Function of Food Vitamin C

-maitain life -destroy after prolonged cooking

-supply energy and give birth -wounds healing

-growth and repair Vitamin D

-keep healthy and fight against diseases -formed in kin from UV light

Carbohydrates -regulate Ca and P metabolism

-main source of energy Mineral Salt

-C,H,C -regulate body metabolism

Proteins -healthy growth

-C,H,O,N, sometimes S,P -construction of certain tissues

-growth and repair -small amount ( Ca, S, K, Na, Mg, Fe,I)

-making hemoglobin Dietary Fiber

-Antibodies -mainly cellulose

Lipids ( Fats and Oils) -indigestible

-C,H,C -sources: whole meat cereals, impolished rice,

fresh vegetable and fruit
-Store energ7
Balance Diet
-acts as an insulator to keep warm
-energy
Vitamins
-substances to maintain health
-no energy value
-body building materials
-small amount
Factors Affecting energy Requirement
-water solution (B,C)
-sex
-Fat solution (A,D,E,K)
-age
Vitamin A
-occupation
-carotene
-physical activities
-destroy at high temperature
-stage of individual (pregnancy, breast feeding)
-visual purple/ dim light vision
Basal Metabolic Rate
-minimum amount of energy needed by an
individual lying awake in bed to maintain
breathing, body temperature and heartbeat.
Nutrition
-organisms obtain and use nutrients required for
maintaining life.
Autotrophic Nutrition
-Make their own food
Heterotrophic Nutrition
-depends on other organisms or dead organic
matters.
Holozoic
-Ingesting other living organisms
Saprophytic
-dead organism/organic matters
Saprophytes -decomposers (fungi, Bacteria)
Parasytic
- Parasite obtain nutrients from host
- Parasite benefited, host harmed
Processes of Nutrition
*Ingestion
- food is taken through the mouth
-reflex action which is involuntary
*Digestion
-large food molecules are broken down to
smaller pieces
-it is needed because food pieces are two large
for absorption of our body and digestion broken
down to smaller pieces until enough to absorb
by the body
*Mechanical – chewing
*chemical – Enigmatic Reactions
-food is digested in Buccal Cavity, small
intestine and stomach.
In Buccal Cavity
-saliva water (moisten). Mucus(lubricate)
Amylase (digest starch)
In Stomach
-Cardiac Sphincter (Entrance) and Pyloric
Sphincter (exit)
-(Physically) Squeezing and Churning actions -
semi fluid called chyme
-(Chemical) digestive/gastric juice;
enzymes(breakdown protein molecules into
poly/dipeptides) and Hydrochloric Acid
(provides acidic medium for chemical reactions,
kill bacteria and stop salivary amylase)
In small Intestine (Chemical reactions Only)
-Bile not on enzyme, produced in liver, stored in
gall bladder. Take action in duodenum.
Pancreatic Juice -carbohydrase, proteases,
Lipases, Alkaline medium for enzyme to work
Intestinal Juice -carbohydrase, protease
*Absorption
Stomach – Alcohol and Drugs
Ileum- digested food (villi)
Colon- water and mineral salts
*Egostion
-removal of indigested or unabsorbed
Food Substances
-Faeces; semi-solid brown mas
Faeces- temporarily stored in rectum and
expelled through anus
*assimulation
-a process which absorbs food incorporated as a
part of body cells.
-digested food transported to the liver.
Functions of Liver
-changes excess blood glucose to glycogen
-stores fat solution vitamin, Iron and glycogen
-carotene to Vitamin A
-Secretes Bile for fat emulsification
-detoxification
Autotrophic Nutrition
-can make their own food using simple organic
substances. e.g. Photosynthesis
Necessary Factors
-carbon Dioxide, water, sunlight, chlorophyll
Dark Reaction -no light required water as a
product.
Factors Affecting the role of photosynthesis
light intensely, CO2 concentration, temperature
water supply.
Mineral Requirements in Plants
-Amino Acids, Nitarate Lows others (N, Mg, P,
K, S, etc.)
Nitrogen- synthesis of proteins, chlorophyll
*Deficiency- little growth, yellowing of leaves
Magnesium- component of Chlorophyll
*Deficiency- poor growth, yellowing of leaves
Fertilizers- replace lost minerals salts
*Natural Fertilizer – from manure,
decomposed organic compounds.
*Chemical Fertilizer – Nitrogenous,
phosphorus manufactured artificially contain
humus which can improve soil texture less
soluble in water so less likely to be wasted away
cheap *More readily to be used by plants.
Respiration process of oxidizing food to
release energy inside the cells
-reactions catalyzed by enzymes
-glucose (oxidized in cells)
-living cells (cellular respiration)
Burning -does not occur in living cells
similarities
-involve oxidative processes
-use oxygen and food produce Co2 and H2O
-release energy
Difference
Burning – takes oxygen in place, single-step
process, no enzymes, energy release is vigorous
and not under control, released in form of light
and heat.
Respiration -take place in cells, series of
chemical reaction, controlled by enzymes,
energy release slower and under control, energy
released in the form of heat and energy rich
compound.
Uses of the energy released during respiration
Human- muscle construction, keep warm,
absorb food.
Other animals -produce lights in fireflies,
produced sound in some buds, produce smell in
some mammals.
Plants-absorb mineral salt, transport foods
substances
Trachea-Bronchus (Bronchi) -Bronchioles-
Aveoli
Nasal Cavity-hairs for trapping dirt
-mucus secreting cells to trap dirt and bacteria
-numerous blood vessels so incoming air are
warmed, moistened and filtered before entering
the lungs.
Pharynx – belongs to respiratory and digestive
system.
Larynx – glottis (opening of larynx covered by
epiglottis during swallowing)
-Consist of cartilage was vocal chords
Trachea – front of esophagus and extended into
trochaic activity.
-inner lining produces mucus and
possesses cilia.
Alveoli Adaptations
*thin wall (only one cell thick)
-short diffusion of gases
*Folding shape and numerous alveoli
-large surface area for diffusion of gases
*lots of capillaries present.
-maintain high concentration gradient of gases.
*Moist Surface
-to dissolve gasses for diffusion.
Structure Lungs
-protected by thoracic basket
-made up of vertebrate, ribs and sternum
-surrounded by two pleural membranes
Mechanism of Breathing
-action of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
-inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation
(expiration)
Tidal Volume
-amount of air entering and leaving the lungs
Vital Capacity
-maximum air exhaled after taking time deepest
inhalation.
Residual Volume
-volume of air remaining in the lungs which
cannot be expelled after exhalation
Water
-makes up 60-95% of weight of organisms
-maintaining life
-major components of cell
Act as
-solvent /reaction medium -metabolite
-medium for transport – supporting agent
-act as cooling agent – sexual reproduction
Blood Plasma (90%H2O)
Ways of gaining water in Animals
-drinking
-eating
-respiration

Ways of losing water in Animals

-evaporation from body surfaces, sweating

exhalation, urination, defeacation

Ways of Losing in Plants

-transpiration

Hypotonic solution – higher water potential

from the reference solution

Hypertonic Solution – lower water potential

from the reference solution

Isotonic- the same water potential to the

reference solution

Osmosis – net movement of water from high

water potential to lower potential
through selective permeable membrane

*water enterse celk (swell) leaves (shrink)

Osmoregulation- process of regulating fluid to

keep it at constant concentration.