Ethiopian Institute of Technology Mekelle

Mekelle University

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Title: Reflector antenna

A mini project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for BSc in

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Stream: Electronics and communication engineering

Submitted

By

Group Member Id.No

Haimanot Brhane 262231

Helen Weldu 262257
Maedot Bahran 262454
Fetihya Mohammed 261973
Minasbo Hagos 162556
Selamawit Habtu 262897
Under the guidance of
Ins. Tekle
June 2017
i
 Acknowledgment
At the out get we would thank God without his support; the work would not have seen the light
of the day. We also thankful to our respected adviser INS tekle, for his guidance, advices,
supervision and encouragement in making this project.

Next, we would also like to convey our thanks to our friends that who made a wonderful group
to work with.

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 Abstract

High-gain antennas are required for long-distance radio communications (radio-relay links and
satellite links), high-resolution radars, radio-astronomy, etc. Reflector systems are probably the
most widely used high-gain antennas. They can easily achieve gains of above 30 dB for
microwave and higher frequencies.

The far field radiation pattern from a parabolic reflector depends on the primary radiation
pattern which is the radiation pattern of the feed element placed and also on the type and
dimensions of reflector used. In this paper the aperture efficiency, power pattern, gain,
directivity, blocking probability, tapper and spill over efficiency for different center frequencies,
focal lengths and diameters will be calculated.

The simplest reflector antenna consists of two components: a reflecting surface and a much
smaller feed antenna, which frequently is located at the reflector’s focal point. Paraboloidal
reflector is entirely defined by the respective parabolic line, i.e., by three basic parameters: the
center frequency, the diameter and the focal length.
The objective of this project is to design parabolic reflector antenna for microwave application
by using math lab 2013.

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Contents
Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................................................... ii
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ iii
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v
List of tables................................................................................................................................................ vii
Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................. viii
CHAPTER-1 ................................................................................................................................................. 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Literature Review............................................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Statement of Problem ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1. Proposed solution ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.4. Objectives .......................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1. General objectives ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.2 Specific objective ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.5. Methodology followed ....................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER – 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Reflector antenna .......................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1. Plane reflector .................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2. Corner reflector .................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2.1. 90 Corner Reflector ..................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2. Other Corner Reflectors ............................................................................................................ 12
2.2.3. Application areas of corner reflector antenna ........................................................................... 14
2.3. Parabolic reflector ............................................................................................................................ 14
2.3.1. Parabolic Reflector Antenna Feed Systems .............................................................................. 16
2.3.2. Parabolic reflector feed length .................................................................................................. 16
2.2.3. Parabolic reflector feed types .................................................................................................... 17
2.2.4. Parabolic reflector performance parameters ............................................................................. 20
Chapter-3 .................................................................................................................................................... 28
System model and Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 28
3.1. Diagrammatical and mathematical representation of reflector antenna ........................................... 28

iv
Chapter-4 .................................................................................................................................................... 31
Simulation results and discussion ........................................................................................................... 31
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 36
Reference .................................................................................................................................................... 37
Appendix ..................................................................................................................................................... 38

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List of Figures
Figure 2.1: plane reflector 4
Figure 2.2: corner reflector antenna 5
Figure 2.3 Side and perspective views of solid and wire-grid corner reflectors. 6
Figure 2.4 Corner reflectors and their images (with perpendicularly polarized feeds) for
angles of 90◦, 60◦, 45◦, and 30◦ 8
Figure 2.5 Geometrical placement and electrical polarity of images for a 90◦ corner
reflector with a parallel polarized feed. 9
Figure 2.6 Normalized radiation amplitude patterns for corner reflector. 11
Figure 2.7 Relative field strength along the axis ( ) for an corner
reflector as a function of feed-to-vertex spacing. 12
Figure 2.8 Relative field strength along the axis ( ) for an corner
reflector as a function of feed-to-vertex spacing. 14
Figure 2.9: Diagram of a focal feed parabolic reflector antenna 18
Figure2.10: Diagram of a Cassegrain feed parabolic reflector or dish antenna 18
Figure2.11: Diagram of a Gregorian feed parabolic reflector or dish antenna 19
Figure2.12: Diagram of an Offset feed parabolic reflector or dish antenna 19
Figure2.13: Domestic satellite parabolic reflector antenna with offset feed 20
Figure 2.14: Coordinate system for aperture antenna analysis. 21
Figure 2.15: Geometrical arrangement of reflecting surface 22
Fig 3.1: Graphical diagram of reflector antenna 28
Fig.3.2. Mathematical diagram of parabolic reflector 28
Figure 4.1: simulation results for different frequency, focal lengthand diameter 35

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List of tables
Table.1.constant focal length and diameter and variable frequency

Table.2.constant frequency and diameter and variable focal length

Table.3.constant frequency and focal length and variable diameter

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Abbreviations
VHF..................................................................... (Very high frequency)

UHF……………………………………………. (ultrahigh frequency)

dB……………………………………………….(decibel)

d………………………………………………… (depth)

D………………………………………………… (Diameter)

f…………………………………………………(focal length)

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 CHAPTER-1

Introduction

1.1. Background

Reflector antennas, in one form or another, have been in use since the discovery of
electromagnetic wave propagation in 1888 by Hertz. However the fine art of analyzing and
designing reflectors of many various geometrical shapes did not forge ahead until the days of
World War II when numerous radar applications evolved.

Subsequent demands of reflectors for use in radio astronomy, microwave communication, and
satellite tracking resulted in spectacular progress in the development of sophisticated analytical
and experimental techniques in shaping the reflector surfaces and optimizing illumination over
their apertures so as to maximize the gain.

The use of reflector antennas for deep-space communication, such as in the space program and
especially their deployment on the surface of the moon, resulted in establishing the reflector
antenna almost as a household word during the 1960s.

A parabolic antenna is used for microwave radio communications. It is frequently referred to as a

dish antenna. It lie of a parabolic reflector which collects and concentrates an incoming parallel
beam of radio waves and focuses them onto the actual antenna placed at its focal point or focus.
Reflector antennas operate on principles known long ago from geometrical optics (GO).

The simplest reflector antenna consists of two components: a reflecting surface and a much
smaller feed antenna at the reflector’s focal point. Constructions that are more complex involve a
secondary reflector (a subreflector) at the focal point, which is illuminated by a primary feed.
These are called dual-reflector antennas. The most common main reflector is the parabolic one.
Other common reflectors are: cylindrical, corner etc.

1
1.2. Literature Review
As one of the most critical components in wireless communication systems, antennas can be
stared as a resource for radiating or receiving radio waves. In other words, it is the transitional
device between free space and a guiding device.
When a long transmission distance or suppression of multipath interface is needed, the
directional antenna is desirable. Usually, aperture antenna, lens antenna, leaky-wave and Surface
wave antenna, reflector antenna and slot antenna are used as directional antenna in MmW based
WLAN/WPANs.
A parabolic antenna is used for microwave radio communications. It is frequently referred to as a
dish antenna. It lie of a parabolic reflector which collects and concentrates an incoming parallel
beam of radio waves and focuses them onto the actual antenna placed at its focal point or
focus.[1]
A corner reflector antenna is a type of directional antenna used at VHF and UHF frequencies.
[1][2] It was invented by John D. Kraus in 1938. [3][4]It consists of a dipole driven element
mounted in front of two flat rectangular reflecting screens joined at an angle, usually 90°.[1]
Corner reflectors have moderate gain of 10-15 dB, high front-to-back ratio of 20-30 dB, and
wide bandwidth. They are widely used for UHF television receiving antennas, point-to-point
communication links and data links for wireless WANs, and amateur radio antennas on the 144,
420, and 1296 MHz bands.[2]
The flat reflecting surfaces can be metal sheets, but are more often made of wire screen or rod
elements parallel to the driven element, to reduce weight and wind loads on the antenna. [2]
The angle between the sides is most commonly 90°. [1]The gain increases as the angle
narrows, but the increase below 90° is minimal, and requires longer reflector screens be used.
However, angles down to 45° have been used. [2]
The spacing (S) of the driven element in front of the point where the reflectors meet is
approximately 0.5λ but is not very critical; for 90° antennas the gain doesn't vary more than
1.5 dB for S between 0.25λ and 0.75λ. [1][2]The radiation resistance of the dipole increases with
this spacing, so the spacing can be adjusted to match the driven element to the feed line. [2]

1.3. Statement of Problem

 In a parabolic reflector antenna, it is difficult to illuminate the dish uniformly when
the feed element is inside the aperture plane. This is b/c waves arriving from opposite
directions tend to cancel through superposition.
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  Placing the focal point (i.e. the feed element) outside the aperture plane Increases the
chance of receiving unnecessary signals and noise, Signals from the feed may spill
over.

1.3.1. Proposed solution

 The ratio of the focal distance to the dish diameter (i.e. f/D) and the center frequency can
be used to adjust the directivity, aperture efficiency, and amount of noise
 To obtain a proper (or uniform) illumination over the surface of a parabolic reflector the
beam width of the feed antenna must be matched to the f/D ratio of the reflector.

1.4. Objectives

1.4.1. General objectives

 Design and analysis of parabolic reflector for microwave radio communication.

1.4.2 Specific objective

 To study and compare the performance of reflector antennas (plane reflector, corner
reflector, parabolic reflector)
 Studying the effects of focal length, diameter and frequency on the performance of the
parabolic reflector antennas.
 To measure and analyse field pattern, aperture efficiency, blocking probability ,tapper
and spill over efficiency,gain,phase error and directivity of the parabolic reflector
antennas
 To study the effect of angle, focal length to vertex distance on the gain, efficiency and
beam width of corner reflector antenna

1.5. Methodology followed

In this project how side lobes can be reduced, how the gain and efficiency can be improved by
using different focal lengths, center frequencies and diameters can be demonstrated graphically.
Literature Review: includes reading books, website posts
System modeling: includes a chart modeling of the procedures followed and mathematical
modeling.Performance Comparison: includes comparison of reflector antenna in terms of
beam width, directivity, gain, and radiation pattern for different focal length, Center frequencies
and diameters.
Simulations using math lab2013 and Interpretation of the results
3
 CHAPTER – 2

Reflector antenna
Because of the need to communicate over great distances, sophisticated forms of antennas had to
be used in order to transmit and receive signals that had to travel millions of miles. A very
common antenna form for such an application is a reflector antenna.
Although reflector antennas take many geometrical configurations, some of the most popular
shapes are the plane, corner and parabolic reflector antennas.

2.1. Plane reflector

The simplest type of reflector is a plane reflector introduced to direct energy in a desired
direction. Which has been extensively analyzed when the radiating source is a vertical or
horizontal linear element.
The polarization of the radiating source and its position relative to the reflecting surface can be
used to control the radiating properties (pattern, impedance, directivity) of the overall system.
The arrangement is that shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1: plane reflector

2.2. Corner reflector

To better collimate the energy in the forward direction, the geometrical shape of the plane
reflector itself must be changed so as to prohibit radiation in the back and side directions. One

4
arrangement which accomplishes that consists of two plane reflectors joined so as to form a
corner as shown in the figure below.

Figure 2.2: corner reflector antenna

This is known as the corner reflector. A corner reflector antenna is a type of directional antenna
used at VHF and UHF frequencies.
It consists of a dipole driven element mounted in front of two flat rectangular reflecting screens
joined at an angle, usually 90°.
In most practical applications, the included angle formed by the plates is usually 90; however
other angles are sometimes used. To maintain a given system efficiency, the spacing between the
vertex and the feed element must increase as the included angle of the reflector decreases, and
vice versa. For reflectors with infinite sides, the gain increases as the included angle between the
planes decreases. This, however, may not be true for finite size plates. For simplicity, let’s
assume that the plates themselves are infinite in extent (l =∞). However, since in practice the
dimensions must be finite, guidelines on the size of the aperture (Da), length (l), and height (h)
will be given.

5
Figure 2.3: Side and perspective views of solid and wire-grid corner reflectors.

6
The feed element for a corner reflector is almost always a dipole or an array of collinear dipoles
placed parallel to the vertex a distance s away, as shown in a perspective view in Figure 2.3(c).
Greater bandwidth is obtained when the feed elements are cylindrical or biconical dipoles instead
of thin wires. In many applications, especially when the wavelength is large compared to
tolerable physical dimensions, the surfaces of the corner reflector are frequently made of grid
wires rather than solid sheet metal, as shown in Figure 2.3(d). One of the reasons for doing that
is to reduce wind resistance and overall system weight. The spacing (g) between wires is made a
small fraction of a wavelength (usually g ≤ λ/10). For wires that are parallel to the length of the
dipole, as is the case for the arrangement of Figure 2.3(d), the reflectivity of the grid-wire surface
is as good as that of a solid surface.
In practice, the aperture of the corner reflector (Da) is usually made between one and two
wavelengths (λ < Da < 2λ). The length of the sides of a 90◦ corner reflector is most commonly
taken to be about twice the distance from the vertex to the feed (l 2s). For reflectors with
smaller included angles, the sides are made larger.

The feed-to vertex distance (s) is usually taken to be between λ/3 and 2λ/3(λ/3 < s < 2λ/3). For
each reflector, there is an optimum feed-to-vertex spacing. If the spacing becomes too small, the
radiation resistance decreases and becomes comparable to the loss resistance of the system which
leads to an inefficient antenna. For very large spacing, the system produces undesirable multiple
lobes, and it loses its directional characteristics. It has been experimentally observed that
increasing the size of the sides does not greatly affect the beam width and directivity, but it
increases the bandwidth and radiation resistance.
The main lobe is somewhat broader for reflectors with finite sides compared to that of infinite
dimensions. The height (h) of the reflector is usually taken to be about 1.2 to 1.5 times greater
than the total length of the feed element, in order to reduce radiation toward the back region from
the ends.
The analysis for the field radiated by a source in the presence of a corner reflector is facilitated

when the included angle ( ) of the reflector is where n is an integer( ).

For those cases ( ) it is possible to find a system of images, which

when properly placed in the absence of the reflector plates, form an array that yields the same
field within the space formed by the reflector plates as the actual system.

7
 Figure 2.4: Corner reflectors and their images (with perpendicularly polarized feeds) for angles
of 90◦, 60◦, 45◦, and 30◦
The number of images, polarity, and position of each is controlled by the included angle of the
corner reflector and the polarization of the feed element.in figure 2.4 we display the geometrical
and electrical arrangement of the images for corner reflectors with included angles of 90◦, 60◦,
45◦, and 30◦ and a feed with perpendicular polarization. The procedure for finding the number,
location, and polarity of the images is demonstrated graphically in Figure 2.5 for a corner
reflector with a 90◦ included angle. It is assumed that the feed element is a linear dipole placed
parallel to the vertex. A similar procedure can be followed for all other reflectors with an

included angle of , where n is an integer.

2.2.1. 90 Corner Reflector

The first corner reflector to be analyzed is the one with an included angle of 90◦. Because its
radiation characteristics are the most attractive, it has become the most popular.

8
 Figure 2.5: Geometrical placement and electrical polarity of images for a 90◦ corner
reflector with a parallel polarized feed.
Referring to the reflector of Figure 15.2(c) with its images in Figure 15.4(b), the total field of the
system can be derived by summing the contributions from the feed and its images. Thus
E( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )…………………….. (2.1)

E( ) f( ) f( ) f( ) f( )

E( ) [ ] f( ) ………… (2.2)

……………………………………………………………… (2.2a)
……………………………………………………………… (2.2b)
……………………………………………………………. (2.2c)
…………………………………………………………. (2.2d)

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Since equation 2.2 can be written using (2.2a) to
(2.2d) as

E( ) 2[ ( ) ( )] f( ) .................................. (2.3)

Where for

0 , 0 ϕ ⁄
……………………………………………………………(2.3a)
2 ⁄
Letting the field of a single isolated (radiating in free-space) element to be

f( ) …………………………………………………………………………….(2.4)

Equation 2.3 can be written as

AF ( ) 2[ ( ) ( )]……………………………. (2.5)

Equation represents not only the ratio of the total field to that of an isolated element at the origin
but also the array factor of the entire reflector system. In the azimuthal plane ( ), equation
(2.5) reduces to
( ,ϕ) 2[ ( ) ( )]……………………………………..(2.6)

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 Figure 2.6: Normalized radiation amplitude patterns for corner reflector.

To gain some insight into the performance of a corner reflector, in Figure 2.6 we display the
normalized patterns for an corner reflector for spacings of S 0.1𝛌, 0.7𝛌, 0.8𝛌, 0.9𝛌,
an d 1.0𝛌. It is evident that for the small spacings the pattern consists of a single major lobe

11
whereas multiple lobes appear for the larger spacings (s ). For s the pattern exhibits
two lobes separated by a null along the ϕ axis.
Another parameter of performance for the corner reflector is the field strength along the
symmetry axis ( ) as a function of feed-to-vertex distance S. The normalized

(relative to the field of a single isolated element) absolute field strength | ⁄ | as a function of

⁄ (0 ) for is shown plotted in Figure (2.6). It is apparent that the first field
strength peak is achieved when S = 0.5 , and it is equal to 4.

Figure 2.7: Relative field strength along the axis ( ) for an corner
reflector as a function of feed-to-vertex spacing.

2.2.2. Other Corner Reflectors

A similar procedure can be used to derive the array factors and total fields for all other corner

reflectors with included angles of = . Referring to Figure 15.3, it can be shown that the

array factors for = , , and can be written as

AF ( ) 4 ( )* ( ) (√ )+……………………………………………….(2.7)

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AF ( ) 2* ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )+…………………………………..(2.8)
√ √

√ √
AF ( ) 2* ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )+……….. (2.9)

Where X ……………………………… (2.9a)

Y ………………………………. (2.9b)

For a corner reflector with an included angle of ,n ………the number of images

is equal to N ( ⁄ ) 1 2n 1.

The number of images increases as the included angle of the corner reflector decreases. It has
been found that these corner reflectors have also single-lobed patterns for the smaller values of s
and they become narrower as the included angle decreases.
Multiple lobes begin to appear when
S 0.95𝛌 for
S 1.2𝛌 for
S 2.5𝛌 for
For reflectors with and , the normalized field strength is periodic with periods of 𝛌
and 2 respectively. However, for the reflectors the normalized field is not periodic
but rather “almost periodic”. It has also been found that the maximum field strength increases as
the included angle of the reflector decreases. This is expected since a smaller angle reflector
exhibits better directional characteristics because of the narrowness of its angle.

13
Figure 2.8: Relative field strength along the axis ( ) for an corner
reflector as a function of feed-to-vertex spacing

2.2.3. Application areas of corner reflector antenna

Because of its simplicity in construction, it has many unique applications.
 If the reflector is used as a passive target for radar or communication applications, it will
return the signal exactly in the same direction as it received it when its included angle is
90◦.Because of this unique feature, military ships and vehicles are designed with
minimum sharp corners to reduce their detection by enemy radar.
 Corner reflectors are also widely used as receiving elements for home television.

2.3. Parabolic reflector

A parabolic reflector antenna is an antenna that uses a curved surface with the cross-sectional
shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. The most common form is shaped like a dish.
Parabolic reflectors antennas can direct waves in a narrow beam, or receive wave from one
particular direction only. Parabolic antennas have some of the highest gains, of any antenna type.
In parabolic reflectors to produce a narrow beam width, the parabolic reflector must be much
larger than the wavelength of the radio waves used. So, parabolic antennas are used at UHF and
Microwave frequencies, where is small enough to construct a conveniently-sized reflectors.

14
The symmetrical point on the parabolic surface is known as the vertex.
Rays that emerge in a parallel formation are usually said to be collimated. In practice,
collimation is often used to describe the highly directional characteristics of an antenna even
though the emanating rays are not exactly parallel. Since the transmitter (receiver) is placed at
the focal point of the parabola, the configuration is usually known as front fed.
The disadvantage of the front-fed arrangement is that the transmission line from the feed must
usually be long enough to reach the transmitting or the receiving equipment, which is usually
placed behind or below the reflector. This may necessitate the use of long transmission lines
whose losses may not be tolerable in many applications, especially in low-noise receiving
systems. In some applications, the transmitting or receiving equipment is placed at the focal
point to avoid the need for long transmission lines. However, in some of these applications,
especially for transmission that may require large amplifiers and for low-noise receiving systems
where cooling and weatherproofing may be necessary, the equipment may be too heavy and
bulky and will provide undesirable blockage. Paraboloidal reflectors are the most widely used
large aperture ground-based antennas. When fed efficiently from the focal point, paraboloidal
reflectors produce a high-gain pencil beam with low side lobes and good cross-polarization
discrimination characteristics. This type of an antenna is widely used for low-noise applications,
such as in radio astronomy, and it is considered a good compromise between performance and
cost. To build a large reflector requires not only a large financial budget but also a difficult
structural undertaking, because it must withstand severe weather conditions.
There are primarily two techniques that can be used to analyze the performance of a reflector
system. One technique is the aperture distribution method and the other the current distribution
method. Both techniques will be introduced to show the similarities and differences.
Parabolic antennas are based on the geometrical property of the paraboloid that the paths (shown
in figure below) FP1 Q1, FP2 Q2, FP3 Q3 are all the same length.

15
So, a spherical wave front emitted by a feed antenna at the dish’s focus F will be reflected into an
outgoing plane wave L travelling parallel to the dish’s axis VF.
The operating principle of a parabolic antenna is that Waves from the feed are reflected into a
collimated plane wave beam along the axis of the reflector. And also an incoming plane wave
parallel to the axis will be focused to a point at the focal point.

2.3.1. Parabolic Reflector Antenna Feed Systems

The feed systems for parabolic reflector antennas or dish antennas are of great importance. The
parabolic reflector antenna feed element has a major impact on the performance and therefore
correctly designing it means that the optimum performance can be obtained from the overall
antenna system.
The actual antenna element within the overall parabolic reflector antenna, i.e. the device that
interfaces the transmission line or waveguide containing the radio-frequency energy to free
space, is the feed element for the parabolic reflector antenna. The reflector surface itself is
entirely passive.

2.3.2. Parabolic reflector feed length

While there are many different types of parabolic reflector antenna feed systems, one key
element of many of them is the feed point and hence the focal length of the reflector. The
parabolic reflector focal point is the point where all reflected waves will be concentrated. The
focal length f (distance of focal point from the centre of the reflector) is calculated with the
following equation:

Focal length f

Where:

16
f is the focal length of the reflector
D is reflector diameter in same units as wavelength
c is depth of the reflector

The radiation from the feed element induces a current flow in the conductive reflector surface
which, in turn, re-radiates in the desired direction, perpendicular to the directrix plane of the
paraboloid. The feed element can be any one of a multitude of antenna types. Whichever type is
used, it must exhibit a directivity that efficiently illuminates the reflector and must have the
correct polarization for the application – the polarization of the feed determining the polarization
of the entire antenna system. The simplest feed is a half-wave dipole which is commonly used at
lower frequencies, sometimes in conjunction with a closely coupled parasitic reflector or "splash
plate". At higher frequencies a horn-type becomes more feasible and efficient. To adapt the horn
to a coaxial antenna cable, a length of waveguide is used to effect the transition.
There are two dimensions for the parabolic antenna that are of particular importance. These are
the focal length, f and the diameter, D. Typically one of the parameters used to specific parabolic
antennas is the f / D ratio. As the f/D ratio is often specified along with the diameter, the focal
length can be obtained very easily by multiplying its f/D ratio by the specified diameter D.

2.2.3. Parabolic reflector feed types

There are several different types of parabolic reflector feed systems that can be used. Each has its
own characteristics that can be matched to the requirements of the application.
 Focal feed - often also known as axial or front feed system
 Cassegrain feed system
 Gregorian feed system
 Off Axis or offset feed

2.2.3.1. Focal feed system

The parabolic reflector or dish antenna consists of a radiating element which may be a simple
dipole or a waveguide horn antenna. This is placed at the focal point of the parabolic reflecting
surface. The energy from the radiating element is arranged so that it illuminates the reflecting
surface. Once the energy is reflected it leaves the antenna system in a narrow beam. As a result
considerable levels of gain can be achieved. Achieving this is not always easy because it is
dependent upon the radiator that is used. For lower frequencies a dipole element is often

17
employed whereas at higher frequencies a circular waveguide may be used. In fact the circular
waveguide provides one of the optimum sources of illumination.

Figure 2.9: Diagram of a focal feed parabolic reflector antenna

The focal feed system is one of the most widely used feed system for larger parabolic reflector
antennas as it is straightforward. The major disadvantage is that the feed and its supports block
some of the beam, and this typically limits the aperture efficiency to only about 55 to 60%.
2.2.3.2. Cassegrain feed system
The Cassegrain feed system, although requiring a second reflecting surface has the advantage
that the overall length of the dish antenna between the two reflectors is shorter than the length
between the radiating element and the parabolic reflector. This is because there is a reflection in
the focusing of the signal which shortens the physical length. This can be an advantage in some
systems.

Figure2.10: Diagram of a Cassegrain feed parabolic reflector or dish antenna

18
Typical efficiency levels of 65 to 70% can be achieved using this form of parabolic reflector feed
system.

2.2.3.3. Gregorian parabolic reflector feed

The Gregorian parabolic reflector feed technique is very similar to the Cassegrain design. The
major difference is that except that the secondary reflector is concave or more correctly
ellipsoidal in shape.

Figure2.11: Diagram of a Gregorian feed parabolic reflector or dish antenna

Typical aperture efficiency levels of over 70% can be achieved because the system is able to
provide a better illumination of all of the reflector surface.

2.2.3.4. Off axis or offset parabolic reflector antenna feed

As the name indicates this form of parabolic reflector antenna feed is offset from the centre of
the actual antenna dish used. The reflector used in this type of feed system is an asymmetrical
segment of the parabolic shape normally used. In this way the focus, and the feed antenna are
located to one side of the reflector surface.

Figure2.12: Diagram of an Offset feed parabolic reflector or dish antenna

19
The advantage of using this approach to the parabolic reflector feed system is to move the feed
structure out of the beam path. In this way it does not block the beam.

Figure2.13: Domestic satellite parabolic reflector antenna with offset feed

This approach is widely used in home satellite television antennas, which are often relatively
small and this would mean that any the feed structure including the low noise box (amplifier, etc)
would otherwise block a significant percentage of the beam and thereby reduce the antenna
efficiency and signal level. The offset feed is also used in multiple reflector designs such as the
Cassegrain and Gregorian because the small reflector would also suffer the same issues.

2.2.4. Parabolic reflector performance parameters

2.2.4.1. Field pattern

To determine the radiation characteristics (pattern, gain, efficiency, polarization, etc.) of a
parabolic reflector, the current density induced on its surface must be known. The current density
Js can be determined by using.

n n ( )……………………………………………………… (2.10)

Where Hi and Hr represent, respectively, the incident and reflected magnetic field components
evaluated at the surface of the conductor, and ˆn is a unit vector normal to the surface. If the
reflecting surface can be approximated by an infinite plane surface (this condition is met locally
for a parabola), then by the method of images

n n

20
And (2.10) reduces to

n ( 2n n …………………………………………(2.11)

The current density approximation of (2.11) is known as the physical-optics approximation, and
it is valid when the transverse dimensions of the reflector, radius of curvature of the reflecting
object, and the radius of curvature of the incident wave are large compared to a wavelength.

the E- an d H-fields radiated by the sources J and M can be written as

E ∫[( ) ] ………………..(2.12a)

H ∫[( ) ] ……………...(2.12b)

Which for far-field observations reduce, according to the coordinate system of figure (2.14)

Figure 2.14: Coordinate system for aperture antenna analysis.

E [∫ ( ) √ ] ……………. (2.13a)

H [∫ ( ) √ ] ……………. (2.13b)

21
If the current distributions are induced by electric and magnetic fields incident on a perfect
electric conducting (σ =∞) surface shown in Figure 2.8, the fields created by these currents are
referred to as scattered fields. If the conducting surface is closed, the far-zone fields are obtained
from (2.13a) and (2.13b) by letting M = 0 an d reducing the volume integral to a surface integral
with the surface current density J replaced by the linear current density Js . Thus

Figure 2.15: Geometrical arrangement of reflecting surface

∯[∫ ( ) ] ……………………….. (2.14a)

√
∯[∫ ) ] ………………………… (2.14b)

2.2.4.2. Aperture efficiency

( ) |∫ √ ( ) ( ) | ……………………………… (2.14)

It is apparent by examining (2.14) that the aperture efficiency is a function of the subtended
angle (θ0) and the feed pattern Gf (θ) of the reflector. . Thus for a given feed pattern, all
paraboloids with the same f/d ratio have identical aperture efficiency.
22
To illustrate the variation of the aperture efficiency as a function of the feed pattern and the
angular extent of the reflector, considered a class of feeds whose patterns are defined by

( )
( ) ⁄
( ) ( ) { ……………………… (2.15)
⁄

( )
Where is a constant for a given value of n. Although idealistic, these patterns were chosen
because (1) closed form solutions can be obtained, and (2) they often are used to represent a
major part of the main lobe of many practical antennas. The intensity in the back region
⁄ was assumed to be zero in order to avoid interference between the direct radiation
from the feed and scattered radiation from the reflector.
The aperture efficiency is generally the product of the
1. Fraction of the total power that is radiated by the feed, intercepted, and collimated by the
reflecting surface (generally known as spillover efficiency)
2. Uniformity of the amplitude distribution of the feed pattern over the surface of the reflector
(generally known as taper efficiency)
3. Phase uniformity of the field over the aperture plane (generally known as phase efficiency)
4. Polarization uniformity of the field over the aperture plane (generally known as polarization
efficiency)
5. Blockage efficiency
6. Random error efficiency over the reflector surface
Thus in general

………………………………………………….. (2.16)

( )
∫
( )
…………………………………………………. (2.17)
∫

|∫ √ ( ) ( ) |
2 ( ) ( )
………………………………… (2.18)
∫

Aperture Blockage: The physical structure of the feed and other elements of the antenna often
mask part of the reflector. This naturally reduces the efficiency and hence the antenna gain. This
factor needs to be accommodated within the antenna gain calculation.

23
2.2.4.3. Gain
Parabolic reflector antenna gain is one of the key parameters of this type of antenna. The high
level of gain that can be achieved by using a parabolic reflector is one of the main reasons they
are used. Parabolic reflector antenna gain can be as high as 30 to 40 dB.
The parabolic reflector antenna is ideal for high gain applications. At microwave frequencies
where these antennas are normally used, they are able to produce very high levels of gain, and
they offer a very convenient and robust structure that is able to withstand the rigours of external
use, while still being able to perform well. Many other types of antenna design are not
practicable at these frequencies. High gain parabolic reflector antennas come in a variety of
sizes. The most commonly seen are those used for satellite television reception. However
parabolic antennas are used in many other applications. Parabolic reflector antennas are also
often seen on microwave towers for communications. Larger ones still can often be seen on TV
broadcast stations where signals need to be transmitted up to a broadcast satellite and where
performance is paramount. Even larger antennas may also be used for other communications or
even space research applications.
Factors affecting parabolic reflector antenna gain
There are a number of factors that affect the parabolic antenna gain. These factors include the
following:
Diameter of reflecting surface: The larger the diameter of the reflecting surface of the antenna
the higher the parabolic reflector gain will be.
Antenna efficiency: The efficiency of the antenna has a significant effect on the overall
parabolic reflector gain.
Operational wavelength: The parabolic reflector antenna gain is dependent upon the reflector
size in terms of wavelengths. Therefore if the same reflector is used on two different frequencies,
the gain will be different and inversely proportional to the wavelength.
The parabolic antenna gain can easily be calculated from a knowledge of the diameter of the
reflecting surface, the wavelength of the signal, and a knowledge or estimate of the efficiency of
the antenna. The parabolic reflector antenna gain is calculated as the gain over an isotropic
source, i.e. relative to a source that radiates equally in all directions. This is a theoretical source
that is used as the benchmark against which most antennas are compared. The gain is quoted in
this manner is denoted as dB.
The standard formula for the parabolic reflector antenna gain is:

24
Gain G ( ) …………………………………………………. (2.19)

Where:
G is the gain over an isotropic source in dB
k is the efficiency factor which is generally around 50% to 60%, i.e. 0.5 to 0.6
D is the diameter of the parabolic reflector in meters
λ is the wavelength of the signal in meters
From this it can be seen that very large gains can be achieved if sufficiently large reflectors are
used. However when the antenna has a very large gain, the beamwidth is also very small and the
antenna requires very careful control over its position. In professional systems electrical servo
systems are used to provide very precise positioning.
Parabolic reflector gain efficiency
The parabolic reflector antenna gain efficiency is dependent upon a variety of factors. These are
all multiplied together to give the overall efficiency.
k . . ……………………………………………………………. (2.20)
Radiation efficiency: The radiation efficiency is denoted as above. It is governed by the
resistive or Ohmic losses within the antenna. It is controlled by the radiation efficiency of the
element of the antenna that radiates the RF energy. For most antennas this is high and close to
unity. Therefore the radiation efficiency does not have a major effect on the parabolic reflector
antenna gain and is normally ignored.
Aperture Taper Efficiency: The aperture taper efficiency is denoted as above. It affects the
antenna gain because the whole parabolic reflector needs to be properly illuminated for the
optimum gain to be achieved. If parts of the surface are not optimally illuminated by the radiated
energy from the radiator then the parabolic reflector gain will be reduced. The optimum
performance is achieved when the center is illuminated a little more than the edges.
Spillover Efficiency: The spillover efficiency is denoted as above. Any energy that spills
over the edge of the reflector surface will reduce the efficiency and hence the parabolic reflector
antenna gain. In the ideal case, the reflector surface needs to be equally and fully illuminated and
none should spill over the edge. In the real case this is not viable and some reduction in
efficiency, and hence the antenna gain is experienced.
The term km is used to denote the various miscellaneous efficiency elements that are often more
difficult to determine. These include those due to surface effort, cross polarization, aperture
blockage, and the non-single point feed.
25
2.2.4.4. Beam width
As the gain of the parabolic antenna, or any antenna, increases, so the beam width falls.
Normally the beam width is defined as the points where the power falls to half of the maximum,
i.e. the -3dB points on a radiation pattern polar diagram.
It is possible to estimate the beam width reasonably accurately from the following formula.

Beam width 𝜳 = …………………………………………. (2.21)

Where:
G is the gain over an isotropic source in dB
D is the diameter of the parabolic reflector
λ is the wavelength of the signal
All dimensions must be in the same units for the calculation to be correct, e.g. both diameter and
Wave length in meters, or both in feet, etc.

2.2.4.5. Directivity
In the design of antennas, the directivity is a very important figure of merit. The purpose of this
section will be to examine the dependence of the directivity and aperture efficiency on the
primary-feed pattern ( ) and f/d ratio (or the included angle 2 ) of the reflector. To

simplify the analysis, it will be assumed that the feed pattern ( ) is circularly symmetric

(not a function of ) and that ( )= 0 for > 90◦.

The power intensity (power/unit solid angle) in the forward direction U(θ = π) is given by

U( ) √ | ( )| ……………………………………………………….(2.22)

⁄
( )
Which by using ( ) [√ ] ∫ √ ( ) ( )

Equation (2.21) reduces to

( ) |∫ √ ( ) ( ) | ………………………………………..(2.23)

The antenna directivity in the forward direction can be written, using (2.22), as

( ) ( )
|∫ √ ( ) ( ) | ……………………………..(2.24)
⁄

The focal length is related to the angular spectrum and aperture diameter d by
26
Thus (2.23) reduces to

( ) { ( ) |∫ √ ( ) ( ) | }…………………………………………(2.25)

2.2.4.6 Phase Errors

Any departure of the phase, over the aperture of the antenna, from uniform can lead to a
significant diminution of its directivity. For a paraboloidal reflector system, phase errors result
from.
1. Displacement (defocusing) of the feed phase center from the focal point
2. Deviation of the reflector surface from a parabolic shape or random errors at the surface of the
reflector
3. Departure of the feed wave fronts from spherical shape

The defocusing effect can be reduced by first locating the phase center of the feed antenna and
then placing it at the focal point of the reflector.
When the phase errors are assumed to be relatively small, it is not necessary to know the exact
amplitude or phase distribution function over the aperture. Assuming the maximum radiation
occurs along the axis of the reflector, and that the maximum phase deviation over the aperture of
the reflector can be represented by
| ( )| =| ( ) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )| , ……………………………………………(2.26)
Where φ (ρ) is the aperture phase function and φ (ρ) is its average value, then the ratio of the
directivity with (D) and without (D0) phase errors can be written as

( )………………………………………….. (2.27)

And the maximum fractional reduction in directivity as

( )……………………………………………………………… (2.28)

2.2.5. Application area of parabolic reflector antenna

Point-point communications, in microwave relay links, wireless WAN/LAN links, satellite
communication, and spacecraft communication antennas.

27
 Chapter-3

System model and Analysis

3.1. Diagrammatical and mathematical representation of reflector antenna

Figure 3.1: Graphical diagram of reflector antenna

Figure 3.2: Mathematical diagram of parabolic reflector

28
The following terminology is used in describing a parabolic reflector. The focus is where all the
incoming radio waves are concentrated. The vertex is the innermost point at the center of the
parabolic reflector. The focal length of a parabola is the distance from its focus to its vertex. The
aperture length of a parabolic reflector is its opening and is described by its diameter. Also of
interest is the depth of the parabolic reflector which is discussed below. The two dimensions that
describe a parabolic reflector are the focal length f and the diameter D of its aperture. The
industrial practice is to use the f/D ratio to specify the shape of the parabolic reflector and the
diameter D of its aperture. For a given parabolic reflector, the focal length f is directly obtained
by multiplying its f/D ratio by its diameter D.
A. Design and analysis formulas for a parabolic reflector
The following design formulas are useful for designing a parabolic reflector.

Equation of a parabola
The equation of a parabola in terms of focal length f is

Y a ……………………………………………………………………………………. (3.1)

Depth of a parabolic reflector

In designing a parabolic reflector, it is frequently convenient to use its depth d instead of its
focal length. The formula for getting the depth is

d ………………………………………………………………….. (3.2)

Conversely, given a parabolic dish and its measurements for the diameter D and the depth d, then
its focal length f is obtained with

f ………………………………………………………………….. (3.3)

Parabolic reflector efficiency

Efficiency η ……………………………………. (3.4)

Parabolic antenna beam width calculation:

29
The gain of the parabolic antenna, increases, so the beam width falls. Normally the beam width
is defined as the points where the power falls to half of the maximum, i.e. the -3dB points on a
radiation pattern polar diagram.
It is possible to estimate the beam width reasonably accurately from the following formula.

Beam width 𝜳 70 λ/D............................................................................ (3.5)

Gain of a parabolic reflector

Using the formula for the circle area, the aperture area of a parabolic reflector is

A ……………………………………………………………….. (3.6)

This area is used in calculating the gain of a parabolic reflector. The gain G of a parabolic
reflector is directly proportional to the ratio of the area of the aperture to the square of the
wavelength l of the incoming radio waves.

G =10 ( )……………………………………………………. (3.7)

30
 Chapter-4

Simulation results and discussion

Reflector antenna was simulated using the mathlab2013 software. The antenna radiation pattern
is the display of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of the (θ, φ) spherical
coordinates. In most cases, the radiation pattern is determined in the Far-Field region for constant
radial distance and frequency. A distinctive radiation pattern is characterized by a main beam
with 3 dB beam width and side lobes at different positions. The antenna performance is
frequently described in terms of its principal E-plane and H –plane patterns. For a polarized
antenna, the E-plane and H-planes are defined as the planes containing the direction of maximum
radiation and the electric and magnetic field vectors, accordingly.

Table.1.constant focal length and diameter and variable frequency

Frequency Focal Diameter Efficiency Beam Aperture Gain

(GHz) Length (m) η= f/D width
Area G=10 ( )
(m) ψ = 70
λ/D (A )

2.79 22.4 26.9 0.83 0.27 568.32 57.1

3.00 22.4 26.9 0.83 0.26 568.32 57.7
3.25 22.4 26.9 0.83 0.23 568.32 58.42
3.50 22.4 26.9 0.83 0.22 568.32 59.069
3.75 22.4 26.9 0.83 0.21 568.32 59.66

In this table frequencies are varied while the focal length and diameters are kept constant.
Frequency variation does not affect efficiency but give sharper beam width with varying
frequency to produce better beam width. So, from this table the beam width and efficiency with
the lowest frequency is considered best.

31
 Simulation results for Table-1

(a)

The first one is a normalized antenna and produces a pointed beam. The reflector has an elliptical
shape. It will produce a beam. Radars use two different curvatures in the horizontal and vertical
planes to achieve the required pencil beam in azimuth and the classical beam in elevation.
This ideal case shown in the figure 3.2 doesn't happen in the practice. The practical parabolic
antennas pattern has a conical form because of irregularities in the production. Main lobe may
vary in angular width from one or two degrees in some radar to 15 to 20 degrees in other radars.
This shift in operating frequency may be attributed to the gain enhancing feature of such antenna
with air or any other low dielectric constant substrate. The next step is to examine the radiation
pattern for two identical antennas; one with conventional substrate and the other with air
32
substrate. Therefore, the radiation patterns are compared between the antennas separately at E
and H plane as shown in the second figure. It is evident from the figure that, E plane 3 dB beam
width is doubled than H plane beam width for conventional antenna with substrate while, those
for same antenna with air substrate show no changes in beam widths between its E and H planes.
Along with this the gain of this present antenna with air substrate is greater than conventional
structure as expected.
Table.2.constant frequency and diameter and variable focal length

Frequency Focal Diameter Efficiency Beam Aperture Gain

(GHz) Length (m) η= f/D width Area G=10 ( )
(m) ψ = 70 (A= )
λ/D
2.79 22.4 26.9 0.83 0.27 568.32 57.1
2.79 20.4 26.9 0.75 0.27 568.32 56.66
2.79 18.4 26.9 0.68 0.27 568.32 56.23
2.79 16.4 26.9 0.60 0.27 568.32 55.69
2.79 14.4 26.9 0.53 0.27 568.32 55.15

In this table focal lengths are varied while the frequency and diameter are kept constant. Focal
length variation does not affect beam width but produce a better efficiency according to
requirement. According to this table a focal length of 22.4 meter has the maximum efficiency.

33
 Simulation results of table-2

(b)

Table.3.constant frequency and diameter and variable focal length

Frequency Focal Diameter Efficiency Beam Aperture Gain

(GHz) Length (m) η= f/D width Area(A= ) G=10 ( )
(m) ψ = 70
λ/D
2.79 22.4 26.9 0.83 0.27 568.32 57.1
2.79 22.4 24.9 0.89 0.30 486.95 56.73
2.79 22.4 22.9 0.97 0.32 411.87 56.37
2.79 22.4 20.9 1.07 0.35 343.06 56
2.79 22.4 18.9 1.18 0.39 280.55 55.56

In this table diameter is varied while the frequency and focal length are kept constant. Diameter
decrement affects both the efficiency and beam width where efficiency increases and beam width
increase with a decreasing diameter.

34
 Simulation results of table-3

(c)
Figure 4.1: simulation results for different frequency, focal lengthand diameter

35
 Chapter -5

Conclusion
A brief introduction to the reflector antennas, some reflector antennas and to the types of
parabolic reflector antenna feeds has been discussed. Analysis of the parabolic reflector typically
like f/D, gain, radiation patterns has been done and the corresponding results were plotted. The
E-plane and H-plane normalized radiation patterns in dB of parabolic reflector were calculated
and then the beam width and efficiency was calculated by using general formula. By calculating
these different values of beam width and efficiency we conclude that center frequency is
2.79GHz, focal length is 14.4mm and diameter of the parabolic dish is 26.9mm gives the better
response of this reflector

36
Reference
[1].International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 4, Issue 3, March 2015
[ 2]. Chuan Liu; Shiwen Yang ; Zaiping Nie “Design of a parabolic reflector antenna with a
compact splash-plate feed” in IEEE Cross Strait Quad- Regional Radio Science and Wireless
Technology Conference (CSQRWC), 2013
[3] A. W. Love (ed.), Reflector Antennas, IEEE Press, New York, 1978.

37
Appendix

%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% This program plots the radaition pattern of a reflector antenna feeding
% with half wave dipole. The radiation pattern is given by:
%
% In E-plane (phi=0):
% E(theta) =[1+cos(theta)]*[fA - fB]
% In H-plane (phi=pi/2):
% E(theta) =[1+cos(theta)]*[fA + fB]
% Where:
% FA(psi,theta)=[1+cos(psi)]*J0[(4*pi*f/Lmda)*tan(psi/2)*sin(theta)]*tan(psi/2);
% FB(psi,theta)=[1-cos(psi)]*J2[(4*pi*f/Lmda)*tan(psi/2)*sin(theta)]*tan(psi/2);
% fA = integral[0,psi0]FA dpsi
% fB = integral[0,psi0]FB dpsi
%
% By: Prof. Dr. Hussein Ghouz
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
function varargout = RefPattern_gui(varargin)
% REFPATTERN_GUI M-file for RefPattern_gui.fig
% REFPATTERN_GUI, by itself, creates a new REFPATTERN_GUI or raises the existing
% singleton*.
%
% H = REFPATTERN_GUI returns the handle to a new REFPATTERN_GUI or the
handle to
% the existing singleton*.
%
% REFPATTERN_GUI('CALLBACK',hObject,eventData,handles,...) calls the local
% function named CALLBACK in REFPATTERN_GUI.M with the given input
arguments.
%
% REFPATTERN_GUI('Property','Value',...) creates a new REFPATTERN_GUI or
raises the
% existing singleton*. Starting from the left, property value pairs are
% applied to the GUI before RefPattern_gui_OpeningFcn gets called. An
% unrecognized property name or invalid value makes property application
% stop. All inputs are passed to RefPattern_gui_OpeningFcn via varargin.
%
% *See GUI Options on GUIDE's Tools menu. Choose "GUI allows only one

%
% See also: GUIDE, GUIDATA, GUIHANDLES
% Edit the above text to modify the response to help RefPattern_gui
38
% Last Modified by GUIDE v2.5 08-Jan-2012 23:15:12
% Begin initialization code - DO NOT EDIT
gui_Singleton = 1;
gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename,
'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton,
'gui_OpeningFcn', @RefPattern_gui_OpeningFcn,
'gui_OutputFcn', @RefPattern_gui_OutputFcn,
'gui_LayoutFcn', [] ,
'gui_Callback', []);
if nargin && ischar(varargin{1})
gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});
end
if nargout
[varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
else
gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
end
% End initialization code - DO NOT EDIT
% --- Executes just before RefPattern_gui is made visible.
function RefPattern_gui_OpeningFcn (hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin)
% This function has no output args, see OutputFcn.
% hObject handle to figure
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% varargin command line arguments to RefPattern_gui (see VARARGIN)
% Choose default command line output for RefPattern_gui
handles. Output = hObject;
% Update handles structure
guidata(hObject, handles);
% UIWAIT makes RefPattern_gui wait for user response (see UIRESUME)
% uiwait(handles.figure1);
% --- Outputs from this function are returned to the command line.
function varargout = RefPattern_gui_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)

39
% varargout cell array for returning output args (see VARARGOUT);
% hObject handle to figure
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Get default command line output from handles structure
varargout{1} = handles.output;
function edit_fo_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit_fo (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit_fo as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit_fo as a double
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit_fo_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit_fo (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
ifispc&&isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
function edit_f_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit_f (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit_f as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit_f as a double
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit_f_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit_f (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
40
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
ifispc&&isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
function edit_d_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit_d (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit_d as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit_d as a double
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit_d_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit_d (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
ifispc&&isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'),
get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton_plot.
function pushbutton_plot_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton_plot (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
clc
Fo=str2num(get (handles.edit_fo,'string'));
f=str2num(get(handles.edit_f,'string'));
d=str2num(get(handles.edit_d,'string'));
41
Lmda = (3*1e+010)/(Fo*1e+09);
%-------------------- Reflector Parameters -----------------------
N=628;
psi0=2*acot(4*f/d);
%---------- Lagendre Coefficients of Integrals ---------
ab=linspace(0,psi0,2);
[w,psi]=quadrs(ab);
y=cos(psi);
t=tan(psi/2);
thet=-pi;
%----------- Radiation Pattern Calculations --------------
for JJ=1:N
theta(JJ)=thet;
c =( abs( 1 + cos(theta(JJ)) ) )^2;
z =(4*pi*f/Lmda)*sin(theta(JJ));
FA =(1 + y).*besselj(0,z*t).*t;
FB =(1 - y).*besselj(2,z*t).*t;
fA = w'*FA;
fB = w'*FB;
UE(JJ)= c*((fA-fB)^2);
UH(JJ)= c*((fA+fB)^2);
thet=thet+0.01;
end
%----------- Normalization And dB values ----------------
Uemax=max(UE);
Uhmax=max(UH);
UE=UE/Uemax;
UH=UH/Uhmax;
for JJ=1:N
if abs(UE(JJ))> 0.0
UE1(JJ)=10*log10( abs(UE(JJ)));
UE2(JJ)=10*log10( abs(UE(JJ)));
else
42
UE1(JJ)= -50.0;
UE2(JJ)=UE1(JJ);
end
if abs(UH(JJ))> 0.0
UH1(JJ)=10*log10( abs(UH(JJ)));
UH2(JJ)=10*log10( abs(UH(JJ)));
else
UH1(JJ)= -50.0;
UH2(JJ)=UH1(JJ);
end
end
for JJ=1:N
if abs (UE2(JJ))>=40.0
UE2(JJ)=-40;
end
if abs (UH2(JJ))>=40.0
UH2(JJ)=-40;
end
end
UE2=UE2+40;
UH2=UH2+40;
axes(handles.axes1)
plot(theta*(180/pi),UE1,'r',theta*(180/pi),UH1,'b')
title('Normalized radiation pattern in dB') % Cartesian
xlabel('Elevation angle in degree')
ylabel('Normalized pattern in dB')
axis([-180 180 -40 0])
grid
axes(handles.axes2)
polar(theta,UE2,'r')
title('E-plane Normalized radiation pattern in dB') % Polar
ylabel('Normalized pattern in dB')
grid
43
axes(handles.axes3)
polar(theta,UH2,'b')
title('H-Plane Normalized radiation pattern in dB')
ylabel('Normalized pattern in dB')
grid
clear all

44
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