CS101 SHORT QUESTIONS FULL BOOK

Prepared by:
Jhanzaib Pervaiz
&
Ghazal Aziz
What is Cyber Crime?
Crimes committed with the use of computers or relating to computers, especially
through the Internet. Universally, Cyber Crime is understood as "an unlawful act
where in the computer is either a tool or a target or both". Cyber Crimes are
different from conventional crimes as in cyber crimes; the crime is committed in an
electronic medium and here mens rea is not a requirement but is rather a general
rule under the penal provisions of the Information Technology Act. The element of
mens rea in Internet crimes is that the offender must have been aware at the time of
causing the computer to perform the function that the access thus intended to be
secured was unauthorized.
What are the classification of Cyber Crime?
Tampering with computer source documents: Hacking: Publishing of information,
which is obscene in electronic form Accessing protected system Breach of
confidentiality and privacy
Tell me about Split ( delimiter ) string's property?
Splint function returns an array of strings, created by splitting string into
substrings, at delimiter boundaries.
What is the word "Plug-in" means?
In the early '90s, the Internet really started to take off in popularity, and the
number of Web sites skyrocketed. There was suddenly a wide variety of people
producing Web pages, and they had all sorts of multimedia content they wanted to
be able to include. Rather than trying to change browsers to recognize and display
these many different forms of content, Web innovators launched the idea of browser
plug-ins. Plug-ins are programs that work with your browser to read and play a
certain type of file. They are relatively small pieces of software, so it doesn't take
users forever to download them off the Internet. They are specifically designed to
work with a particular type of file, so they can accomplish a lot of things that a basic
browser can't.
Can you tell me when a function calls itself what is this called?
It is called "recursive call of a function".When function is called within itself, it is
called recursion or recursive call. The ability of a routine to call itself is called
recursion. Recursion enables certain algorithms to be implemented with small,
simple routines, but it does not guarantee speed or efficiency. Erroneous use of
recursion can cause a program to run out of stack space during execution, causing
the program, and sometimes the entire system, to crash.
Decribe the ways of calling function?
There are two ways to call a function. 1) A function call appearing as a complete
statement. It happens where function doesn't return a value. 2) A function call
appearing as part of a statement. Definitions of such functions include a ‘return’
statement. It happens where function returns a value.
Tell me about OnFocus and OnBlur.
1) onBlur - form element loses focus or when a window or frame loses focus. 2)
onFocus - window, frame, frameset or form element receives focus. In first case,
event will occur when element will loose the focus. In second case, event will occur
when element will receive focus.
What is the use of MsAcess?
MS Access is a Data Base Management System(DBMS) by Microsoft.A DBMS is a
software package by which you can develop a database.You can insert,delete and
update data into that database.You can develop reports and forms too.
I have confusion in concepts of 3-D and 2-D.
2D Graphics means showing graphics in two axis. Most of the graphics you see are
2D Graphics. 3D Graphics means showing Graphics in 3 axis
How does RuleBased system work ?
Rule based Systems are based on the principles of the logical reasoning and ability
of human. Components of an RBS: –Rulebase –Working memory –Rule interpreter
Robotics
What are Robotics?
Automatic machines that perform various tasks that were previously done by
humans. Example: –Pilot-less combat airplanes –Land-mine hunters –Autonomous
vacuum-cleaners
How can I add sound effects in my presentation?
You select the object on which you want to have a sound effect and then right click
and you will see an option "Action Settings" ,click on it and then select a sound
from list given.
Tell me about PowerPoint(PP),which is the part of Multimedia.Would you
compare it with other Multimedia like flash?
PowerPoint (PP) is intended to produce desktop presentations (e.g., driving a slide
Projector) or to produce actual film slides (using a film recorder); it is Not a tool for
Web presentations. If you have a lot of presentations already In PP, you may be
forced to try its HTML export features, may have problems with the resulting
HTML (large file sizes, lots of garbage tags, poor image quality). If you're fortunate
enough to be starting from scratch, you're better to stick with a tool designed and
optimized specifically for the Web. Flash is used to prepare presentations, games,
animations so it is much powerful tool than Microsoft PowerPoint.
I have confusion about open source and firmware.
Open Source Software’s are available with their source code. Many are available on
internet, for example, very famous Operating System LINUX is open source i.e. its
source is available. Firmware is software embedded in the chips, for example,
Programs in BIOS etc.
Tell me about interface?
Interface is the point of interaction or communication between a computer and any
other entity, such as a printer or human operator.
Tell me about Processor Management and some simple example.
The heart of managing the processor comes down to two related issues: 1) Ensuring
that each process and application receives enough of the processor's time to function
properly. 2) Using as many processor cycles for real work as is possible
What are MVS & VMS?
MVS is an operating system for mainframe computers. Both VMS and MVS are
multi-user operating systems.
What is the meaning of GUI-based?
GUI (Graphical User Interface) based system facilitates the user to interact with
computer graphically like use of windows.
What is word processing and desktop top publishing?
The art and science of converting written information into a form that looks
pleasing when printed is called Word Processing. A combination of word processing
and graphic design is called Desktop Publishing. Used to develop elegant documents
–Examples: •Adobe PageMaker •Quark Press •Corel Ventura •MS Publisher
What is the difference between "Object based Language" and "Object
Oriented Language"?
Object oriented language supports inheritance, polymorphism etc, while object
based don't. Object based languages use objects having their attributes / properties
which can be modified according to our requirements.
What is the difference b/w "Programming" & "Scripting"?
Computer programming is a term to develop programs using some programming
language. Computer Programming which makes the site work called
script/programs which for example: call data from databases; make mailing systems
work and control the content of the site.
I could not understand the execution of code in languages.
A program or software is developed by writing the code using some programming
language, when completed then executed (to perform what is required) to test /
implement that program or software.
What is the meaning of integration testing?
Integration testing is a logical extension of unit testing. In its simplest form, two
units that have already been tested are combined into a component and the interface
between them is tested. A component, in this sense, refers to an integrated aggregate
of more than one unit. In a realistic scenario, many units are combined into
components, which are in turn aggregated into even larger parts of the program.
The idea is to test combinations of pieces and eventually expand the process to test
your modules with those of other groups.
Why JavaScript variables are dynamically typed?
Dynamically typed variables can hold any type of data and it could contain data of
different type midway of program. It is simple to develop for short programs. As
your question is concerned, I would like to say that each programming language has
its own features depending on the requirements of the tasks for which that
particular language is developed.
Explain Band Width.
Bandwidth has a general meaning of how much information can be carried in a
given tim period (usually a second) over a wired or wireless communications link. In
digital systems, bandwidth is expressed as bits (of data) per second (bps).
What are protocols? Define these with some examples.
A set of rules or standards designed to enable computers to connect with one
another and to exchange information with as little error as possible.
Please tell me what is Arguments of function?
When a function is called by a caller then sometimes it is required to pass some
values to function so that function receive these and process those to perform its
function. When a function is called, the arguments in the call are mapped to the
arguments specified in the function definition on a one-to-one basis
I have some confusion in the server definition.
server 1) In general, a server is a computer program that provides services to other
computer programs in the same or other computers. 2) The computer that a server
program runs in is also frequently referred to as a server (though it may contain a
number of server and client programs). 3) In the client/server programming model,
a server is a program that awaits and fulfills requests from client programs in the
same or other computers. A given application in a computer may function as a client
with requests for services from other programs and also as a server of requests from
other programs.
What are utilities, device drivers and what are their functions?
Utilities are small software’s which are used in daily routine of computers for
example Picture viewer, Hard Disk Formatter, Wallpaper Changer etc. Device
Drivers are software’s which are necessary for a device to function properly, for
example, Sound Card drivers etc.
What are CGI and ASP scripts?
(Common Gateway Interface) -- A set of rules that describe how a Web Server
communicates with another piece of software on the same machine, and how the
other piece of software (the 'CGI program') talks to the web server. Any piece of
software can be a CGI program if it handles input and output according to the CGI
standard. Usually a CGI program is a small program that takes data from a web
server and does something with it, like putting the content of a form into an e-mail
message, or turning the data into a database query. CGI "scripts" are just scripts
which use CGI. ASP is also scripting language to develop scripts.
What is an "Interpreted" language?
An interpreted program, sometimes called a script, is a program whose instructions
are actually a logically sequenced series of operating system commands, handled one
at a time by a command interpreter. An interpreted language supports interpreted
programming.
What is the use of SDLC?
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the overall process of developing
information systems through a multi step process from investigation of initial
requirements through analysis, design, implementation and maintenance. There are
many different models and methodologies, but each generally consists of a series of
defined steps or stages.
Explain FTP & SMTP?
FTP, a client-server protocol which allows a user on one computer to transfer files
to and from another computer over a TCP/IP network. Also the client program the
user executes to transfer files. One of the most useful services of the Internet is FTP.
The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) delivers mail. The Distinct SMTP
combined with the MIME component allows you to automate the encoding and
sending of e-mail attachments. The SMTP component provides an interface to the
mail delivery service, including the option of connecting via a firewall proxy server.
An application may use SMTP to send notification, such as a report detailing logins
to a secure system or information about hits on the company's web site, to a user via
e-mail.
What is VPN?
A virtual private network (VPN) is a way to use a public telecommunication
infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide remote offices or individual users
with secure access to their organization's network. A virtual private network can be
contrasted with an expensive system of owned or leased lines that can only be used
by one organization. The goal of a VPN is to provide the organization with the same
capabilities, but at a much lower cost. A VPN works by using the shared public
infrastructure while maintaining privacy through security procedures and
tunneling protocols such as the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP). In effect, the
protocols, by encrypting data at the sending end and decrypting it at the receiving
end, send the data through a "tunnel" that cannot be "entered" by data that is not
properly encrypted. An additional level of security involves encrypting not only the
data, but also the originating and receiving network addresses.
What is point 2 point topology?
The P2P acronym technically stands for "peer-to-peer" computer networking.
Webopedia defines P2P as "A type of network in which each workstation has
equivalent capabilities and responsibilities. This differs from client/server
architectures, in which some computers are dedicated to serving the others. "
What are bitmap graphics and vector graphics and difference between
them?
In Vector Graphics A shape maintains its identity i.e. it doesn't mix in other shapes.
Shapes of Vector Graphics are independent of Resolution. Size of Vector Graphics
files is very small. In bitmap Graphics A shape does not maintain its identity i.e. it is
mixed in other shapes. Shapes of Vector Graphics are not independent of Resolution
i.e. they lose quality on different resolution. Size of Vector Graphics files is not
much small.
What is the difference between "Compiler" and "Interpreter"?
A compiler is a special program that processes statements written in a particular
programming language (source code) and turns them into machine language or
"code" that a computer's processor uses. Compiler converts the source code into
object code only once. It doesn’t need every time this conversion while execution.
Interpreter does the same thing but it converts the code line by line each time while
executing the program.
What is the purpose of switch statement as we have IF conditional
statement.
If and switch statements are used to perform particular tasks against one or more
conditions. We use switch statement, If the action to be taken of the value of a single
variable (or a single expression). In this case, we normally know the expected values
of variable or expression. We use the ‘if...else’ structure, when the action depends on
the values of multiple variables (or expressions).
What is simple meaning of loop? What is the concept behind the "while"
and "for" loop structures?
Loop is a sequence of instructions that repeats either a specified number of times or
until a particular condition prevails. We use for loop to repeat a task to some
specified numbers, on the other hand we use while loop, for some condition
What is the meaning of "thumb rule"?
Meaning According to a rough and ready rule. Description A rule of thumb is an
easy-to-remember guideline that isn't necessarily a hard-and-fast rule or scientific
formula but it's more than just a dumb guess. For centuries rule of thumb has been
used as an estimated measurement by many craftsmen including carpenters,
brewers, and tailors.
Tell me about heuristics is it experience or general judgment which is
gotten after long period of working am I right?
Heuristics is the application of experience-derived knowledge to a problem.
What is the function of array and also describe the compound statement.
Array is an indexed list of element and used to store multiple values. Compound
statements contain (groups of) other statements; they affect or control the execution
of other statements in some way.
What is the function of HUB if more than one computer tries to
communicate simultaneously?
Such situation in a network is called collision. .Different protocols avoid collision in
different ways. For example, in token ring protocol, which computer has a token
only that can send message to others, so only one computer can send data at one
time.
What is the difference between the application & system softwares?
System software is program that generally performs the background tasks in a
computer. These programs, many times, talk directly to the Hardware e.g.
Operating system software, Device drivers while Application software are programs
that generally interact with the user to perform work that is useful to the user.
These programs generally talk to the hardware through the assistance of system
software e.g., scientific, business application.
What are the main utilities of forms?
Forms are used to get / post user data. This data could be either required by the
website (e.g. order taking form) or user request (e.g. use of search engine). These
help in passing the variables to the other page.
How I can introduce button for browsing?
You can bring the browse button by setting the Type property of the Input tag to
"File" like this Input type=File
What is batch mode?
In batch mode, computers take data and keep on processing it and require no
interaction by the user. Daily life example of this is Printing press machine that
takes a plate and then keep on printing the papers.
What is batch file?
A batch file is a text file that contains a sequence of commands for a computer
operating system. It's called a batch file because it batches (bundles or packages)
into a single file a set of commands that would otherwise have to be presented to the
system interactively from a keyboard one at a time. A batch file is usually created
for command sequences for which a user has a repeated need. Commonly needed
batch files are often delivered as part of an operating system. You initiate the
sequence of commands in the batch file by simply entering the name of the batch file
on a command line.
Why we use algorithm and what is its practical use?
Once we find an algorithm for solving a problem, we do not need to re-discover it
the next time we are faced with that problem •Once an algorithm is known, the task
of solving the problem reduces to following (almost blindly and without thinking)
the instructions precisely •All the knowledge required for solving the problem is
present in the algorithm
What is the Spaghetti Design Methodology ?
Spaghetti Design Methodology is unstructured programming technique. It doesn’t
have any sense, structure, design and discipline. It’s very hard to maintain as well as
enhance them. It’s so popular the reason behind it is that it doesn’t need any extra
effort, programming knowledge and skills. So that’s why it’s so common.
Tell me about Prompt and Instance of an object.
Instance is an object, in object-oriented programming, in relation to the class to
which it belongs. For example, an object myList that belongs to a class List is an
instance of the class List. In command-driven systems, one or more symbols that
indicate where users are to enter commands. For instance, in MS-DOS, the prompt
is generally a drive letter followed by a greater than symbol (C>).
How can we differentiate between DIMM and SIMM?
DIMM (dual in-line memory module), a small circuit board that holds memory
chips. A single in-line memory module (SIMM) has a 32-bit path to the memory
chips whereas a DIMM has 64-bit path.
What does FPU mean?
A floating point unit (FPU), also known as a numeric coprocessor, is a
microprocessor or special circuitry in a more general microprocessor that
manipulates numbers more quickly than the basic microprocessor your computer
uses. It does so by having a special set of instructions that focus entirely on large
mathematical operations. A floating point unit is often built into today's personal
computers, but it is needed only for special applications such as graphic image
processing or display. Personal computers that don't have floating point units can
sometimes handle software that requires them by installing a floating point
emulator.
Is Micro-controller resembles with ROM?
ROM means that the instructions inside that chip is only readable, it can not be
modified. So in this sense these microcontrollers are ROM. Otherwise
Microcontrollers are just as Microprocessors.
How does heat sink works?
Heat Sink takes the heat from Microprocessor and spreads it in the environment so
heat is not gathered over Processor.
What is USB port?
USB (Universal Serial Bus) Universal Serial Bus is a relatively new connector that
was meant to replace Serial and Parallel ports. Its a flat, keyed connector with four
contacts that was designed for mid-speed peripherals such as scanners, keyboards,
mice, joysticks, printers, modems and some CD-ROMs. USB is unique in that it is
completely hot-swappable. In other words, you can plug it in or unplug it while the
computer is on. Your computer should recognize it as soon as its plugged in, and
you should have use of the device immediately. USB allows you to daisy-chain up to
127 devices. This means that you could have a joystick plugged in, with a printer
plugged into that, and a scanner plugged into the printer, etc.
Who was first programmer of the computer,and what progamme does he
desigened?
World's first programmer was Ada Byron who write a program for Analytical
engine of Babbage.
What is search engine?
A search engine is a coordinated set of programs that includes: A spider (also called
a "crawler") that goes to every page or representative pages on every Web site that
wants to be searchable and reads it, using hypertext links on each page to discover
and read a site's other pages A program that creates a huge index (sometimes called
a "catalog") from the pages that have been read. A program that receives your
search request, compares it to the entries in the index, and returns results to you
Search engine is a computer program which try to find new web pages on the web
and if it found any term and key word which is new, it just store this key word or
term into its index list and the address of the corresponding web site.
www.google.com is an example of search engine.
What is the working of HTTP in our world wide web?
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a protocol (rules to follow during
communication) used by the World Wide Web (WWW), and allows
communications between linked computers all over the world. HTTP defines how
messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions a web server and
browser should take in response to various commands.
What is plotter?
The device used to draw charts, diagrams, and other line-based graphics. Plotters
use either pens or electrostatic charges and toner (Powdered pigment that is used in
office copiers and in laser, LED, and LCD printers. Pen plotters draw on paper or
transparencies with one or more colored pens. Electrostatic plotters "draw" a
pattern on electro statically charged dots on the paper and then apply toner and
fuse it in place. Plotters use three basic types of paper handling: flatbed, drum, and
pinch roller. Flatbed plotters hold the paper still and move the pen along both x and
y axes. Drum plotters roll the paper over a cylinder. The pen moves along one axis
while the drum, with the paper attached, moves along the other. Pinch-roller
plotters are a hybrid of the two, in which the pen moves only along one axis while
the paper is moved back and forth by small rollers.
What is the difference between the Mainframe computer and the Super
computer?
A supercomputer is a computer that performs at or near the currently highest
operational rate for computers. A supercomputer is typically used for scientific and
engineering applications that must handle very large databases or do a great
amount of computation (or both). At any given time, there are usually a few
wellpublicized
supercomputers that operate at the very latest and always incredible
speeds. Mainframe computer is a very large and expensive computer capable of
supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. In the hierarchy
that starts with a simple microprocessor (in watches, for example) at the bottom and
moves to supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below supercomputers. In
some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they
support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can execute a single
program faster than a mainframe.
What is the main difference between VCD and DVD?
DVD (digital versatile disc) is an optical disc technology that is expected to rapidly
replace the CD-ROM disc (as well as the audio compact disc) over the next few
years. The digital versatile disc (DVD) holds 4.7 gigabyte of information on one of its
two sides, or enough for a 133-minute movie. VCD (also called video CD, video
compact disc or "disc") is a compact disk format based on CD-ROM XA that is
specifically designed to hold MPEG-1 video data. VCD resolution is far short of the
resolution of DVD. Each VCD disk holds 72-74 minutes of video and has a data
transfer rate of 1.44 Mbps.
What are Embeded Computers? Do they have all the parts of hardware
that normal PCs have?
Embedded Computers are infact small chips which are programmed to do some
specific task like Microprocessor of a PC. Examples include SIMs of Mobile
sets,chips in machines of daily life usage etc.These dont contain all those parts that a
simple PC has.
what is the purpose of transistor?
The transistor, invented by three scientists at the Bell Laboratories in 1947, rapidly
replaced the vacuum tube as an electronic signal regulator. A transistor regulates
current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals.
What is the true definition of Computer.Is computer a device or an
electronic machine?
A lot of definitions are there for computers. Here are some simple definitions. 1)A
device that accepts data, processes the data in accordance with a stored program,
generates results, and usually consists of input, output, storage, arithmetic, logic,
and control units. 2) A functional unit that can perform substantial computation,
including numerous arithmetic operations or logic operations, without human
intervention during a run.
Please explain the Turning Machine in a bit detail. How did it play part
in evolution of computer
It was introduced by Alan Turing in 1936, Turing machines are one of the key
abstractions used in modern computability theory, the study of what computers can
and cannot do. A Turing machine is a particularly simple kind of computer, one
whose operations are limited to reading and writing symbols on a tape, or moving
along the tape to the left or right. The tape is marked off into squares, each of which
can be filled with at most one symbol. At any given point in its operation, the Turing
machine can only read or write on one of these squares, the square located directly
below its "read/write" head.
What is the difference b/w network and internet?
Two or more computers connected to communicate with each other form a network.
The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer
networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they
have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk
directly to users at other computers).
Describe the Domain, Domain name & Protocol.
1) In general, a domain is an area of control or a sphere of knowledge. 2) On the
Internet, a domain consists of a set of network addresses. This domain is organized
in levels. The top level identifies geographic or purpose commonality (for example,
the nation that the domain covers or a category such as "commercial"). The second
level identifies a unique place within the top level domain and is, in fact, equivalent
to a unique address on the Internet (an IP address). Lower levels of domain may
also be used. 3) Protocols are the set of rules followed by the computers during
communication.
What is the different between HYPERLINK and HYPER MEDIA?
Essentially, hypermedia is the modern extension of hypertext, the hyperlinked, text–
based documents of the original Internet. Hypermedia attempts to offer a working
and learning environment that parallels human thinking—that is, one in which the
user can make associations between topics, rather than move sequentially from one
to the next, as in an alphabetic list. An image or portion of text on a Web page that
is linked to another Web page, either on the same site or in another Web site is
called Hyperlink. via email means through email.
What is URL?
When a user enters a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) in a browser, he/she is
sending an HTTP command to the web server directing it to retrieve and transmit
the requested document. A URL is the global address of a web site. The first part of
the address (i.e., http://) indicates which protocol is to be used. The second part
specifies the IP address (i.e., http://www.ectag.org), which identifies the unique
server assigned to the domain name (URL). The final part tells the server where the
document or resource is located on the server.
How much the storage capacity of a punch card has?
The punch cards used for the storage of data of different type and there storage
capacity is different with respect to the kind of data store in them the normally store
capacity was 1000 words of 50 decimal digits used to hold variables and results.
What is Quantum Mechanics?
Factoring a number with 400 digits--a numerical feat needed to break some security
codes--would take even the fastest supercomputer in existence billions of years. But
a newly conceived type of computer, one that exploits quantum-mechanical
interactions, might complete the task in a year or so, thereby defeating many of the
most sophisticated encryption schemes in use. Sensitive data are safe for the time
being, because no one has been able to build a practical quantum computer. But
researchers have now demonstrated the feasibility of this approach. Such a
computer would look nothing like the machine that sits on your desk; surprisingly,
it might resemble the cup of coffee at its side. Several research groups believe
quantum computers based on the molecules in a liquid might one day overcome
many of the limits facing conventional computers. Roadblocks to improving
conventional computers will ultimately arise from the fundamental physical bounds
to miniaturization (for example, because transistors and electrical wiring cannot be
made slimmer than the width of an atom). Or they may come about for practical
reasons--most likely because the facilities for fabricating still more powerful
microchips will become prohibitively expensive. Yet the magic of quantum
mechanics might solve both these problems.
What is the difference between "Internet & Intranet"?
An intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprise. It may
consist of many interlinked local area networks and also use leased lines in the wide
area network. The main purpose of an intranet is to share company information
and computing resources among employees. An intranet can also be used to
facilitate working in groups and for teleconferences. The vast collection of
interconnected
networks that all use the TCP/IP protocols - a network of networks in
which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from
any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers)
What is the use of Java applets in World Wide Web?
Java Applets are objects which are developed in Java and then embedded in HTML
page and they are downloaded on Client machine. Applets can be used to some
animation or some other processing to avoid congestion in network traffic.
What about machine cycle?
Machine cycle is a set of four basic operations repeated by the control unit 1.
fetching an instruction 2. decoding the instruction 3. executing the instruction and if
necessary 4. storing the result. The time it takes to fetch is called instruction time, or
f-time, and the time it take to decode and execute is called execution time or E-time.
Adding together f-time and E-time gives the total time required for a machine cycle.
The machine cycle is also called the instruction cycle.
Diffirence Between Fragmentation and Defragmentatoin?
In fragmentation parts of a file that have become fragmented through rewriting and
updating. A defragger physically restores the file to contiguous sectors on a hard
disk to speed up access as much as 75 percent. This is also called process of
defragmentation or "defragging;"
Explain the Diffirence between Transactional Processing and Real Time
Processing
Real time processing that process information at the same rate as they receive data,
enabling them to direct or control a process. Transaction processing is a processing
method in which transactions are executed immediately after they are received by
the system. Transanction processing and real time processing is almost the same
thing.
what is Micro-Controller?
A microcontroller is a complete computer on a chip but it does not contain large
amounts of memory. They have their own processor and low memory.
Microcontrollers are used in video games, videocassette recorders (VCRs), and
automobiles.
What is the purpose of attribute "Action" in "Form" Tag ?
The “Action” attribute specify the file that takes action against the form submission.
Infact the value of "Action" attribute in "Form" tag is always a URL(Uniform
Resource Locator). This URL represents path of that file which has to take some
action when u submit your form. For example, When u fill ur form for email
address on free email services ( like Yahoo or Hotmail ) , and press "submit"
button,u r given error if u have missed any field and congratulated if u have done
well, that all validation is done by that file whose URL is given in that form's Action
attribute.
What are Literals ?
Literals are simply literally-written things, like a number or a string of characters.
Numbers are, in turn, treated as either integers (1,2,3, ....) or real (12.3, 5.21e23, ....)
depending on how they are written. Strings, or String literals are surrounded by
quotation marks (either single quotes or double quotes). For example Example:: In
example, x=12345 12345 is literal (integer) In eg, x=12.43 12.43 is literal (real) In eg,
Var x = y*5.21e4 5.21e4 is literal (real) In eg , var string ='that' "that" is literal
String In eg, var answer = true; true is literal Boolean For string literals, you need
special sequences to type to enter things like carriage returns, tabs, etc. These are
listed in a separate document.
What is a good online resource for the early learners of JavaScript?
Beginners can benefit from the following web-site for Learning JavaScript:
http://www.w3schools.com/js/default.asp
Why we use micro-controller instead of microprocessor?
The Micro-controllers are designed to perform some specific tasks. Unlike
microprocessors they cannot operate independently because they do not have RAM
of their own. Micro-controllers are embedded as part of various devices/equipment
e.g. Micro Wave Ovens, Televisions, Air conditioners, security systems etc.
Microprocessor is an integrated circuit that has three major portions: 1) Arithmetic
Unit 2) Control Unit 3) Data Bus/Registers and is capable of performing tasks
independently.
What is a word processor?
A program used to create, format, modify, save for later use and print documents.
The key advantage of word processor is its ability to make changes easily, such as
correcting spelling, changing margins, or adding, deleting, and relocating entire
blocks of text. Once created, the document can be printed quickly and accurately
and saved for later modifications.
Why Internet Explorer & Netscape Navigator are available for free?
Initially Netscape Navigator was not free but ever since the Internet Explorer was
launched by Microsoft, it is provided free with different products like Windows ,
MSOffice etc. forcing manufacturers of Netscape to distribute it free of cost. This
was also a strategic move to break the market of Netscape Navigator. While
Netscape was maturer in technology as well as stable in performance but due to free
availability, the Internet Explorer gained a lot of popularity.
How do I know that my email has been received?
When using any email client to send and receive email messages, there is an option,
which is used to have confirmation of email delivery/reading. That is when the user
receives the email, a confirmation mail is sent back to the sender. Certain other
email clients can also be configured to send a message even when the message is
displayed on the screen of the recepient's computer.
Why Multiple processors are used in Super Computers?
One very powerful processor is a lot more expensive than thousands of small
processors. Multiple processors running in parallel can perform tasks as efficiently
as the single most powerful chip available, but at a lot less cost. Hence it is very
economical to use multiple smaller processors working in parallel than a single
powerful processor in supercomputers.
What is the Capacity of Cache memory?
There are two types of cache. Internal & external. The capacity of internal as well as
external cache varies from processor to processor i.e. Intel P-III 1 GHz has cache
memory of size 512 KB and Intel Celeron 1GHz processor has cache memory
varying from 128 to 256 KB.
Classify the different types of memory.
1. Main memory (usually RAM: Random Access Memory) 2. ROM (Read Only
Memory used to hold BIOS (Basic Input Output System)) 3. Cache Memory (on
both board & processor) 4. Virtual memory(RAM on disk) (Note: Keep the
difference between memory and storage in mind.)
What is Virtual memory?
A part of disk storage can be made to behave like RAM. This is known as Virtual
Memory. When a file or program is too big for the computer to work with in its
memory, part of the data is stored on disk. This virtual storage is divided into
segments called pages; each page is correlated with a location in physical memory,
or RAM. When a page, which is not currently in the main memory, is referenced, it
is swapped into memory and is sent back to disk when other pages must be called
and loaded into main memory in place of the old one. The program runs as if all the
data is in memory.
What is Bus?
A set of conductors, which connect the functional units in a computer. It is called a
bus because it travels to all destinations (Actually it is like a network of connected
roads used by data to travel from one part to another). There are local buses that
connect elements within the CPU and buses which connect the computer to external
memory and peripherals. The bus width determines the speed of data transmission.
Most personal computers use 32-bit buses both internally and externally. Internal
buses are configured in parallel; there are also serial busses between computers in
networks (usually).
What is Batch Processing Computer System?
A system that takes a set (a "batch") of commands or jobs, executes them and
returns the results, all without human intervention. This contrasts with an
interactive system where the user's commands and the computer's responses are
interleaved during a single run.
What is hardware?
Everything in a computing environment that has physical attributes, like, it carries
weight, has definite shape and is touchable, is called hardware. e.g. Monitor,
Keyboard, CPU, printer, mouse etc. are all hardware.
After the successfull completion of this course, will I be able to make my
own Web pages and host them on the net ?
Yes after the completion of this course student will be able to make simple static
web pages and host them on the net