jet lag @LIIB@QFLKLCPVJMQLJP?OLRDEQLK?VQO>SBICOLJLKBQFJBWLKBQL>KLQEBOQE>QOBPRIQPCOLJQEB

JFPJ>Q@E?BQTBBKLROFKQBOK>I@FO@>AF>K@V@IBP>KALROBKSFOLKJBKQ
K-complex SBOVEFDE>JMIFQRABM>QQBOKLC?O>FK>@QFSFQV>PPL@F>QBATFQEPQ>DBPIBBMQE>QJ>VL@@ROFK
OBPMLKPBQLBKSFOLKJBKQ>IPQFJRIF
latent content EFAABKJB>KFKDLC>AOB>J MBO3FDJRKA&OBRAsPSFBTLCQEBCRK@QFLKLCAOB>JP
lucid dream MBLMIB?B@LJB>T>OBQE>QQEBV>OBAOB>JFKD>KA@>K@LKQOLIQEBAOB>JsP@LKQBKQ
manifest content PQLOVIFKBLCBSBKQPQE>QL@@ROAROFKD>AOB>J MBO3FDJRKA&OBRAsPSFBTLCQEB

CRK@QFLKLCAOB>JP
meditation @IB>OFKDQEBJFKAFKLOABOQL>@EFBSB>PQ>QBLCOBI>UBA>T>OBKBPP>KACL@RP
melatonin ELOJLKBPB@OBQBA?VQEBBKAL@OFKBDI>KAQE>QPBOSBP>P>KFJMLOQ>KQOBDRI>QLOLCQEBPIBBM
T>HB@V@IB
meta-analysis PQRAVQE>Q@LJ?FKBPQEBOBPRIQPLCPBSBO>IOBI>QBAPQRAFBP
methadone PVKQEBQF@LMFLFAQE>QFPIBPPBRMELOLDBKF@QE>KEBOLFK>KAPFJFI>OAORDPRPBAQLJ>K>DB
TFQEAO>T>IPVJMQLJPFKLMF>QBRPBOP
methadone clinic RPBPJBQE>ALKBQLQOB>QTFQEAO>T>IPVJMQLJPFKLMF>QBRPBOP
methamphetamine QVMBLC>JMEBQ>JFKBQE>Q@>K?BJ>ABCOLJMPBRALBMEBAOFKB >KLSBOQEB@LRKQBO

AORDTFABIVJ>KRC>@QROBA>KA>?RPBA
narcolepsy PIBBMAFPLOABOFKTEF@EQEBPRCCBOBO@>KKLQOBPFPQC>IIFKDQLPIBBM>QFKLMMLOQRKBQFJBP
night terror PIBBMAFPLOABOFKTEF@EQEBPIBBMBOBUMBOFBK@BP>PBKPBLCM>KF@>KAJ>VP@OB>JLO>QQBJMQ

QLBP@>MBCOLJQEBFJJBAF>QBBKSFOLKJBKQ
non-REM (NREM) MBOFLALCPIBBMLRQPFABMBOFLAPLCO>MFABVBJLSBJBKQ 2%-

PIBBM
obstructive sleep apnea PIBBMAFPLOABOABCFKBA?VBMFPLABPTEBK?OB>QEFKDPQLMPAROFKDPIBBM>P>

OBPRIQLC?IL@H>DBLCQEB>FOT>V
opiate/opioid LKBLC>@>QBDLOVLCAORDPQE>QE>PPQOLKD>K>IDBPF@MOLMBOQFBPLMF>QBP>OBMOLAR@BACOLJ
QEBOBPFKLCQEBLMFRJMLMMVFK@IRABPEBOLFK JLOMEFKB JBQE>ALKB >KA@LABFKB
parinsomnia LKBLC>DOLRMLCPIBBMAFPLOABOP@E>O>@QBOFWBA?VRKT>KQBA AFPORMQFSBJLQLO>@QFSFQV

>KALOBUMBOFBK@BPAROFKDPIBBM
physical dependence @E>KDBPFKKLOJ>I?LAFIVCRK@QFLKPQE>Q@>RPB>AORDRPBOQLBUMBOFBK@B

TFQEAO>T>IPVJMQLJPRMLK@BPP>QFLKLCRPB
pineal gland BKAL@OFKBPQOR@QROBIL@>QBAFKPFABQEB?O>FKQE>QOBIB>PBPJBI>QLKFK
psychological dependence BJLQFLK>I O>QEBOQE>K>MEVPF@>I KBBACLO>AORDTEF@EJ>V?BRPBAQL

OBIFBSBMPV@ELILDF@>IAFPQOBPP
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep MBOFLALCPIBBM@E>O>@QBOFWBA?V?O>FKT>SBPSBOVPFJFI>OQLQELPB

AROFKDT>HBCRIKBPP>KA?VA>OQFKDJLSBJBKQPLCQEBBVBPRKABO@ILPBABVBIFAP
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) PIBBMAFPLOABOFKTEF@EQEBJRP@IBM>O>IVPFP>PPL@F>QBATFQEQEB

2%-PIBBMME>PBALBPKLQL@@ROPIBBMBOPE>SBEFDEIBSBIPLCMEVPF@>I>@QFSFQVAROFKD2%-PIBBM
BPMB@F>IIVAROFKDAFPQRO?FKDAOB>JP
restless leg syndrome PIBBMAFPLOABOFKTEF@EQEBPRCCBOBOE>PRK@LJCLOQ>?IBPBKP>QFLKPFKQEBIBDP

TEBKQOVFKDQLC>II>PIBBMQE>Q>OBOBIFBSBA?VJLSFKDQEBIBDP
rotating shift work TLOHP@EBARIBQE>Q@E>KDBPCOLJB>OIVQLI>QBLK>A>FIVLOTBBHIV?>PFP
sleep PQ>QBJ>OHBA?VOBI>QFSBIVILTIBSBIPLCMEVPF@>I>@QFSFQV>KAOBAR@BAPBKPLOV>T>OBKBPPQE>QFP
AFPQFK@QCOLJMBOFLAPLCOBPQQE>QL@@ROAROFKDT>HBCRIKBPP
sleep apnea PIBBMAFPLOABOABCFKBA?VBMFPLABPAROFKDTEF@E?OB>QEFKDPQLMPAROFKDPIBBM
sleep debt OBPRIQLCFKPRCCF@FBKQPIBBMLK>@EOLKF@?>PFP
sleep rebound PIBBMABMOFSBAFKAFSFAR>IPTFIIBUMBOFBK@BILKDBOPIBBMI>QBK@FBPAROFKDPR?PBNRBKQ

LMMLOQRKFQFBPCLOPIBBM
sleep regulation ?O>FKsP@LKQOLILCPTFQ@EFKD?BQTBBKPIBBM>KAT>HBCRIKBPP>PTBII>P@LLOAFK>QFKDQEFP

@V@IBTFQEQEBLRQPFABTLOIA
sleep spindle O>MFA?ROPQLCEFDECOBNRBK@V?O>FKT>SBPAROFKDPQ>DBPIBBMQE>QJ>V?BFJMLOQ>KQCLO

IB>OKFKD>KAJBJLOV
sleepwalking >IPL PLJK>J?RIFPJ

PIBBMAFPLOABOFKTEF@EQEBPIBBMBOBKD>DBPFKOBI>QFSBIV@LJMIBU
?BE>SFLOP
stage 1 sleep CFOPQPQ>DBLCPIBBMQO>KPFQFLK>IME>PBQE>QL@@ROP?BQTBBKT>HBCRIKBPP>KAPIBBMQEB

MBOFLAAROFKDTEF@E>MBOPLKAOFCQPLCCQLPIBBM
stage 2 sleep PB@LKAPQ>DBLCPIBBMQEB?LAVDLBPFKQLABBMOBI>U>QFLK@E>O>@QBOFWBA?VQEB>MMB>O>K@B

LCPIBBMPMFKAIBP
stage 3 sleep QEFOAPQ>DBLCPIBBMABBMPIBBM@E>O>@QBOFWBA?VILTCOBNRBK@V EFDE>JMIFQRABABIQ>T>SBP
stage 4 sleep CLROQEPQ>DBLCPIBBMABBMPIBBM@E>O>@QBOFWBA?VILTCOBNRBK@V EFDE>JMIFQRABABIQ>

T>SBP
stimulant AORDQE>QQBKAPQLFK@OB>PBLSBO>IIIBSBIPLCKBRO>I>@QFSFQVFK@IRABP@>CCBFKB KF@LQFKB

>JMEBQ>JFKBP >KA@L@>FKB
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) FKC>KQ LKBVB>OLIALOVLRKDBO

TFQEKL>MM>OBKQJBAF@>I
@LKAFQFLKPRAABKIVAFBPAROFKDPIBBM
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) >OB>LCQEBEVMLQE>I>JRPFKTEF@EQEB?LAVsP?FLILDF@>I@IL@HFPIL@>QBA
theta wave QVMBLCILTCOBNRBK@V ILT>JMIFQRAB?O>FKT>SB@E>O>@QBOFPQF@LCQEBBKALCPQ>DBPIBBM
tolerance PQ>QBLCOBNRFOFKDFK@OB>PFKDNR>KQFQFBPLCQEBAORDQLD>FKQEBABPFOBABCCB@Q
wakefulness @E>O>@QBOFWBA?VEFDEIBSBIPLCPBKPLOV>T>OBKBPP QELRDEQ >KA?BE>SFLO
withdrawal S>OFBQVLCKBD>QFSBPVJMQLJPBUMBOFBK@BATEBKAORDRPBFPAFP@LKQFKRBA
Summary
4.1 What Is Consciousness?

3Q>QBP LC @LKP@FLRPKBPP S>OV LSBO QEB @LROPB LC QEB A>V >KA QEOLRDELRQ LRO IFSBP )JMLOQ>KQ C>@QLOP
FK QEBPB @E>KDBP >OB QEB ?FLILDF@>I OEVQEJP >KA JLOB PMB@FCF@>IIV QEB @FO@>AF>K OEVQEJP DBKBO>QBA
?V QEB PRMO>@EF>PJ>QF@ KR@IBRP 3#.
4VMF@>IIV LRO ?FLILDF@>I @IL@HP >OB >IFDKBA TFQE LRO BUQBOK>I
BKSFOLKJBKQ >KA IFDEQ QBKAP QL ?B >K FJMLOQ>KQ @RB FK PBQQFKD QEFP @IL@H 7EBK MBLMIB QO>SBI >@OLPP
JRIQFMIB QFJB WLKBP LO TLOH OLQ>QFKD PEFCQP QEBV @>K BUMBOFBK@B AFPORMQFLKP LC QEBFO @FO@>AF>K @V@IBP QE>Q
@>K IB>A QL FKPLJKF> PIBBMFKBPP >KA AB@OB>PBA >IBOQKBPP "OFDEQ IFDEQ QEBO>MV E>P PELTK QL ?B MOLJFPFKD
FK AB>IFKD TFQE @FO@>AF>K AFPORMQFLKP )C MBLMIB DL BUQBKABA MBOFLAP LC QFJB TFQELRQ PIBBM QEBV TFII
>@@ORB > PIBBM AB?Q >KA MLQBKQF>IIV BUMBOFBK@B > KRJ?BO LC >ASBOPB MPV@ELILDF@>I >KA MEVPFLILDF@>I
@LKPBNRBK@BP
4.2 Sleep and Why We Sleep

7B ABSLQB > SBOV I>ODB MLOQFLK LC QFJB QL PIBBM >KA LRO ?O>FKP E>SB @LJMIBU PVPQBJP QE>Q @LKQOLI S>OFLRP
>PMB@QP LC PIBBM 3BSBO>I ELOJLKBP FJMLOQ>KQ CLO MEVPF@>I DOLTQE >KA J>QRO>QFLK >OB PB@OBQBA AROFKD
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#E>MQBO3Q>QBPLC#LKP@FLRPKBPP 

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4.1 What Is Consciousness?

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Disruptions of Normal Sleep

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Age Nightly Sleep Needs

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4.4 Sleep Problems and Disorders

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SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS

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4.6 Other States of Consciousness

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alpha wave QVMBLCOBI>QFSBIVILTCOBNRBK@V OBI>QFSBIVEFDE>JMIFQRAB?O>FKT>SBQE>Q?B@LJBP

biological rhythm FKQBOK>I@V@IBLC?FLILDF@>I>@QFSFQV

cataplexy I>@HLCJRP@IBQLKBLOJRP@IBTB>HKBPP >KAFKPLJB@>PBP@LJMIBQBM>O>IVPFPLCQEBSLIRKQ>OV

central sleep apnea PIBBMAFPLOABOTFQEMBOFLAPLCFKQBOORMQBA?OB>QEFKDARBQL>AFPORMQFLKFKPFDK>IP

circadian rhythm ?FLILDF@>IOEVQEJQE>QL@@ROPLSBO>MMOLUFJ>QBIVELROP

cognitive-behavioral therapy MPV@ELQEBO>MVQE>QCL@RPBPLK@LDKFQFSBMOL@BPPBP>KAMOL?IBJ?BE>SFLOP

collective unconscious QEBLOBQF@>IOBMLPFQLOVLCFKCLOJ>QFLKPE>OBA?V>IIMBLMIB>@OLPP@RIQROBP >P

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ABSF@BRPBAQLQOB>QPIBBM>MKB>FK@IRABP>J>PHQE>QCFQP

delta wave QVMBLCILTCOBNRBK@V EFDE>JMIFQRAB?O>FKT>SB@E>O>@QBOFPQF@LCPQ>DB>KAPQ>DBPIBBM

euphoric high CBBIFKDPLCFKQBKPBBI>QFLK>KAMIB>PROBCOLJAORDRPB

#E>MQBO3Q>QBPLC#LKP@FLRPKBPP

Figure 4.1 3IBBMTEF@ETB>IIBUMBOFBK@BFP>NRFBQ>KAJVPQBOFLRPM>RPBFKLROA>FIVIFSBP4TLPIBBMFKD@EFIAOBK

Figure 4.2 4EFP@E>OQFIIRPQO>QBPQEB@FO@>AF>K@E>KDBFK?LAVQBJMBO>QROBLSBOELROPFK>DOLRMLCBFDEQVLRKD

Figure 4.3 4EBPRMO>@EF>PJ>QF@KR@IBRP3#. PBOSBP>PQEB?O>FKhP@IL@HJB@E>KFPJ4EB@IL@HPBQPFQPBICTFQE

Figure 4.5 4EFPCFDROBFIIRPQO>QBPPLJBLCQEBKBD>QFSB@LKPBNRBK@BPLCPIBBMABMOFS>QFLK7EFIB@LDKFQFSBABCF@FQP

4L>PPBPPVLROLTKPIBBMFKDE>?FQPOB>AQEFP article (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/

Figure 4.6 4EFPFP>PBDJBKQLC>MLIVPLKLDO>ME03' >OB@LOAFKDLCPBSBO>IMEVPF@>IS>OF>?IBPAROFKDPIBBM4EB

Figure 4.7 4EBMFKB>I>KAMFQRFQ>OVDI>KAPPB@OBQB>KRJ?BOLCELOJLKBPAROFKDPIBBM

.>QFLK>I 3IBBM &LRKA>QFLK KA

Figure 4.8 "O>FKT>SB>@QFSFQV@E>KDBPAO>J>QF@>IIV>@OLPPQEBAFCCBOBKQPQ>DBPLCPIBBM@OBAFQPIBBMFKD

Figure 4.9 "O>FKT>SB>@QFSFQV@E>KDBPAO>J>QF@>IIV>@OLPPQEBAFCCBOBKQPQ>DBPLCPIBBM

Figure 4.10 3Q>DBPIBBMFP@E>O>@QBOFWBA?VQEB>MMB>O>K@BLC?LQEPIBBMPMFKAIBP>KA+ @LJMIBUBP

Figure 4.11 > $BIQ>T>SBPTEF@E>OBILTCOBNRBK@V>KAEFDE>JMIFQRAB@E>O>@QBOFWB? PILT T>SBPQ>DB>KA

Figure 4.12 > !MBOFLALCO>MFABVBJLSBJBKQFPJ>OHBA?VQEBPELOQOBAIFKBPBDJBKQ4EB?O>FKT>SBP

Figure 4.13 !EVMKLDO>JFP>AF>DO>JLCQEBPQ>DBPLCPIBBM>PQEBVL@@ROAROFKD>MBOFLALCPIBBM4EFP

ABSF@BE>PPELTKMOLJFPBFKALR?IB?IFKAQOF>IP>PLKBPR@E>IQBOK>QFSB "BOOV +OVDBO ->PPFB

Figure 4.14 > !QVMF@>I#0!0ABSF@BRPBAFKQEBQOB>QJBKQLCPIBBM>MKB>FP? >CCFUBAQLQEBEB>ATFQEPQO>MP

Figure 4.16 4EFPCFDROBFIIRPQO>QBPS>OFLRPAORD@>QBDLOFBP>KALSBOI>M>JLKDQEBJ@OBAFQJLAFCF@>QFLKLCTLOH?V

Figure 4.17 4EB'!"! D>QBA@EILOFAB#I @E>KKBIFPBJ?BAABAFKQEB@BIIJBJ?O>KBLC@BOQ>FKKBROLKP4EB

Figure 4.18 #O>@HOL@HPIFHBQEBPB>OBPJLHBAQL>@EFBSB>EFDE#LJM>OBATFQELQEBOOLRQBPLC

Figure 4.19 !PLKBLCQEBFOJB@E>KFPJPLC>@QFLK@L@>FKB>KA>JMEBQ>JFKBP?IL@HQEBOBRMQ>HBLCALM>JFKBCOLJ

Figure 4.20 > #LJJLKM>O>MEBOK>IF>CLOEBOLFKMOBM>O>QFLK>KARPB>OBPELTKEBOBFK>KBBAIBBU@E>KDBHFQ?

Figure 4.21 0PV@EBABIF@FJ>DBPIFHBQEFP>OBLCQBK>PPL@F>QBATFQEE>IIR@FKLDBKF@@LJMLRKAP@OBAFQJLAFCF@>QFLK

Figure 4.22 -BAF@>IJ>OFGR>K>PELMP>OB?B@LJFKDJLOB>KAJLOB@LJJLKFKQEB5KFQBA3Q>QBP@OBAFQ

Figure 4.23 0LMRI>OMLOQO>V>IPLCEVMKLPFPE>SBIBAQLPLJBTFABIV EBIAJFP@LK@BMQFLKP

Figure 4.24 > 4EFPFP>PQ>QRBLC>JBAFQ>QFKD"RAAE>OBMOBPBKQFKDLKBLCQEBJ>KVOBIFDFLRPQO>AFQFLKPLCTEF@E

&BBIFKDPQOBPPBA4EFKHJBAFQ>QFLKJFDEQEBIM4EFP instructional video

circadian rhythm ?FLILDF@>IOEVQEJQE>QL@@ROPLSBO>MMOLUFJ>QBIVELROP

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ABSF@BRPBAQLQOB>QPIBBM>MKB>FK@IRABP>J>PHQE>QCFQP

delta wave QVMBLCILTCOBNRBK@V EFDE>JMIFQRAB?O>FKT>SB@E>O>@QBOFPQF@LCPQ>DB>KAPQ>DBPIBBM

methamphetamine QVMBLC>JMEBQ>JFKBQE>Q@>K?BJ>ABCOLJMPBRALBMEBAOFKB >KLSBOQEB@LRKQBO

sleep rebound PIBBMABMOFSBAFKAFSFAR>IPTFIIBUMBOFBK@BILKDBOPIBBMI>QBK@FBPAROFKDPR?PBNRBKQ

sleep spindle O>MFA?ROPQLCEFDECOBNRBK@V?O>FKT>SBPAROFKDPQ>DBPIBBMQE>QJ>V?BFJMLOQ>KQCLO

stage 1 sleep CFOPQPQ>DBLCPIBBMQO>KPFQFLK>IME>PBQE>QL@@ROP?BQTBBKT>HBCRIKBPP>KAPIBBMQEB

stage 2 sleep PB@LKAPQ>DBLCPIBBMQEB?LAVDLBPFKQLABBMOBI>U>QFLK@E>O>@QBOFWBA?VQEB>MMB>O>K@B

stage 3 sleep QEFOAPQ>DBLCPIBBMABBMPIBBM@E>O>@QBOFWBA?VILTCOBNRBK@V EFDE>JMIFQRABABIQ>T>SBP

stage 4 sleep CLROQEPQ>DBLCPIBBMABBMPIBBM@E>O>@QBOFWBA?VILTCOBNRBK@V EFDE>JMIFQRABABIQ>

stimulant AORDQE>QQBKAPQLFK@OB>PBLSBO>IIIBSBIPLCKBRO>I>@QFSFQVFK@IRABP@>CCBFKB KF@LQFKB

theta wave QVMBLCILTCOBNRBK@V ILT>JMIFQRAB?O>FKT>SB@E>O>@QBOFPQF@LCQEBBKALCPQ>DBPIBBM

3. ========@V@IBPL@@ROOLRDEIVLK@BBSBOV 10. 3IBBMPMFKAIBP>KA+@LJMIBUBP>OBJLPQ

6. 4EB========MI>VP>OLIBFK@LKQOLIIFKDPILT 13. ========FPILPPLCJRP@IBQLKBLO@LKQOLIQE>Q