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<h2 class="post-title"><a href="http://supermanalexthegr
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<h2 class="post-title"><a href="http://supermanalexthegr
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the Origins series, courtesy of David Rountree</a></h2>
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<p>Wormhole Theory</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Ronnie Chen of Hampton University wrote in a recent article that “Although Eins
tein’s General Relativity theory allows wormholes to exist, physicists hav
e been trying for decades to construct them mathematically without breaking any
other laws of physics. Most researchers agree that wormholes require “exot
ic matter”, stuff that is repelled by gravity, rather than attracted, but
some have claimed ways around that problem. Now a report in the 27 July <em>PRL<
/em> shows that all wormholes, no matter how cleverly constructed, require exoti
c matter; a condition that many in the field are already working to satisfy.</p>
<p>Matt Visser of Washington University in St. Louis, states that “The good news
about Lorentzian wormholes is that after about ten years of hard work we cannot
prove that they don’t exist.” But a publication five years ago (J.L
. Friedmann, K. Schleich, and D.M. Witt, <a href="http://link.aps.org/abstract/P
RL/v71/p1486/">Phys. Rev. Lett. <strong>71</strong>, 1486 (1993)</a>) showed tha
t a large class of wormholes require exotic matter to keep them open. As stated,
researchers haven’t given up, however, because exotic matter, the magic i
ngredient which has less energy than a pure vacuum, actually <em>does </em>exist
, at least in small amounts, thanks to the ghostly virtual particles in certain
quantum physics experiments.</p>
<p>However, no one knows if enough exotic matter can exist in a concentration de
nse enough in a spatial area to create a large enough wormhole to constitute mul
ti-universal travel or trans-universal travel. An attempt to sidestep the proble
m, a number of theorists have claimed to construct special wormholes that do not
require exotic matter. In their <em>PRL</em> paper, Visser and David Hochberg,
of the Laboratory for Space Astrophysics and Fundamental Physics in Madrid, Spai
n, show that all wormholes, even time-dependent and asymmetric ones, require exo
tic matter, which in turn requires quantum mechanical effects. Visser is quoted
as saying “You cannot just get away with normal classical physics,”
Visser and Chen blame many of the contrary claims on the widespread confusion ab
out the precise definition of a wormhole and the concept of “passing throu
gh” it.</p>
<p>Their approach was to rigorously define a wormhole “throat” (the
narrowest point) and show that because light rays spread out as they emerge from
it, there must be a kind of “antigravity”, the hallmark of exotic m
atter. In the process they found that time dependent wormholes actually have <em
>two</em> throats, one for each direction of traffic, and they say that was one
source of the confusion: A theoretical traveler could paradoxically pass the mid
dle of the wormhole without actually reaching the throat for their direction. Pa
rt of the problem is the lack of a good physical picture for a dynamic wormhole,
which is a complicated four-dimensional object; the usual image we see displaye
d in magazines and on the web only works for wormholes that don’t change i
n time. (see below)</p>
<p>Eanna Flanagan, of Cornell University has stated that the requirement of exot
ic matter has been “pretty well understood in the community,” despit
e the number of contrary papers and the lack of an air-tight proof. But the new
work covers the bases quite explicitly by showing that requirement in a new and
interesting way that supplements previous work, while also clarifying errors in
other research.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>This is a huge discovery from where I stand.</p>
<p>What I have been playing around with is rather simple; Most physicists I have
spoken to, openly acknowledge the existence of millions of wormholes are most l
ikely occurring at the Planck level. We don’t notice them because they are so smal
l. In fact most of them exist at a sub-atomic level; so what if, two tiny string
s approach each other. Much like what happens in the music store, when you strum
an acoustic guitar string, all the other guitars begin to resonate their string
s at the exact frequency of the guitar string you strummed. So IF, as the two st
rings approach each other, they begin to match frequencies, until they intertwin
e at resonance. This could be the genesis of the formation of a wormhole. If the
re is spatial area between two universes, and it doesn’t have to be much, it is ve
ry probably that this spatial area is made up of exotic matter, separating the u
niverses under normal conditions. But if, as these wormholes form, the exotic ma
tter is introduced into the forming throats, they will stabilize into a fully co
nnected conduit, gapping the spatial separation, be it space, time or what have
you.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The Type I string theory has vibrating strings like the rest of the string th
eories. These strings vibrate both in closed loops, so that the strings have no
ends, and as <em>open strings</em> with two loose ends. The open loose strings a
re what separates the Type I string theory from the other four string theories.
This was a feature that the other string theories did not contain (The Type IIA
and Type IIB string theories also contain open strings, however these strings ar
e bound). But then I also take into account supergravity.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Supergravity theories were classified by Werner Nahm. In 10 dimensions, there
are only two supergravity theories, which are denoted Type IIA and Type IIB. Th
is similar denomination is not a coincidence; the Type IIA string theory has the
Type IIA supergravity theory as its low-energy limit and the Type IIB string th
eory gives rise to Type IIB supergravity. The heterotic SO(32) and heterotic E8×E8
string theories also reduce to Type IIA and Type IIB supergravity in the low-en
ergy limit. This suggests that there may indeed be a relation between the hetero
tic/Type I theories and the Type II theories.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>String theory includes both open strings, which have two distinct endpoints,
and closed strings making a complete loop. The two types of string behave in sli
ghtly different ways, yielding two different spectra. For example, in most strin
g theories, one of the closed string modes is the <em>graviton</em>, and one of
the open string modes is the<em> photon</em>. Because the two ends of an open st
ring can always meet and connect, forming a closed string, there are no string t
heories without closed strings. But no one has suggested that strings can also p
air, form a duality, and co-resonate. And still better, there is nothing really
in any of the theories that prevents this from occurring.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Edward Witten outlined the following relationship:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The Type IIA supergravity (corresponding to the heterotic SO(32) and Type IIA
string theories) can be obtained by dimensional reduction from the single uniqu
e eleven-dimensional supergravity theory. This means that if one studied supergr
avity on an eleven-dimensional spacetime that looks like the product of a ten-di
mensional spacetime with another very small one-dimensional manifold, one gets t
he Type IIA supergravity theory. (And the Type IIB supergravity theory can be ob
tained by using T-duality.) However, eleven-dimensional supergravity is not cons
istent on its own, it just doesn’t make sense at extremely high energy, and likely
requires some form of completion. It seems plausible, then, that there is some
quantum theory (M-theory) in eleven-dimensions which gives rise at low energies
to eleven-dimensional supergravity, and is related to ten-dimensional string the
ory by dimensional reduction. Dimensional reduction to a circle yields the Type
IIA string theory, and dimensional reduction to a line segment yields the hetero
tic SO(32) string theory. String theory has its origins in the dual resonance mo
del that was first proposed by Gabriele Veneziano which described the strongly i
nteracting hadrons as strings. But strings are associated with subatomic particl
es, but what if the string like manifestation is a more universal concept?</p>
<p> </p>
<p>It is a fundamental fact of the physics of light that, the more energy a phot
on carries, the smaller a wavelength it has. For instance, visible light has a w
avelength of around a few hundred nanometers, while the much more energetic gamm
a rays have a wavelength about the size of an atomic nucleus. The Planck energy
and the Planck length are related in that a photon would need to have a Planck-s
cale energy value in order to have a wavelength as small as the Planck length.</
p>
<p> </p>
<p>To make things even more complicated, even if we could create a photon this e
nergetic, we could not use it to precisely measure something at the Planck scale
as it would be so energetic that the photon would collapse into a black hole be
fore it returned any information. Thus, many physicists believe that the Planck
scale represents some sort of fundamental limit on how small the distances we ca
n probe are. We have of course talked at length about this. The Planck length ma
y be the smallest physically meaningful size scale there is, in which case (and
Allen will groove on this) the universe can be thought of as a tapestry of “pixels” e
ach a Planck length in diameter.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The Planck energy scale is almost unimaginably large, while the Planck size s
cale is almost unimaginably small. The Planck energy is about a quintillion time
s larger than the energies achievable in our very best particle accelerators, wh
ich are used to create and observe exotic subatomic particles. A particle accele
rator powerful enough to probe the Planck scale directly would need to have a ci
rcumference similar in size to the orbit of Mars, constructed from about as much
material as our Moon.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Since such a particle accelerator is not likely to be built in the foreseeabl
e future, physicists look to other methods for probing the Planck scale. One is
looking for <em>gigantic “cosmic strings”</em> which may have been created when the
universe as a whole was so hot and small that it had Planck-level energies. This
would have occurred in the first trillionth of a second after the Big Bang. Or
the Big Pour In. But more on that in my paper on the Megaverse.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Now here is the real poser. Not all strings are Planck level strings. Hence,a
2 meter opening may not be all that rare of an occurrence as we might think. It
just takes a whole lot more energy to form it. But let’s take a side trip into the
phenomena known as the Quantum Vortex.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In physics, a quantum vortex is a topological defect exhibited in superfluids
and superconductors. The existence of these quantum vortices were independently
predicted by Richard Feynman and Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov in the 1950s. The
y were later observed experimentally in Type-II superconductors, liquid helium,
and atomic gases. I know this seems like a wandering off course, but bear with m
e for a little bit.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A quantum vortex in a superfluid is different to one in a superconductor. The
key similarity is that they are both topological defects, and they are both qua
ntized. In addition, the makeup of each quantum vortex is neither superfluid nor
superconductor, for each system. In a superfluid, a quantum vortex “carri
es” the angular momentum, thus allowing the superfluid to rotate; in a sup
erconductor, the vortex carries the magnetic flux. This is an important thing or
two things to keep in mind. So let’s go into a little deeper. It is vitally impor
tant for us to understand quantum effects in materials we can observe and record
, so that we might apply them to areas in which we can’t, at least, not yet anyway
. So try to stick with me on this.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Vortex in a superfluid</strong></p>
<p>In a superfluid, a quantum vortex is a hole with the superfluid circulating a
round the vortex; the inside of the vortex may contain excited particles, air, v
acuum, or possibly Mickey Mouse, it doesn’t really matter. What <em>does </em>matt
er, however, is that the thickness of the vortex <strong><em>depends</em></stron
g> upon the chemical make-up of the superfluid; in liquid helium, the thickness
is on the order of a few Angstroms.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A superfluid has the special property of having <em>phase</em>, given by the
wavefunction, and the velocity of the superfluid is proportional to the gradient
of the phase. The circulation around any closed loop in the superfluid is zero,
if the region enclosed is simply connected. The superfluid is deemed irrotation
al. However, if the enclosed region actually contains a smaller region that is a
n absence of superfluid, for example a rod through the superfluid or a vortex, t
hen the circulation is mathematically,</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>where is Planck’s constant divided by 2π, m is the mass of the su erflu
id article, and Δφ is the phase di erence around the vortex. Because the wave unct
ion must return to its same value a ter an integral number o turns around the v
ortex (similar to what is described in the Bohr model), then Δφ = 2π<em>n</em>, where
n is an integer. Thus, we find that the circulation is quantized:</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >Now before you run away clutching your head looking for the Aleve, let’s ex lor
e this effect in a su erconductor.</ >
< ><strong>Vortex in a su erconductor</strong></ >
< >A rinci al ro erty of su erconductors is that they ex el magnetic fields; t
his is called the Meissner effect. If the magnetic field becomes sufficiently st
rong, one scenario is for the su erconductive state to be “quenched”
. However, in some cases, it may be energetically favorable for the su erconduct
or to form a quantum vortex, which carries a quantized amount of magnetic flux t
hrough the su erconductor. Meanwhile, the su erconductive state revails in the
regions around the vortex. A su erconductor that is ca able of carrying a vortex
is called a ty e-II su erconductor.</ >
< >Over some enclosed area S, the <a title="Magnetic flux" href="htt ://en.wiki
edia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flux">magnetic flux</a> is demonstrated by:</ >
< >.</ >
< >Substituting a result of London’s second equation: , we discover tha
t</ >
< >,</ >
< >where <em>n<sub>s</sub></em>, <em>m</em>, and <em>e<sub>s</sub></em> are the
number density, mass and charge of the <a title="Coo er airs" href="htt ://en.w
iki edia.org/wiki/Coo er_ airs">Coo er airs</a>.</ >
< >If the region, S, is large enough so that along , then</ >
< >.</ >
< >The flow of current can cause vortices in a su erconductor to move. In some c
ircumstances, this leads to energy dissi ation and causes the material to dis la
y a small amount of electrical resistance while in the su erconducting state</ >
< ><strong>Statistical Mechanics of Vortex Lines</strong></ >
< >If the tem erature is raised in a <a title="Su erfluid" href="htt ://en.wiki
edia.org/wiki/Su erfluid">su erfluid</a> or a su erconductor, the vortex loo s u
ndergo a second-order hase transition. This ha ens when the configurational en
tro y overcomes the Boltzmann factor which su resses the thermal generation of
vortex lines. The lines form a condensate. Since the center of the lines, the vo
rtex cores, are normal liquid or normal conductors, res ectively, the condensati
on transforms the <a title="Su erfluid" href="htt ://en.wiki edia.org/wiki/Su er
fluid">su erfluid</a> or su erconductor into the normal state. The ensembles of
vortex lines and their hase transitions can be described efficiently by a gauge
theory. The gauge theory has great similarity with the gauge theory of electron
s and hotons, the famous quantum electrodynamics (QED) and is therefore called
“quantum vortex dynamics” (QVD).</ >
< >Now I will rovide the fly for the ointment, or rather, Geoff Haselhurst does
this nicely in his a er entitled “The Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) rovides a
more Sim le &am ; Sensible Descri tion of Reality than Vortex Theory”, of which I
will shamelessly quote from now. Kee in mind, this is his work, not my own.</ >
<h2>Eight Arguments for Why S ace cannot Flow</h2>
<h3>1. Conce t of Flowing / Liquids a lies to matter.</h3>
< >There are no justifications for a lying conce t of ‘flowing’ to
s ace itself. Flowing is an em irical thing, not a meta hysical thing and all h
iloso hers of science realize that reality is not founded on em irical things. (
I would arguably disagree with the term “all here” but for the sake of introducing t
he grit which will eventually form the earl, let’s hear it out. – DR)</ >
< >“Rather, they start this, dis laying it to the senses, …. and go
on to offer more or less rigorous demonstrations of the er se attributes of the
ir ro rietary genera. This sort of rocedure is inductive and it is as lain as
a ikestaff that it does not amount to a demonstration of essence or of what it
is to be a thing.” (Aristotle, Meta hysics)<br />
“But also hiloso hy is not about erce tible substances (they, you see, a
re rone to destruction)” (Aristotle, Meta hysics)</ >
<h3>2. Flowing matter is understood as loosely bound wave centers in a nearly ri
gid (wave medium) s ace.</h3>
< >The Wave Structure of Matter ex lains how liquids (and solids / gases) form d
ue to the interaction of the s herical In and Out-Waves in a nearly rigid s ace
/ wave medium. Thus there is no need to a ly the conce t of ‘flowing̵
7; to S ace itself.</ >
<h3>3. For S ace to flow it cannot be continuously connected, but must be made o
f loosely connected arts</h3>
< >This causes two fundamental roblems for human knowledge;<br />
i) You are no longer describing reality from One substance thus you loose necess
ary connection.<br />
ii) You must ex lain what these arts are and how they are connected, which requ
ires assuming existence of many things.<br />
(Basically you are defeating the whole ur ose and beauty of WSM in ex laining h
ow matter is interconnected – which is the central roblem of article / f
ield theories in s ace time.)</ >
<h3>4. You are a lying motion twice to s ace, as Wave Motion and as Flowing Mot
ion of S ace.</h3>
< >It would be strange indeed if, at the most fundamental level of reality, Moti
on existed in two different forms, as both Wave Motion of S ace (which ex lains
‘flowing’ motion) and also as flowing motion of S ace.</ >
<h3>5. Thus you are not abiding by Ockham’s Razor, the most sim le theory
that ex lains most things is best.</h3>
< >In fact you could discuss ideas of flowing s ace for the next 100 years and n
ever resolve anything, as it is obvious it will lead to<br />
endless difficulties. (And history shows this is true, vortex theories have been
around for centuries).</ >
<h3>6. If S ace flowed with lanets as they orbit / s in then our observations o
f the universe would be affected.</h3>
<h3>7. Flowing S ace contradicts Einstein’s relativity which is artly cor
rect as follows;</h3>
< >i) Matter affects S ace<br />
ii) Matter is s herically s atially extended – not a article.<br />
iii) S ace-Time (really waves in S ace) is rigid.</ >
< >Reca itulating, we may say that according to the general theory of relativity
s ace is endowed with hysical qualities; in this sense,<br />
therefore, there exists an ether. According to the general theory of relativity
s ace without ether is unthinkable; for in such s ace there not only would be no
ro agation of light, but also no ossibility of existence for standards of s a
ce and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor therefore any s ace-time intervals
in the hysical sense. But this ether may not be thought of as endowed with the
quality characteristic of onderable media, as consisting of arts which may be
tracked through time. The idea of motion (i.e. flowing motion of articles) may
not be a lied to it. (Albert Einstein, Leiden Lecture, 1920)</ >
< >“The inse arability of time and s ace emerged in connection with electr
odynamics, or the law of ro agation of light. With the discovery of the relativ
ity of simultaneity, s ace and time were merged in a single continuum in a way s
imilar to that in which the three dimensions of s ace had reviously merged into
a single continuum. Physical s ace was thus extended to a four dimensional s ac
e which also included the dimension of time. The four dimensional s ace of the s
ecial theory of relativity is just as rigid and absolute as Newton’s s ac
e. (Albert Einstein, 1954)</ >
< >I should add that Einstein was very close to the truth in realising that matt
er was not a ‘ article’ but rather that matter, s ace and time are a
ll art of one thing.</ >
< >When forced to summarize the general theory of relativity in one sentence:<br
/>
Time and s ace and gravitation have no se arate existence from matter.(Albert Ei
nstein)</ >
< >His error was to work with fields and describe matter as s herical fields in
s acetime, rather than s herical waves in s ace. His matter curves s acetime is
correct once you realise that s acetime is waves in s ace, and these waves do af
fect the ro erties of the wave medium (e.g. curving of waves / light as it ro
agates ast sun.</ >
< >(Also see other science articles on Einstein below)</ >
<h3>8. Finally, there is sim ly no em irical evidence to su ort it. It does not
ex lain anything that the WSM in rigid s ace ex lains.</h3>
< >There is sim ly no justification in introducing it as a conce t.</ >
< >And a 9th oint about vortex theory. Matter interacts s herically, vortices d
o not ex lain this, the WSM does. Matter interacts with all other matter in univ
erse, vortex theory does not ex lain this, WSM does (with mathematical recision
).</ >
< >While we can certainly imagine ‘flowing s ace’ it is rudent to r
emember the words of Leibniz;</ >
< >… a distinction must be made between true and false ideas, and that too
much rein must not be given to a man’s (woman’s) imagination under
retext of its being a clear and distinct intellection. (Leibniz, 1670)</ >
< >-Fin-</ >
< >Now let me retake the wheel. But what if, the laws of Quantum vortex a ly to
“s ace” sim ly because s ace exhibits the ro erties of a su erfluid <em>as well as
</em>a su erconductor? There is certainly evidence that both conditions occur.
One more quote first;</ >
< >The Vortex Theory is based u on the hy othesis that time does not exist as a
fundamental rinci le of the universe, but instead, only exists as a henomenon
created by motion, a “shadow” of motion.<br />
The im lications of this single hiloso hical idea ossess disastrous consequenc
es for all of 20th Century science. Every belief based u on the idea of time is
at jeo ardy. Es ecially Einstein’s Theory of Relativity (Relativity is based u on
the existence of a fourth dimension called “SPACE-TIME!”). It was realized that even
Newton’s laws needed to be looked at again.<br />
Although both Einstein and Newton were giants in the world of science, their rea
soning rocesses were both based u on time. They both believed in time. Even tho
ugh Newton believed time was linear [the same everywhere in the universe], and E
instein believed it was relative, the result was the same – they both believed tim
e was a real and fundamental rinci le of the universe. Because of this fact, th
ey incor orated it into their visions of how the universe was constructed.</ >
< >But if time does not exist as a fundamental rinci le of the universe, then E
instein’s fourth dimension of s ace-time does not contain any “Time” characteristics.
Hence, it can no longer be used as an ex lanation for the length shrinkage and t
ime dilation effects revealed by Michelson and Morley’s famous ex eriment.<br />
To correct this error, the true nature of time must first be discovered. Then be
cause time was used to ex lain how matter, s ace, energy, and the forces of natu
re are constructed – we have to start all over again. But this “time”, using the corre
ct nature of time, we can rediscover how matter, s ace, energy, and the forces o
f nature are really constructed. So how do we do it?</ >
< >When time is eliminated as a cause for these length shrinkage and time dilati
on effects, the only thing left to ex lain what is ha ening is the increased ve
locity of matter itself as it moves through s ace. Consequently, there must be a
n intrinsic relationshi between matter, s ace, and velocity whose interactions
create a mechanical ex lanation for the results of the Michelson Morley ex erime
nt.</ >
< ><a href="htt ://www.thevortextheory.com">htt ://www.thevortextheory.com</a></
>
< >Well Duh. The intrinsic relationshi <em>IS </em>time!</ >
< >But enough oif this. Just try to remember all of these things and sto cussin
g me out for giving you a migraine. On to the magical ingredient, Exotic Matter.
But first, a side argument between myself and Tony Bermanseder</ >
< >David – “What would ha en if exotic matter mixed with our own matter?”</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >Tony – “You will have to define ‘exotic matter’ in terms of the stand
ard model , David.<br />
As you know, I do not envisage the resence of antimatter as necessary to model
the cosmogenesis.</ >
< >Relative to my understanding, the X-AntiX GUT bosonic string did NOT bifurcat
e into a X-Boson of matter and an Anti-X Boson for antimatter receding the bary
ogenesis.</ >
< >Alternatively the X-AntiX Gut Goldstone boson bifurcated directly into a quar
k/baryon-le ton cou ling to ‘break’ the string/membrane su ersymmetr
y from the massless Goldstone state into inertial selfstates.</ >
< >Therefore, the invocation of ‘exotic matter’, say re resenting a
negative mass definition in the standard model in addition to the equivalence r
inci le for inertial and gravitational mass is unwarranted.</ >
< >It is indicated that it is the charge of antimatter selfstates {+-E=mc^2}which
is in mirror symmetry (say negative) and NOT the mass; as the o ositely charge
s attract before annihilation. If it were the masses negating each other, then t
he like charges would re el (electromagnetic interaction being stronger than the
weak and gravitational interactions).</ >
< >In the Casimir effect, the local ‘negative mass’ effect describes
a ‘decrease in energy’ say in moving the lates closer together and
so indicates a ‘negative force’.<br />
This does not require ‘negative mass’, er se, but could be inter re
ted as such.</ >
< >I so would say, that the ‘exotic matter’ is sim ly the ‘dar
k energy’ as the ZPE/VPE subjected to ‘confinement’, say the C
asimir conductor lates or some other cavity thereby isolating the ZPE/VPE and a
llowing Casimir Pressure to develo .<br />
I have invoked antimatter as a rimary art of the standard model to ro ose the
existence and the breaking of the rimordial gauge symmetry.</ >
< >Then this ostulated matter-antimatter symmetry relates to what mass is, say
in the e1quivalence rinci le related to the negative mass as a third such ̵
6;equivalence’.<br />
Then the negative mass relates to the ZPE in the Casimir effect of the ‘sh
ielding’ of a s acetime region.</ >
< >This negative mass then relates in some as yet undefined manner to ‘exo
tic matter’.</ >
< >I do NOT subscribe to arallel universes or the ‘many worlds’ bec
ause all forms of ‘exotic matter’ become su erfluous should you rede
fine the original breaking of the gauge symmetry not in matter-antimatter, but i
n EMR-AntiEMR.</ >
< >Your a roach should concentrate on what MASS is, before ostulating ‘e
xotic matter’ which by definition is related to ‘negative mass’
;.”</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >David – “The what causes the article annihilations?</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >For the gamma hotons to manifest aZPE transformation, say air-annihilation or
neutral ion decay OR an electron transition by Planck’s Law (fusion or fi
ssion) is required.</ >
< >So if you have article annihilation and not a transition, then the matter-an
timatter cou ling will beengaged.</ >
< >Now the im ortant as ect unknown by the undits is that the gauge articles o
f the ZPE are COLOUR-charged (and linked to the Dirac mono ole say); whilst the
mass roduced hotons (caused by the acceleration of electro charges) are not.</
>
< >So you have an incoming gamma hoton which is not color charged (it is its ow
n anti article in chiral robabilitydistribution) interacting with a gluon-color-
charged nucleus say.<br />
Pair-Production then TRANSFERS the color charges of the nucleus in the gauges (g
luon, virtual hoton, su ressed anti hoton and graviton) to the resulting matte
r-antimatter air using the colorless gamma hoton as a conduit.</ >
< >In your case then, the reverse quantum mechanics a lies from the ZPE level (
before the electron- ositron airing materializes in the E=hf<–>E=mc
^2 gauge hysics).</ >
< >The colorless gamma hotons re resent so a direct manifestation of the ZPE wi
thout the invocation of the matter-antimatter cou ling.</ >
< >In articular the EMFGauge-Photon ‘unifies’ with the Graviton in R
GB(+1)+BGR(-2) in longrange gauge unification with the clockwise deficit (-1)cou
ling to thestrongweak unification of the shortrange gauges in the Gluon’s R
GB(+1) and the Anti hoton’s BGR(+1).</ >
< >This then allows the ‘Dark Matter’ article (RMP(-1)=RestMassPhot
on) to cou le the longrange gauges to the shortrange gauges inan overall reconsti
tution of the rimordial gauge symmetry.</ >
< >The unification tem late is then the mesonic quark-antiquark or matter-antima
tter ‘virtual’ tem late of the nuclear interaction, but does not man
ifest in the materialization of matter-antimatter cou lings, say a ositron-elec
tron airing.</ >
< >With all due res ect here, I disagree. Exotic matter is not have to be anti-m
atter, in our current understanding. While anti-matter is certainly exotic, not a
ll exotic matter is anti-matter. I would like to go back to the day astronomers
found 90% of the universe. A ril 23<su >rd</su >, 1992. And what exactly was it
that these astronomers discovered? A new kind of matter. For many years, hysici
sts sus ected that the universe must have a different kind of matter. Ordinary m
atter, like electrons, rotons, neutrons, and everything we see on lanet Earth
is made u of ordinary matter. Ordinary matter strongly interacts with radiation
, so it’s rather easy for astronomers to detect it.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >But there was a small roblem. Actually, it was a huge roblem. In 1990, the
cosmic background ex lorer satellite roved that the universe is extremely entro
ic, s ecifically, it’s entro y measure is 1,000,000,000. Entro y measures the eff
iciency with which a system radiates heat and light, and the inefficiency in whi
ch it erforms work. The universe it turns out is by far the most entro ic syste
m in all existence.</ >
< >This discover led to the roblem. If the universe has that high a degree of e
ntro y and all matter strongly interacts with radiation, and the radiation left
over from the creation event measures to be incredibly smooth, then the matter l
ikewise should be that smoothly distributed. But it isn’t. AHA!</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >As you look at the galaxies and clusters of galaxies, rather than being smoot
hly distributed like the radiation from the creation event, it’s lum y and
clum y. Astronomers wanted to know why. We have roof that the universe was cre
ated in a hot, big, bang due to the incredible entro y, but how do we ex lain th
e galaxies? Well, the discovery of exotic matter ex lains the clustering of the
galaxies. Exotic matter does not strongly interact with radiation, and because i
t doesn’t, it can clum inde endent of the radiation. Since it doesn’
;t really matter in gravity whether the matter is exotic or ordinary, the laws o
f hysics still a ly. Two massive objects will attract one another under the la
w of gravity, and if one of those massive objects is made of ordinary matter and
the other is made of exotic matter, they will still attract. Once exotic matter
clum s, it can draw ordinary matter to it, and hence we can have the universe w
e see today. The radiation from the creation event is still very smoothly distri
buted, but the galaxies and clusters of galaxies are clum ed.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >A ril 23, 1992 was the first detection an astronomer made of this ty e of mat
ter. Since that time, there have been seven other inde endent detections of this
exotic matter.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >But even this isn’t the only exotic matter. Ex eriments at CERN and at FermiLab
have also created forms of exotic matter, albeit in small amounts. And guess wh
at? It isn’t anti-matter. It is matter with negative mass. Now we can move forward
with rying o en the oyster, and roducing the earl.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< ><strong>The Megaverse</strong></ >
< >As you all know by now, and are robably driven crazy from my ramblings, I am
trying to make a “quantum lea ” from a hy othesis to a theory on a s ecial kind of
wormhole. As such, I have to reconcile my differences to formulate an ex lanatio
n that is at least dis laying some resemblance of robability. In order to do th
is I had to come to gri s with the hologra hic boundary effect, not at the unive
rse level, but as a containment boundary in which the mega-verse manifests. Henc
e the “stew ot” analogy; the exotic matter would be the medium in which the univers
es within the mega-verse “floats”; the savory flavors would re resent the interactio
n that these individual universes exhibit on the medium, and this could very wel
l ex lain what we have recently discovered and called “Dark Flow”; additionally, rem
nants of the genesis of the mega-verse has left numerous cosmic su erstrings, ea
ch vibrating at its own s ecial frequency. At times, these strings come into clo
se roximity with one another; as they a roach, they seek resonance with one an
other, and entangle; entanglement is com lete when both strings hit mutual reson
ance or harmonize; at this oint, a double helix wormhole forms and stabilizes w
ith the assistance of the exotic matter from the medium being “sucked” into the dual
throats; a “quantum conduit” com letes the connection between two adjacent Universe
s, but almost immediately minor annihilations occur when the exotic matter mixes
with our own matter; Once the exotic matter de letes to a certain oint, instab
ility occurs, and the wormhole structure colla ses. But let’s start at the to and
work our way down. To me the megaverse is a huge ot of stew. The ot itself is
com rised of the hologra hic boundary. This conce t is commonly used to ex lain
our universe; but it goes far beyond our universe. The hologra hic rinci le is
a ro erty of quantum gravity and string theories which states that the descri
tion of a volume of s ace can be thought of as encoded on a boundary to the regi
on s ecifically a light-like boundary like a gravitational horizon. First ro os
ed by Gerardus ‘t Hooft, it was given a recise string-theory inter retati
on by the lumber, Leonard Susskind (Leonard started out as a lumber before bec
oming one of the greatest quantum Physicists in the world).</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >In a larger and more s eculative sense, the theory suggests that the entire u
niverse and in my ers ective, the megaverse, can be seen as a two-dimensional i
nformation structure “ ainted” on the cosmological horizon, such tha
t the three dimensions we observe are only an effective descri tion at macrosco
ic scales and at low energies. Cosmological hologra hy has not been made mathema
tically recise, artly because the cosmological horizon has a finite area and g
rows with time.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >The hologra hic rinci le was ins ired by black hole thermodynamics, which im
lies that the maximal entro y in any region scales with the radius squared, and
not cubed as might be ex ected. In the case of a black hole, the insight was th
at the descri tion of all the objects which have fallen in can be entirely conta
ined in surface fluctuations of the event horizon. The hologra hic rinci le res
olves the black hole information aradox within the framework of string theory.
So let’s say that the ot, is the hologra hic boundary. It kee s the stew containe
d.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< ><strong>The Hologra hic Boundary of the Megaverse – The “Stew Pot”</strong></ >
< ><strong> </strong></ >
< ><strong> </strong></ >
< ><strong> </strong></ >
< >The stew ot of course is filled with all the ingredients of the megaverse, w
hich of course would be all the universes, (the carrots, onions, meat, celery wo
uld be the universes).</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >The universes that are ingredients of the stew</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >But the universes must remain isolated from each other, or catastro hic event
s could occur when matter that is o osite, or out of hase touches, the megaver
se could become a megaboom. This insulating material, or “broth”, would be exotic ma
tter. This would allow the universes to freely float around in the ot of stew,
and come very close to one another without creating any interference on a grand
or macro scale. However, there are exce tions. Recently, astronomers have discov
ered at the center of our galaxy not just a large wormhole, but two large wormho
les, orbiting each other, creating a quantum vortex. On January 4<su >th</su >,
2010, Universe today ran this article:</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< ><strong>Dual Black Holes S inning in a Cosmic Dance – Com lete with Disco Ball<
/strong></ >
< >Astronomers have discovered 33 airs of merging black holes in cosmic dances
around each other, a finding that was redicted or ‘choreogra hed’ by Isaac Newton. “T
hese results are significant because we now know that these ‘waltzing’ black holes a
re much more common than reviously known,” said Dr. Julia Comerford of the Univer
sity of California, Berkeley, at the American Astronomical Society meeting in Wa
shington, DC. “Galaxy mergers are causing the waltzing, can use this finding to de
termine how often mergers occur. The black holes dancing towards us are shifted
towards blue light, and those moving away from us are shifted toward the red. So
it is like a cosmic disco ball showing us where the black holes are dancing.”</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >An image of the galaxy COSMOS J100043.15+020637.2 taken with</ >
< >the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble S ace Telesco e.</ >
< >Image courtesy Dr. Julia Comerford.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >The dances are occurring in dual black holes, which are different from binary
black holes in that the distance between the two objects is much larger for dua
l black holes.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >“These black holes have a se aration of a kilo arsec,” said Comerford. “You haven’t
heard about lots of small binary black holes, because no one has definitively fo
und any yet. But this is the next best thing. We know these duals are going to m
erge and can use models to find out how often they merge.”</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >The team was able to observe the black holes that have gas colla sing onto th
em, and this gas releases energy and owers each black hole as an active galacti
c nucleus (AGN), which lights u the black hole like a Christmas tree.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >Astronomical observations have shown that nearly every galaxy has a central s
u ermassive black hole (with a mass of a million to a billion times the mass of
the Sun), and also that galaxies commonly collide and merge to form new, more ma
ssive galaxies. As a consequence of these two observations, a merger between two
galaxies should bring two su ermassive black holes to the new, more massive gal
axy formed from the merger. The two black holes gradually in-s iral toward the c
enter of this galaxy, engaging in a gravitational tug-of-war with the surroundin
g stars. The result is a black hole dance. Such a dance is ex ected to occur in
our own Milky Way Galaxy in about 3 billion years, when it collides with the And
romeda Galaxy.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >The team of astronomers used two new techniques to discover the waltzing blac
k holes. First, they identified waltzing black holes and their velocities by the
disco ball of the red-shift or blue-shift.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >The second technique for identifying waltzing black holes through a chance di
scovery of a curious-looking galaxy. While visually ins ecting images of galaxie
s taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble S ace Telesco e, the
team noticed a galaxy with a tidal tail of stars, gas, and dust, an unmistakable
sign that the galaxy had recently merged with another galaxy, and the galaxy al
so featured two bright nuclei near its center. The team recognized that the two
bright nuclei might be the AGNs of two waltzing black holes, a hy othesis seemin
gly su orted by the recent galaxy merger activity evinced by the tidal tail. To
test this hy othesis, the very next night the team obtained a s ectrum of the g
alaxy with the DEIMOS s ectrogra h on the 10-meter (400-inch) Keck II Telesco e
on Mauna Kea, Hawaii.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >The s ectrum showed that the two central nuclei in the galaxy were indeed bot
h AGNs, su orting the team’s hy othesis that the galaxy has two su ermassive blac
k holes. The black holes may be waltzing within the host galaxy, or the galaxy m
ay have a recoiling black hole kicked out of the galaxy by gravity wave emission
; additional observations are necessary to distinguish between these ex lanation
s.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >Comerford said these new techniques can be used to find many more waltzing a
irs in the future.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >Could this be a macro exam le of the famous Double Helix, famous in the micro
realm as DNA? Yes Virginia, it is. So now, at the galaxy level, we have a doubl
e helix, a quantum vortex, and evidence of matter flow. Cou led with su er condu
ctivity. Ummmm…remember how this a er began? And where do the energy, mass and ma
tter that enter these black holes go? How does our universe continue to ex and?<
/ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >In the megaverse, there are all ty es of universes in all states of existence
. Some ex anding, some contracting. The law of conservation of energy is an em i
rical law of hysics. It states that the total amount of energy in an isolated s
ystem remains constant over time (is said to be conserved over time). A conseque
nce of this law is that energy can neither be created nor destroyed: it can only
be transformed from one state to another. The only thing that can ha en to ene
rgy in a closed system is that it can change form: for instance chemical energy
can become kinetic energy. So if our universe is ex anding, where is the energy
coming from? It may be from other universes that are contracting. If this is the
case, our universe may have started with a big flow, not a big bang. Perha s it
was a big o . Consider two universes in close roximity in the stew ot. A bra
ne emerges from one due to ex ansion. That brane, a bubble if you will, bulges o
ut. It eru ts into an adjacent small universe, and begins to our massive amount
s of matter and energy into the smaller bubble. The smaller bubble ex ands at a
fantastic, or “ex losive” rate, and like a deflating balloon, the universe feed it b
egins to contract. Or instead of a brane, or bubble, let’s think of an incredibly
large black hole. A black hole may unch through into the smaller bubble with ac
celerated energy and matter ouring out of its host universe. But no matter how
the mechanics work, no energy conservation law is violated. But back to the ear
l of the aranormal aradox. The worm hole. S ecifically, the Transuniversal Wor
mhole.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >Floating in the broth, are incredibly long cosmic strings. These strings are
numerous, erha s infinite in theor o ulation, and each one of them vibrates at
its own unique frequency. On occasion, however, these strings a roach one anot
her. As they do, they begin to resonate with each other and entangle. As they en
tangle, the form a double helix as art of a quantum vortex effect. If there are
two adjacent universes in roximity to this entanglement, the strings will be a
ffected by the gravitational ull of these universes.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >Two Cosmic Strings a roach</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >The begin to resonate</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >Once they reach resonance they entangle, the gravity of the two adjacent univ
erses attract them. In some cases, one end of the air goes toward one universe,
while the o osite ends are attracted to the other. As they come into contact,
the “broth” of exotic matter stabilizes the throats, and a conduit is created.</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >Connected, stable, trans-universal wormhole</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >At this oint, information, energy and matter can travel back and forth betwe
en the two universes, de ending on which conduit tube they travel through. But,
there is a roblem. Due to incom atibility with exotic matter and our own matter
, since we are not isolated from direct contact by a hologra hic barrier, artic
le annihilations occur. The exotic matter quickly de letes, and the wormhole col
la ses, only to reform once a sufficient amount of stabilizing exotic matter is
accumulated. So how does this tie into the study of aranormal henomena?</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
< >Paranormal henomena, regardless of the area of study (Cry tozoology, UFOlogy
or “s irit manifestations” are highly transitory. They come and go, much like a wor
mhole. What if, these wormholes are the conduit between our world and the next?
My team has collected evidence that may indicate just such a relationshi .</ >
< >&nbs ;</ >
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