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With abdominal assessment, you inspect abdominis muscles often caused by pregnan-
first, then auscultate, percuss, and palpate. cy or obesity), or to differentiate a mass in
This order is different from the rest of the the abdominal wall from one below it, ask
body systems, for which you inspect, then your patient to raise his head. A bulge seen
percuss, palpate, and auscultate. The differ- in the abdomen is a common symptom of a
ence is based on the fact that physical han- hernia. Abdominal hernias are caused by a
dling of peritoneal contents may alter the combination of muscle weakness and strain
frequency of bowel sounds. that produces an opening in the abdominal
What do you need to know about inspec- musculature through which the abdominal
tion, auscultation, percussion, and palpation contents move.
of the abdomen? In this article, I’ll help you Next, inspect the abdomen for changes in
make sense of abdominal assessment. pigmentation and color of the skin. Cullen’s
sign, a bluish color at the umbilicus, is a
Inspection sign of bleeding in the peritoneum. Grey
First, take a look at the abdomen. You do Turner’s sign is bruising on the flanks
most of the exam standing to the right of indicating retroperitoneal bleeding, such as
your supine patient. The abdomen is divided in pancreatitis. Jaundice is usually caused
into four quadrants by drawing an imagi- by liver disease or biliary tract obstruction.
nary vertical line down the middle of the Scars should be correlated with the
sternum and a horizontal line through the patient’s recollection of previous opera-
umbilicus (see Abdominal quadrants and their tions or injuries. An injury that caused a vis-
structures). ible scar may have also caused adhesions
Inspect for symmetry while standing at (internal scarring) that may cause intestinal
the side of your patient, then move to a posi- obstruction. Striae (stretch marks) on the
tion behind his head. Note the contour of the abdomen may be a sign of past weight
abdomen: Is it flat, scaphoid (concave), or changes or pregnancy. Cushing’s disease
protuberant (convex)? A flat contour is may cause purple striae. Also inspect for any
expected in well-muscled, athletic adults; lesions or nodules. They may or may not be
thin adults may have a scaphoid abdomen. related to gastrointestinal diseases. For
A rounded abdomen is commonly seen in example, an enlarged umbilical node may
young children, but in adults it’s the result signal metastatic cancer. Liver disease may
of poor muscle tone from inadequate exercise cause spider angiomas (spiderlike blood ves-
or being overweight. A localized enlarge- sels that develop on the skin) or caput
ment may indicate a hernia, tumor, cysts, medusae (dilated superficial veins radiating
bowel obstruction, or enlargement of from the umbilicus).
abdominal organs. Ask your patient to take a Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of
deep breath and hold it because this lowers smooth muscles to propel contents through
the diaphragm and compresses the organs the digestive tract that may be seen as a
of the abdominal cavity, which may make rippling movement across a section of the
previously unseen bulges or masses appear. abdomen. However, peristaltic movement
To assess the abdomen for herniation or isn’t normally seen on the surface of the
diastasis recti (the separation of the rectus abdomen. Visible peristalsis is usually
abnormal and may be a sign of an intestinal gut activity. Gut sounds may be markedly
obstruction. Pulsation in the upper midline decreased after abdominal surgery, abdomi-
is often visible in thin adults. Marked pulsa- nal infection, or injury. Absent sounds (no
tions may be the result of increased pulse sounds for 5 minutes) are an ominous sign.
pressure or an abdominal aortic aneurysm. They can be caused by intestinal obstruc-
tion, intestinal perforation, or intestinal
Auscultation ischemia or infarction. See What’s that
Normal gut sounds are gurgling sounds sound? for other sounds you may hear.
(usually occurring 5 to 35 per minute) that
can be heard with the diaphragm of a Percussion
stethoscope. Decreased sounds, such as no Percussing the body gives one of three
sounds for 1 minute, are a sign of decreased results:
RUQ LUQ
■ Right lobe of the liver ■ Left lobe of the liver
■ Gallbladder ■ Spleen
■ Pylorus ■ Stomach
■ Duodenum ■ Body and tail of the
■ Head of the pancreas pancreas
■ Hepatic flexure of the colon ■ Splenic flexure of the colon
■ Portions of the transverse ■ Portions of the transverse
and ascending colon and descending colon
RLQ LLQ
■ Cecum and appendix ■Sigmoid colon
■ Portion of the ascending ■Portion of the descending
colon colon
Imagine the
organs in each
quadrant, as
shown here.
Palpation
With your patient in the supine position,
begin light palpation by depressing the ab-
dominal wall no more than 1 cm. At this
point, you’re mostly looking for areas of
tenderness. The most sensitive indicators
of tenderness are your patient’s facial ex-
pression. Also note any abdominal guard- you’ll feel the tip. The spleen isn’t normally
ing that’s present. Next, proceed to deep palpable on most individuals.
palpation, depressing 3.8 to 5 cm in an ef- To palpate the left kidney, stand on your
fort to identify abdominal masses or areas patient’s right side and reach across with your
of deep tenderness. If your patient is tick- left hand. Place that hand over the left flank
lish, place your hand over his hand while and your right hand at your patient’s left
palpating. costal margin. Have him take a deep breath,
elevate the left flank with your left hand, and
palpate deeply (because of the retroperitoneal
position of the kidney) with your right hand.
Kidneys move down with inspiration, so try
to feel the lower edge of the kidney when
your patient inhales. The left kidney is ordi-
narily not palpable unless enlarged.
To palpate the right kidney, place one
hand under your patient’s right flank and
the other hand at the right costal margin.
Because of the anatomic position of the
right kidney (lower because of being
Palpate the liver by placing your left hand pushed down by the liver), it’s more easily
under your patient and your right hand lat- palpable than the left kidney. If it’s palpable,
eral to the rectus muscle, with your finger- it should be smooth, firm, and nontender.
tips below the liver border. Because the liver
moves down on inspiration, press gently in The importance of
and up as your patient takes a deep breath. assessment
The liver is considered enlarged if the edge Performing an abdominal assessment will
extends more than 2 cm below the right help you detect health problems in your pa-
costal margin. If your patient is obese, use tients earlier and prevent further complica-
the hooking technique. Stand by his chest, tions from developing with existing disease.
hook your fingers just below the costal mar- And now you’ve learned how to do a thor-
gin, and press firmly. Ask him to take a deep ough physical assessment of the abdomen
breath. You may feel the edge of the liver and the importance of systematically docu-
press against your fingers as it descends on menting your findings. ■
inspiration.
When palpating the spleen, stand on your
patient’s right side and reach over, using
Learn more about it
Bickeley LS, Szilagyi PG. Bates’ Guide to Physical Examina-
your left hand to lift his left lower rib cage tion and History Taking. 10th ed. Philadelphia, Pa., Lippin-
and flank. Press down just below the left cott Williams & Wilkins; 2008: 434-451.
costal margin with your right hand and ask Health Assessment Made Incredibly Visual! Philadelphia, PA,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007:132-139.
him to take a deep breath. If enlarged, the University of Washington. Techniques: Liver and ascites.
spleen will come down on inspiration and http://depts.washington.edu/physdx/liver/tech.html.