© 2005 IST Group.

All rights reserved

Seismic Isolation Project for

Mitchell Hall

Supervised by:
Prof. Dr. Oral Büyüköztürk

Graduate Students:
Leonardo Duenas
John Kelly
Tai Chieh Wu

May 2001
PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
PART 1
INTRODUCTION, INVESTIGATION, REHABILITATION OPTIONS

PART 2
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING FIXED BASE STRUCTURE

PART 3
DESIGN OF BASE ISOLATION

PART 4
ANALYSIS OF ISOLATED STRUCTURE
COMPARISON (PART 2)

PART 5
REALISATION
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND COST ESTIMATION

© 2005 IST Group

MISSION STATEMENT
To repair and retrofit Mitchell Hall for seismic upgrade.

It is required that it remain SERVICEABLE - 100 year period of return

and INTACT – 475 period of return.

Superstructure restored aesthetically and functionally.

© 2005 IST Group
Elevation of Mitchell Hall

© 2005 IST Group

TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

© 2005 IST Group

BUILDING DESCRIPTION

• 30 x 15 m footprint
• Exterior walls : 0.6 m thick un-reinforced concrete
• Columns : Concrete encased I-Sections
• Floor Slabs : Structural slabs resting on mild steel beams
© 2005 IST Group
INVESTIGATION
Visual Inspection
„ Initial assessment of internal and external members/surfaces

Non-Destructive Testing
„ Detection of faults not visible to the naked eye
„ Voids, Discontinuities
„ Measure of material properties
„ Extent of internal crack propagation

Historical Research and Analysis

„ Supported by Photographic records

© 2005 IST Group

CAUSES OF DETERIORATION

© 2005 IST Group

PREVIOUS SEISMIC ACTIVITY
Magnitude 7.4 on the Richter Scale, near Izmit, at 15.9 km
depth, August 1999

Multiple shocks; 125 – 200 km surface rupture, up to 4.9m

right lateral offset, up to 2m vertical offset

Tectonic subsidence or landsliding (in addition to

liquefaction and settlement)

Urban earthquake
- fault displacements beneath buildings and bridges

© 2005 IST Group

NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT

© 2005 IST Group

STRUCTURAL DAMAGE

© 2005 IST Group

REHABILITATION OPTIONS

Structural Stiffening vs. Base Isolation

© 2005 IST Group

 STRUCTURAL STIFFENING
• Cement Injections
• Use of Composite Materials to improve existing
infrastructure
e.g. Composite wrapping/confinement of columns
• Conduit tying (Building Confinement)
• Installation of Shear Walls
• Post Tensioning of external walls
• Gunite / Shotcrete
• Diagonal Bracing Systems

© 2005 IST Group

CONCRETE REPAIR METHODS

Grout Injections in a
structural floor slab.

Wrapping of concrete
column with composite
material

© 2005 IST Group

CONCRETE REPAIR METHODS

Use of Shear Walls to resist induced

seismic loading

© 2005 IST Group

STRUCTURAL STIFFENING
Induced Moments

Post-Tensioning
Internal Outriggers
=>Stiffening System

3 ft thick
masonry wall
(unreinforced)

Ground-Anchors

Building Section
© 2005 IST Group
STRUCTURAL STIFFENING
•Advantages
-Most economic and widely used method in Europe.
-Involves repair of existing infrastructure.
e.g. Composite wrapping of columns
Shotcrete walls

•Disadvantages
-Involves major intrusion upon existing infrastructure.
-May not be a sufficient solution in itself.
-Restricted building access during construction.
-Irreversible.
© 2005 IST Group
BASE ISOLATION

Concept - Isolate the superstructure from the

foundation.
Two ways to approach - Install rubber bearings or
friction sliding system

© 2005 IST Group

 BASE ISOLATION

σ σ
σ σ σ
f f f

σ
y
A A
A*

ε εy εu ε ε

Elastic strategy Plastic strategy Base Isolation

© 2005 IST Group
BASE ISOLATION
Advantages
- Isolates Building from ground motion.
=> Minimal repair of superstructure

- Building can remain serviceable throughout construction.

- Does not involve major intrusion upon existing superstructure.

Disadvantages
- Costly. Is challenging to implement in an efficient manner.

- Costly to connect utilities to building (flexible connections).

- Must allow for building displacements.

© 2005 IST Group

PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
PART 1
INTRODUCTION, INVESTIGATION, REHABILITATION OPTIONS

PART 2
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING FIXED BASE STRUCTURE

PART 3
DESIGN OF BASE ISOLATION

PART 4
ANALYSIS OF ISOLATED STRUCTURE
COMPARISON (PART 2)

PART 5
REALISATION
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND COST ESTIMATION

© 2005 IST Group

FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD
Ta = C t * hn
3/4

Ct = Coefficient of structural system

hn = Height [m]

Ct = 0.018 Weak seismic resistance

System

hn = 15 m Height

From the bottom of top floor

Ta = 0.1372 s
© 2005 IST Group
BASE SHEAR FORCE
Z * I *C 1 . 25 * S
Vs = *W C =
Rw T 2 /3
Z= Seismic Zone Factor S= Site coefficient
I= Importance coefficient W= Seismic dead load

S= 1.2 Medium-dense to dense soil

C= 2.75

I= 1 Special ocupation

Z= 0.4 Seismic zone factor

Rw = 4 Shear walls masonry

M= 1,800,000 kg Seismic load

Vs = 4,950 kN

© 2005 IST Group

WIND LOAD
F = Ce * Cq * qs * I w * Ae
F= Wind Force [kN] qs = Dynamic wind pressure
Cq = Pressure Coefficient Iw = Importance factor
Ce = Coefficient of exposure Ae = Effective area

qs = 0.786 kN/m2 10 - 20 m Height range

130 kph Wind Velocity

Ae = 450 m2 30 m Length

15 m Height
Cq = 1.2 Prismatic structure

H <= 2b
Ce = 1.73 Exposure D

Iw = 1 Special occupancy structures

F= 734 kN
© 2005 IST Group
FLOOR DISTRIBUTION
© 2005 IST Group
NODE DEFINITION
© 2005 IST Group
3D - MODEL © 2005 IST Group
FIXED CONDITION

© 2005 IST Group

© 2005 IST Group
 Station Peak Ground Acceleration
Max-Horizontal Max-Vertical
ARÇELÝK
211.365 mg 83.252 mg
(ARC)
AMBARLI
252.564 mg 80.078 mg
(ATS)
BOTAÞ
98.877 mg 23.560 mg
(BOT)
ÇEKMECE
177.307 mg 57.678 mg
(CNA)
HAVA ALANI
90.210 mg 55.115 mg
(DHM)
YAPI KREDÝ
41.07 mg 27.100 mg
(YKP)
YARIMCA
322.205 mg 241.089 mg
(YPT)
FATÝH
189.392 mg 131.714 mg
(FAT)
HEYBELÝADA
110.230 mg 143.494 mg
(HAS)
BURSA
100.891 mg 48.218 mg
(BUR) © 2005 IST Group
 [North - South] Yarimca Sacaled Record
300

200

100

0
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
mg

-100

-200

-300

-400

-500

Seconds
© 2005 IST Group
 FFT N-S

22000

20000

18000

16000
Amplitude [ H(w) ]

14000

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Frequency [Hz] © 2005 IST Group
 [Vertical] Yarimca Sacaled Record
400

300

200

100
mg

0
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

-100

-200

-300

-400

Seconds
© 2005 IST Group
 FFT UP

16000

14000

12000
Amplitude [ H(w) ]

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Frequency [Hz] © 2005 IST Group
 Max
Displacement:
0.60 m

Max
Displacement:
0.43 m

© 2005 IST Group

SPECTRAL ACCELERATION [N-S]

© 2005 IST Group

Stresses in Z direction - Compression

© 2005 IST Group

Stresses in X direction - Compression

© 2005 IST Group

Shear Stresses in
Y-Z direction

© 2005 IST Group

END ZONE END ZONE
© 2005 IST Group
 Maximum
Displacement:
0.084 m

COMPRESSIONAL
FORCES
© 2005 IST Group
PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
PART 1
INTRODUCTION, INVESTIGATION, REHABILITATION OPTIONS

PART 2
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING FIXED BASE STRUCTURE

PART 3
DESIGN OF BASE ISOLATION

PART 4
ANALYSIS OF ISOLATED STRUCTURE
COMPARISON (PART 2)

PART 5
REALISATION
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND COST ESTIMATION

© 2005 IST Group

FIXED BASE vs. ISOLATED

© 2005 IST Group

CONCEPT OF BASE ISOLATION

© 2005 IST Group

BASE ISOLATION

© 2005 IST Group

THEORY OF BASE ISOLATION
SYSTEM
Base Isolation system can be modified
as a 2-DOF system
M Us+Ub+Ug

Ks, Cs
Mb
Ub+Ug
Kb, Cb

Ug

© 2005 IST Group

THEORY OF BASE ISOLATION
SYSTEM (Cont.)
Governing Equation:
.. . .. ..
m u s + c u s + kus = −m(u g + ub )
Us Us

1.000 1.000

First Mode Second Mode

© 2005 IST Group
RUBBER BEARINGS

© 2005 IST Group

FRICTION PENDULUM SYSTEM

© 2005 IST Group

PRELIMINARY DESIGN PROCEDURE
DEFINE SELECT
GUIDELINES OPTIMAL
ISOLATORS

COMPUTE
EFFECTIVE
STIFFNESS &
OBTAIN
BASE SHEAR BACK
PROPERTIES
CALCULATE AND
CHECK RESULT

ESTIMATE SET UP TARGET

DESIGN BUILDING PERIOD AND
PARAMETERS BUILDING
DISPLACEMENT
© 2005 IST Group
PRELIMINARY DESIGN

References:
Uniform Building Code (UBC), 1997 Edition.
Design of Seismic Isolated Structures, J. M. Kelly, 1999.

Two Approach to Seismic Hazard:

Design Basis Earthquake (DBE)
Maximum Capable Earthquake (MCE)

Isolation Design Data:

Building Weight : 1,800,000 (Kg) = 4,000 (Kips)
Estimate All Dynamic Parameters

© 2005 IST Group

PRELIMINARY DESIGN Procedure
DEFINE SELECT
GUIDELINES OPTIMAL
ISOLATORS

COMPUTE
EFFECTIVE
STIFFNESS &
OBTAIN
BASE SHEAR BACK
PROPERTIES
CALCULATE AND
CHECK RESULT

ESTIMATE SET UP TARGET

DESIGN BUILDING PERIOD
PARAMETERS AND BUILDING
DISPLACEMENT
© 2005 IST Group
 DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRA
1.2

Fixed-Based Period
1

0.8
Spectral Accerlation (g)

0.6

Ca/T

0.4
Design Period

0.2

0
0 To 0.5 Ts 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Period (sec)

Target Building Period : TD = 2.5 (s)

TM = 3.0 (s)
© 2005 IST Group
PRELIMINARY DESIGN PROCEDURE
DEFINE SELECT
GUIDELINES OPTIMAL
ISOLATORS

COMPUTE
EFFECTIVE
STIFFNESS &
OBTAIN
BASE SHEAR BACK
PROPERTIES
CALCULATE AND
CHECK RESULT

ESTIMATE SET UP TARGET

DESIGN BUILDING PERIOD AND
PARAMETERS BUILDING
DISPLACEMENT
© 2005 IST Group
 DESIGN DATA

Effective Stiffness & Base Shear

Keff = 70 kips/in (12,000 kN/m)
Base Shear Below Interface = 940 kips (4200 kN)
Above Isolation Interface = 470 kips (2100 kN)

Loading Condition:
80% of the weight – Taken by the external wall
20% of the weight – Taken by the internal columns

Design Parameters:
Max. Displacement – 18 in. (46 cm)
Effective Stiffness – average 3 kips/in (500 kN/m) per isolator

© 2005 IST Group

PRELIMINARY DESIGN PROCEDURE
DEFINE SELECT
GUIDELINES OPTIMAL
ISOLATORS

COMPUTE
EFFECTIVE
STIFFNESS &
OBTAIN
BASE SHEAR BACK
PROPERTIES
CALCULATE AND
CHECK RESULT

ESTIMATE SET UP TARGET

DESIGN BUILDING PERIOD AND
PARAMETERS BUILDING
DISPLACEMENT
© 2005 IST Group
CENTER ZONE

© 2005 IST Group

DETAIL OF ISOLATORS
Information Resources : DIS Incorporated
Description – Select same size of Isolators
Diameter : 29.5 (in)
Height : 18 (in)

Isolator Properties C29.5-18-L0-S C29.5-18-L1-S

Displacement (in) 20 20
Effective Stiffness (kips/in) 2.2 3.5
Energy Dissipation per
0 1520
Cycle (kips-in)
Damping Ratio β 0.02 0.23
Load Capacity (kips) 230 223
Numbers 16 8
© 2005 IST Group
PRELIMINARY DESIGN PROCEDURE
DEFINE SELECT
GUIDELINES OPTIMAL
ISOLATORS

COMPUTE
EFFECTIVE
STIFFNESS &
OBTAIN
BASE SHEAR BACK
PROPERTIES
CALCULATE AND
CHECK RESULT

ESTIMATE SET UP TARGET

DESIGN BUILDING PERIOD AND
PARAMETERS BUILDING
DISPLACEMENT
© 2005 IST Group
ISOLATORS LOCATION

Natural Rubber Lead-Plug Rubber

Bearing Bearing
© 2005 IST Group
ISOLATOR HYSTERESIS LOOP

© 2005 IST Group

© 2005 IST Group
PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
PART 1
INTRODUCTION, INVESTIGATION, REHABILITATION OPTIONS

PART 2
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING FIXED BASE STRUCTURE

PART 3
DESIGN OF BASE ISOLATION

PART 4
ANALYSIS OF ISOLATED STRUCTURE
COMPARISON (PART 2)

PART 5
REALISATION
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND COST ESTIMATION

© 2005 IST Group

FIXED BASE VS. ISOLATED

Fixed Base Isolated

© 2005 IST Group

3D – ISOLATED
MODEL
© 2005 IST Group
3D – ISOLATED
MODEL

© 2005 IST Group

Stresses in Z direction – Compression FIXED

© 2005 IST Group

Stresses in Z direction – Compression ISOLATED

© 2005 IST Group

Shear Stresses in
Y-Z direction
FIXED

© 2005 IST Group

Shear Stresses in
Y-Z direction
ISOLATED

© 2005 IST Group

FIXED MODEL

© 2005 IST Group

ISOLATED MODEL
© 2005 IST Group
PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
PART 1
INTRODUCTION, INVESTIGATION, REHABILITATION OPTIONS

PART 2
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING FIXED BASE STRUCTURE

PART 3
DESIGN OF BASE ISOLATION

PART 4
ANALYSIS OF ISOLATED STRUCTURE
COMPARISON (PART 2)

PART 5
REALISATION
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND COST ESTIMATION

© 2005 IST Group

CONSTRUCTION

© 2005 IST Group

A Base Isolated Structure

© 2005 IST Group

INITIAL STATE

© 2005 IST Group

BASEMENT EXCAVATION
Dig out basement
Insert retaining walls
„ Prevents excessive
bearing

© 2005 IST Group

© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
MOAT EXCAVATION
Insert Lateral Supports

Place Ring Beams

„ Lateral constraint
„ Longitudinal Constraint
„ Provide for connection
detailing

© 2005 IST Group

© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
PROVISION OF RIGID LAYER
A rigid layer is required directly above
and below the soft (isolation) layer.
Insert hydraulic jacks

© 2005 IST Group

© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
PUNCH ISOLATOR CAVITIES
Load up hydraulic jacks
Lock caps
Punch holes

© 2005 IST Group

© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
INSTALL ISOLATORS
Teams
„ Demolition
„ Steel Welding
„ Jacking
„ Craning
„ Grouting
„ Concrete

© 2005 IST Group

© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
SITE LOGISTICS
4.5 ft

C rane

S ection from W est side to enable access

Isolator u nit

R ails 57 ft

50 ft C ut C olum ns

D esired Location

100 ft

105 ft

© 2005 IST Group

INSTALLATION TEAMS
TEAM TASK
Demolition: Concrete cutting, and chipping from columns to expose steel (2
days)

Steel: Welding/bolting of collars and corbels to columns /walls to facilitate

jacking, and setting up of temporary bracing system (1 – 3 days)

Operation of jacks and maintaining correct pressure distribution

Jacking:
over building (1/2 day)

Craning: Lower isolators into building and manipulate into place (1 – 3 days)

Connect the isolators to the building as specified by manufacturers

Grouting:
(1 – 2)

Finish on cut outs and columns, ensure good connection and

Concrete:
stability against future cracking. (1 – 2 days)

© 2005 IST Group

FLAT JACKING THE ISOLATORS

•Standard jacks
•Oil transfusion jacks
© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
IMAGES OF INSTALLED
ISOLATORS

© 2005 IST Group

© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
UTILITIES

Sewer Connection Gasline

© 2005 IST Group
CONNECTION DETAILING

© 2005 IST Group

RETROFITTING STAIRS

© 2005 IST Group

 COST DISTRIBUTION

Isolators

Excavation
10%
20%
14%
Demolition

Instalation
10%

10% Structural
36% improvement

$1,269,050 Sundries

(New Structure – US$4,000,000)

© 2005 IST Group
Low Cost Strategies

Columns Walls

Connecting beams
Matrix of Rubber bearings

Longitudinal rubber bearings in matrix configuration

© 2005 IST Group
Low Cost Strategies
Dispersed phase
(Reinforcement)

Interphase

Continuous phase
(Matrix)

Composite plates

Reinforcing
scheme

Multidirectional continuous fiber composite

© 2005 IST Group
Low Cost Strategies
Internal space is never restricted at any
floor

Columns placed in the same external or

internal wall-axes

Columns in charge of single

floors.

Set of independent isolators

Load distribution to independent sets of isolators

Local Fabrication © 2005 IST Group
BASE ISOLATION (Ball System)
mg

2r

N N N

Spherical groove
Rigid ball

mg

F F

N N
© 2005 IST Group
BASE ISOLATION

Universal Linear Slider

High Damping Rubber

Synthetic Rubber
Bearings © 2005 IST Group
Comparison between NRB, HSR and ULS © 2005 IST Group
Cost Trend
for New
Construction

© 2005 IST Group

© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group
http://web.mit.edu/~jpkelly/www
/index.htm

© 2005 IST Group

© 2005 IST Group
© 2005 IST Group