UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

International General Certificate of Secondary Education

* 5 6 9 6 0 5 8 5 6 8 *

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 0453/02

Paper 2 October/November 2012
2 hours
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Ruler

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Answer all the questions.

You may not need all the answer lines for your answer.

You should read and study the sources before answering the questions.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

For Examiner’s Use

Total

This document consists of 19 printed pages and 1 blank page.

DC [NF/CGW) 49948/5
© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
 2

1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows three migrants. For

Examiner’s
Use

A. “My farmland has been flooded and my family is starving so we

are walking to the Red Cross camp where we can get food aid”.

B. “I am moving across the border into the United States where I

can look for a job fruit picking”.

C. “I am escaping from my country to avoid being killed because

of my religious and political beliefs”.

Fig. 1

Three different types of migrant are:

• asylum seeker;

• economic migrant;

• refugee.

For each of the people in Fig. 1 identify which type of migrant is shown.

A. ......................................................................................................................................

B. ......................................................................................................................................

C. .....................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12

 3

(b) Study Fig. 2, which shows how the number of migrants from a country changes as it For
develops economically. Examiner’s
Use

high

number
of
migrants

low
low high
economic development

Fig. 2

(i) Describe how the number of migrants from a country changes as it develops.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Suggest three reasons why the number of migrants from a country is likely to
change with economic development.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 7 marks]

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12 [Turn over

 4

2 (a) Study Fig. 3, which shows the countries of origin of migrants living in Denmark, a high income
European country.
Bosnia-
Iceland
Herzegovina
USA
Thailand
Iran

Morocco

Norway

U.K.

Germany
Philippines

Pakistan
Sri Lanka
DENMARK

Poland

Netherlands

Sweden
Afghanistan

Iraq Turkey

Somalia
China Lebanon
Vietnam
Scale:

more than European

Key:
20 000 migrants country

10 001 to Non - European

20 000 migrants country

5001 to
10 000 migrants

Fig. 3
© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12
 5

(i) Complete the table below by putting the following countries in rank order according For
to the number of migrants from them who are living in Denmark. Examiner’s
Use

CHINA GERMANY NORWAY

Country Number of migrants from the country

living in Denmark

More than 20 000

10 001 to 20 000

5001 to 10 000

[1]

(ii) Name one low income country and one high income country from which between
5001 and 10 000 people have migrated into Denmark.

Low income country .................................................................................................

High income country ................................................................................................

[2]

(iii) Is it true that many migrants to Denmark are from Europe? Refer to actual examples
of countries in your answer.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12 [Turn over

 6

(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows the number of immigrants to and emigrants from Denmar k For
between 1980 and 2006. Examiner’s
Use

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

(i) Compare the pattern of immigrants to and emigrants from Denmark between 1980 and
2006. Refer to statistics and years in your answer. [5]

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12

 7

(ii) Suggest two benefits for countries of receiving large numbers of immigrants. For
Examiner’s
1 ............................................................................................................................... Use

..................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Describe three impacts for a low income country of large numbers of people
migrating away from it.

1 ...............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

3 ...............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 16 marks]

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12 [Turn over

 8

3 (a) Study Fig. 5, which shows information about a research investigation carried out in For
Denmark. Examiner’s
Use
Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

(i) The main aim of the investigation was to find out why some Nigerian people had migrated to
Denmark. Use your own words to state the other two aims of the investigation.
1 ...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Describe three possible problems of using data from the Internet in research investigations.
1 ...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
3 ...............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) What is the difference between an open-ended question and a closed question?
...............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12

 9

(iv) Questionnaires were given out for people to fill in and return at a later date. Explain For
the advantages and disadvantages of using questionnaires in a study such as Examiner’s
this. Use

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [6]

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12 [Turn over

 10

(b) Study Fig. 6, a diagram which shows methods of sampling. For

Examiner’s
Use
SAMPLE (to represent the whole population)

METHOD
OF
)
PROBABILITY SAMPLE (unbiased) NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLE (biased)
SAMPLING )
TYPE
OF
)
RANDOM SYSTEMATIC STRATIFIED OPPORTUNITY JUDGEMENT QUOTA
SAMPLING )

Fig. 6

(i) From Fig. 6 identify one type of sample which is a probability sample and one which
is a non-probability sample.

Probability sample ....................................................................................................

Non-probability sample ........................................................................................ [1]

(ii) What is the difference between a biased and an unbiased method of sampling?

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Choose one type of sample from Fig. 6 and explain how it could be used to select a
sample of 25 Nigerian migrants to give questionnaires to.

Type of sample ..........................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12

 11

(c) Study Fig. 7, which shows information about the type of sample used by the researchers. For
Examiner’s
Use

We used another type of sampling, snowball sampling, in our research study about
Nigerian migration to Denmark. To do this we identified one Nigerian immigrant
and gave him a questionnaire. We then asked him to pass a questionnaire to
another Nigerian immigrant and so on.

Fig. 7

(i) Suggest reasons why the researchers used snowball sampling in this investigation.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Explain why snowball sampling may be unreliable.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 21 marks]

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12 [Turn over

 12

4 (a) The main aim of the investigation was to find out why some Nigeruan people had For
migrated to Denmark. Examiner’s
Use

The researchers found out that the three most important push and pull factors were:

PUSHES

– Poverty
– Lack of safety
– Corruption

PULLS

– Employment
– Social benefits
– Education

(i) What is meant by the terms ‘push factor’ and ‘pull factor’?

Push Factor ..............................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

Pull Factor ................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12

 13

(ii) Explain fully why poverty and employment are factors which encourage migration For
from low income countries to high income countries. Examiner’s
Use

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [4]

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12 [Turn over

 14

Fig. 8, 9, 10 and 11, about Denmark and Nigeria, were obtained by the researchers. For
Examiner’s
(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows government spending on social benefits in Denmark in 2007. Use

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

Fig. 8

(i) How much money was spent in Denmark on health care in 2007?

....................................................................................................... billion kroner [1]

(ii) Explain how people living in a country benefit from government spending on:

• pensions

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

• health care

..................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12
............................................................................................................................. [2]
 15

(c) Study Fig. 9, which shows information about safety on the roads in Nigeria and Denmark For
in 2004. Examiner’s
Use
Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

To what extent do you think the statistics in Fig. 9 help to support the findings of the
researchers about why Nigerian people had migrated to Denmark?
Give reasons for your answer. [5]

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12 [Turn over

 16

(d) Study Fig. 10, a graph which shows adult literacy and the percentage of Gross Domestic For
Product (GDP) spent on education in selected countries. Examiner’s
Use

Relationship between % of GDP spent

on education and adult literacy
8 Denmark

6
UK

% of GDP
spent on 4
education
India Chile

Angola Philippines
2

Nigeria

0
50 60 70 80 90 100
Adult literacy (%)

Fig. 10

(i) Complete Fig. 10 by plotting the following information for Kenya:

% of GDP spent on education = 7.0

Adult literacy (%) = 85 [1]

(ii) Compare the percentage of GDP spent on education and the adult literacy of
Denmark and Nigeria. Give statistics in your answer.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [4]

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12

 17

(iii) What type of relationship is shown between adult liter acy and the percentage of For
GDP spent on education? Refer to countries and statistics in your answer. Examiner’s
Use

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12 [Turn over

 18

(e) Study Fig. 11, which shows what a sample of Nigerian people thought about corruption For
in Nigeria. Examiner’s
(NB Corruption occurs when people are dishonest and can be bribed.) Use

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

(i) Complete Fig. 11 by plotting the following information for what people interviewed
thought about the elected leaders. 5% thought none were corrupt 50% thought some
were corrupt 45% thought most were corrupt [3]

(ii) What percentage of the people interviewed thought:

•some border officials were corrupt,
...................................................................
•most government officials were corrupt?
..................................................... [2]

(iii) Suggest two reasons why high levels of corruption may encourage people to migrate
from a country.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 29 marks]

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12

 19

5 Abasiama is a 35 year old Nigerian who migrated to Denmark in 2008. For

Examiner’s
Before he migrated he worked as a school teacher in Lagos, the capital of Nigeria, where his Use

family and children are still living. He now works in a fish processing factory in Copenhagen,
the capital city of Denmark. He needs to make a decision about his future.

The options he is considering are to:

A. Remain in Copenhagen and continue working in the factory.
B. Remain in Copenhagen and study in the University there to qualify as a teacher in
Denmark.
C. Return to Nigeria and find work teaching in a school there.
Which of these options do you think Abasiama should choose and why?

To do this you should explain the advantages of your chosen option and the disadvantages
of the two options which you have not chosen.

Chosen option .........................................................................................................................

Advantages of chosen option ..................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

Disadvantages of first option not chosen ................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

Disadvantages of second option not chosen ..........................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [7]

[Total: 7 marks]

[Total: 80 marks]
© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12
 20

BLANK PAGE

Copyright Acknowledgements:

Question 2b Fig. 4 © AMENDED; http://diggy.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/3189/1/Reasons%20for%20Nigerian%20people%20migration%20to%20Europe.pdf.

Question 3a Fig. 5 © AMENDED; http://diggy.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/3189/1/Reasons%20for%20Nigerian%20people%20migration%20to%20Europe.pdf.
Question 4 Fig. 8 © AMENDED; http://diggy.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/3189/1/Reasons%20for%20Nigerian%20people%20migration%20to%20Europe.pdf.
Question 4 Fig. 9 © AMENDED; http://diggy.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/3189/1/Reasons%20for%20Nigerian%20people%20migration%20to%20Europe.pdf.
Question 4e Fig. 11 © AMENDED; http://diggy.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/3189/1/Reasons%20for%20Nigerian%20people%20migration%20to%20Europe.pdf.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to tr ace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambr idge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2012 0453/02/O/N/12