JOURNAL OF

COMPOSITE
Article M AT E R I A L S
Journal of Composite Materials
2014, Vol. 48(9) 1091–1111
! The Author(s) 2013
Nonlinear free and forced vibrations of Reprints and permissions:
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anti-symmetric angle-ply hybrid DOI: 10.1177/0021998313482156
jcm.sagepub.com
laminated rectangular plates

A Shooshtari and S Razavi

Abstract
In this article, the nonlinear equations of motion for anti-symmetric angle-ply composite rectangular plates have been
derived using the first-order shear deformation theory, including shear deformation and rotary inertia. By using the
Galerkin method, five coupled nonlinear partial differential equations of motion are reduced to a nonlinear ordinary
differential equation. Then, the multiple time scales method is used to solve the obtained equation and to derive an
analytical relation for the nonlinear frequency. Results are compared with the literature and good agreement is achieved.
After proving the validity of this study, nonlinear free and forced vibration of a fiber metal laminated rectangular plate
have been studied and the effects of some system parameters on the nonlinear behavior of the FML rectangular plate
have been investigated.

Keywords
Multiple time scales, primary resonance, nonlinear frequency, anti-symmetric fiber metal laminate

the upper fuselage and leading edges of the Airbus

Introduction
The composite materials are excellent substitutes to
metals because of their low weight, high strength and
stiffness, and environmental resistance. Fiber metal
laminates (FMLs) are hybrid materials comprising
interleaved metal and fiber-reinforced polymer layers.
They were developed as lightweight alternatives to
structural metals.1 Because of the existence of the
outer aluminum layers, FML materials have lower
moisture absorption compared with the conventional
composites.2 These hybrid materials are divided into
three main groups according to the type of fiber used
in polymeric composite layers, which are: reinforced
with aramid fibers (Arall), glass fibers (Glare), and
carbon fibers (Carall).3 The only commercially used
FML is Glare, which comprises thin aluminum sheets
and glass fiber reinforced epoxy layers. Although the
initial use of Glare in aircraft was to improve the fati-
gue properties of aircraft components, Glare has also
been used because of its improved impact properties,
relative to aluminum of the same areal density.
Presently, there is a motivation in the aerospace indus-
try to produce lighter aircraft, as the costs of
fuel increase. Glare is currently used as a material in
A380.1
Nowadays, Glare materials are commercialized in
six different standard grades; for the Glare 1, Glare 2,
Glare 4, and Glare 5 the composite laminate are
stacked symmetrically. In the case of Glare 3 compos-
ite, the composite layers are stacked at 90 and 0 , while
for the Glare 6 hybrid composite, the composite layers
are stacked at þ45 and 45 .2
Teply et al.4 used a plate element based on the gen-
eralized laminate plate theory to study the vibration of
the Arall hybrid laminates. The effect of ply orientation
on the in-plane vibration of single-layer composite
plates by using an analytical modeling of the plate is
studied by Woodcock et al.5 Alibeigloo et al.6 investi-
gated the free vibration of a simply supported laminated
composite plate with distributed patch mass analytically
by using a third-order shear deformation theory.
Mechanical Engineering Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan,
Iran
Corresponding author:
A Shooshtari, Mechanical Engineering Department, Bu-Ali Sina University,
65175-4161 Hamedan, Iran.
Email: shooshta@basu.ac.ir

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1092 Journal of Composite Materials 48(9)

Kuo and Yang7 studied the nonlinear behavior of anti- theory, which include shear deformation and rotary
symmetric angle-ply plates analytically, by using the inertia, have been derived. Then, through introducing
classical plate theory. Jayakumar et al.8 studied the a force function, these equations reduced to three
nonlinear free vibrations of simply supported piezo- coupled nonlinear partial differential equations
laminated rectangular plates with immovable edges (PDEs) and a compatibility equation. By using a spe-
utilizing Kirchhoff’s hypothesis and Von Kármán cific procedure, a nonlinear ordinary differential equa-
strain–displacement relations. Singha and Daripa9 tion (ODE) is obtained, which includes nonlinear
investigated the large amplitude flexural vibration char- inertia and stiffness terms. Through using the multiple
acteristics of symmetric angle-ply and cross-ply com- time scales method, analytical relations for nonlinear
posite plates under transverse harmonic pressure or frequency and transverse displacement have been
periodic in-plane load by using the shear deformable obtained. Results are compared with the literature
finite element method. Abe et al.10 studied the sub-har- and close agreement is achieved for both linear and
monic resonance of moderately thick anti-symmetric nonlinear frequencies. After proving the validity of
angle-ply laminated plates by the multiple time scales the present approach, linear and nonlinear free vibra-
method, taking into account the first-order shear tion along with the primary resonance of an anti-
deformation theory and the von Kármán-type geomet- symmetric angle-ply FML panel, Glare 6, have been
ric nonlinear theory, but they neglected rotary inertia investigated. Also the effects of some plate parameters
effect while obtaining the equations of motion of the on the nonlinear free and forced vibration of Glare 6
plate. Swaminathan and Patil11 presented an analytical plate have been investigated.
formulation and solution to the natural frequency ana-
lysis of simply supported anti-symmetric angle-ply com-
Deriving the equations of motion
posite and sandwich plates based on a higher order
refined computational model with 12 degrees of free- Considering that the displacement field of the first
dom. Janevski12 investigated the single frequency vibra- order theory is of the form32
tion of angle-ply laminated rectangular plates using the
classical plate theory. The same author13 studied the uðx, y, z, tÞ ¼ u0 ðx, y, tÞ þ z’x ðx, y, tÞ
two-frequency vibrations of laminated angle-ply rect- vðx, y, z, tÞ ¼ v0 ðx, y, tÞ þ z’y ðx, y, tÞ ð1Þ
angular plate using the classical plate theory.
wðx, y, z, tÞ ¼ w0 ðx, y, tÞ
Some authors14–21 considered the anti-symmetric
cross-ply plates and developed methods to study the
vibration of these plates. Finite element methods are in which u0 , v0 , and w0 are the displacements along the
widely used in studying linear and nonlinear vibration coordinate lines of a material point on the xy-plane,
of rectangular laminates.22–28 Thai et al.29 presented a and ’x and ’y are the rotations of a transverse
novel numerical procedure based on node-based normal about the y- and x-axes, respectively. The asso-
smoothed discrete shear gap method associated with ciated nonlinear strains are
the C0-HSDT type for static, free vibration and buck-
 
ling analyses of angle-ply and cross-ply laminated com- @u0 1 @w0 2 @’x
posite plates with different shapes. Linear and "x ¼ þ þz
@x 2 @x @x
nonlinear free vibration of asymmetric cross-ply Glare    
@u0 @v0 @w0 @w0 @’x @’y
3 panel investigated by the current authors.30 xy ¼ þ þ þz þ
Shooshtari et al.31 studied the free and forced vibra- @y @x @x @y @y @x
 2 ð2Þ
tions of symmetric laminated composite plates by @v0 1 @w0 @’y
"y ¼ þ þz
using a perturbation method. @y 2 @y @y
Most of the previous studies have used numerical @w0 @w0
methods. On the other hand, the studies which have xz ¼ þ ’x , yz ¼ þ ’y , " z ¼ 0
@x @y
used analytical methods to analyze the nonlinear vibra-
tion of anti-symmetric rectangular plates have imple- Performing
RT Hamilton’s principle which is applied by
mented the classical theory or have ignored the rotary 0 ð U þ V  KÞdt ¼ 0, where U, V, and K are vir-
inertia effect. Therefore, the obtained results were only tual strain energy, virtual work done by applied forces,
valid for thin plates. So it is needed to find a closed and virtual kinetic energy, respectively, five equations
form answer for the nonlinear vibration of anti- of motion are obtained as32
symmetric angle-ply panels, taking into account the
shear deformation and rotary inertia effect. In this art- @Nx @Nxy @ 2 u0 @2 ’x
icle, the nonlinear equations of motion for rectangular þ ¼ I0 2 þ I1 2 ð3Þ
@x @y @t @t
plates based on the first order shear deformation

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Shooshtari and Razavi 1093

@Nxy @Ny @2 v0 @2 ’y makes equations (3) and (4) trivial. So, the equations of
þ ¼ I0 2 þ I1 2 ð4Þ
@x @y @t @t motions reduce to
   
@Qx @Qy @ @w0 @w0 @Qx @Qy @ @w0 @w0
þ þ Nx þ Nxy þ þ Nx þ Nxy
@x @y @x @x @y @x @y @x @x @y
   
@ @w0 @w0 @2 w 0 @ @w0 @w0 @2 w 0
þ Nxy þ Ny þ q ¼ I0 2 ð5Þ þ Nxy þ Ny þ q ¼ I0 2 ð11Þ
@y @x @y @t @y @x @y @t
@Mx @Mxy @2 ’x
@Mx @Mxy @2 ’x @ 2 u0 þ  Q x ¼ I2 2 ð12Þ
þ  Q x ¼ I2 2 þ I1 2 ð6Þ @x @y @t
@x @y @t @t
@Mxy @My @2 ’y
@Mxy @My @ ’y @ v0 2 2 þ  Q y ¼ I2 2 ð13Þ
þ  Qy ¼ I2 2 þ I1 2 ð7Þ @x @y @t
@x @y @t @t
along with a compatibility equation in the form of33
where Qx and Qy are transverse force resultants, which
are defined in the first-order shear deformation "0x,yy þ "0y,xx  "0xy,xy ¼ w2,xy  w,xx w,yy ð14Þ
theory by
where the strains with superscript f0g denotes the terms
  Z h  
Qx 2 xz of strains in equation (2), which are not functions of z.
¼K dz ð8Þ Writing constitutive equations in the following
Qy h2 yz
form32,33
    
in which, parameter K is called the shear correction e0 A B N
coefficient. xz and yz are constant shear stresses pre- ¼  T  ,
M ðB Þ D i
dicted by the first-order theory.     
Qy A44 A45 w0,y þ ’y
In equations (3) to (7), the quantities Nx , Ny , and ¼K ð15Þ
Nxy are called the in-plane force resultants, Mx , My , Qx A45 A55 w0,x þ ’x
and Mxy are the moments resultants and I0 , I1 , and I2
are the mass moments of inertia. q is the applied trans- where33
verse force which is equated to zero and q0 cosðtÞ in
  
the free and forced vibrations, respectively, with q0 and @’x @’y @’x @’y T
 having constant values. The resultants and the mass fig ¼ þ
@x @y @y @x
moments of inertia can be expressed in the following
A ¼ A1 , B ¼ A1 B, D ¼ D  BA1 B ð16Þ
form
8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9
>
> I0 > Z h > 1> > Nx >> Zh> x > and noting that for the anti-symmetric angle-ply rect-
< > = < >
> = >
< = >
< >
=
2 2 angular plates, the stiffness matrices are in the following
I1 ¼ z 0 dz, Ny ¼ y dz,
>
> > h2 > > > > h2 > > form
: > ; : 2>
> ; >
: >
; >
: >
;
I2 z Nxy xy 2 3
8 9 8 9 A11 A12  0   
>
> Mx > > Z >
> x >> 6 7 A44 A45 A44 0
< = h
2
< = A ¼ 4 A12 A22 0 5, ¼ ,
My ¼ y z dz ð9Þ A45 A55 0 A55
>
> >
> h2 >
> >
> 0 0 A66
: ; : ; 2 3 2 3
Mxy xy D11 D12 0 0 0 B16
6 7 6 7
D ¼ 4 D12 D22 0 5, B ¼ 4 0 0 B26 5 ð17Þ
0 is the density of plate material and by assuming it as 0 0 D66 B16 B26 0
an even function of thickness (z), I1 will be zero and
terms containing it, will be omitted. Because in most Substitution of equations (15) to (17) into equations
engineering application of thin plates, in-plane inertia (11) to (14), gives the following equations in terms of
effects can be neglected (i.e. u0,tt ¼ v0,tt ¼ 0),33 introdu- generalized displacements and force function
cing a force function as
KfA55 ðw,xx þ ’x,x Þ þ A44 ðw,yy þ ’y,y Þg þ ,yy w,xx
Nx ¼ ,yy , Ny ¼ ,xx , Nxy ¼  ,xy ð10Þ þ ,xx w,yy  2 ,xy w,xy þ q ¼ I0 w,tt ð18Þ

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1094 Journal of Composite Materials 48(9)

D11 ’x,xx þ ðD12 þ D66 Þ’y,xy þ D66 ’x,yy  KA55 ðw,x þ ’x Þ Li are partial differential operators, and for the anti-
þ ðB61  B26 Þ ,xxy  B16 ,yyy ¼ I2 ’x,tt ð19Þ symmetric angle-ply laminated rectangular plates are
given in Appendix 1.
D66 ’y,xx þ ðD12 þ D66 Þ’x,xy þ D22 ’y,yy  KA44 ðw,y þ ’y Þ Then by substituting ’x and ’y from equation (26)
into equation (18), it is obtained
þ ðB62  B16 Þ ,xyy  B26 ,xxx ¼ I2 ’y,tt ð20Þ
 
@    
@    

K A55 L L  L3 L5 þ A44 L L  L1 L6 w
and the following compatibility equation @x 2 6 @y 3 4
  
A22 ,xxxx þ ð2A12 þ A66 Þ ,xxyy þ A11 ,yyyy @    
@    

þ A55 L L  L5 L7 þ A44 L L  L1 L8
@x 2 8 @y 4 7
¼ ð2B26  B61 Þw,xxxy þ ð2B16  B62 Þw,xyyy
   2
þ w2,xy  w,xx w,yy ð21Þ @2 @2 @ @2 @2 @2
þ K A55 2 þ A44 2 þ 2 2 þ 2 2
@x @y @y @x @x @y
where subscripts {0} are dropped for simplicity. 
@2 @2 @2

The boundary conditions are taken to be movably 2 I0 2  L2 L4  L1 L5 w
@x@y @x@y @t
simply-supported, which are given by the following

  
equation þ L2 L4  L1 L5 q ¼ 0 ð27Þ
Z b Equation (27) is a nonlinear partial differential
w ¼ w,xx ¼ ,xy ¼ ð ,yy Þdy ¼0 at ðx ¼ 0, aÞ equation in terms of w and force function ,
Z 0a ð22Þ which are functions of the unknown time
w ¼ w,yy ¼ ,xy ¼ ð ,xx Þdx ¼ 0 at ðy ¼ 0, bÞ function f ðtÞ.
0

where a and b are the length and width of the plate,

Performing Galerkin procedure
respectively. The Galerkin procedure is applied by means of the fol-
Therefore the trial function for the transverse dis- lowing equation
placement can be written in the form of ZZ
L  w dx dy ¼ 0 ð28Þ
w ¼ hf ðtÞ sinðmx=aÞ sinðny=bÞ ð23Þ A

where h is the thickness of the plate, and ðm, nÞ denotes where A is the area of the rectangular plate and L is the
the mode of motion. Substituting w from equations (23) left side of equation (27). So, the nonlinear partial dif-
into equation (21) and using equation (22), the force ferential equation of equation (27) reduces to the fol-
function is lowing nonlinear ODE in terms of the unknown time
function
h2 f 2 ðtÞ
¼
Z1 f€ þ Z2 f þ Z3 f 3 þ Z4 f€ f 2 þ Z5 f_ 2 f ¼ q^ cosðtÞ ð29Þ
( 32 )
ðnaÞ2 ðmbÞ2 
cosð2mx=aÞ þ  cosð2ny=bÞ where q^ ¼ I2 2 KðA44 þ A55 Þ  K2 A44 A55 q0 , and
A22 ðmbÞ2 A11 ðnaÞ2 Zi ði ¼ 1, . . . , 5Þ are constant coefficientsare constant
ð24Þ coefficients which are functions of plate parameters
(i.e. length, width, thickness, and density) and stiffness
Equations (19) and (20) lead to the following set of components. These coefficients are obtained in terms of
equations with two unknown parameters plate parameters and stiffness components, and are
given in Appendix 2 for a typical anti-symmetric

L1 ’x þ L2 ’y ¼ L3 w þ L7 angle-ply rectangular plate. It is seen that Z5 ¼ 2Z4 .
ð25Þ According to Appendix 2, the units of Z1 , Z4 , and Z5
L4 ’x þ L5 ’y ¼ L6 w þ L8
are kg3 mms4, while the units of Z2 and Z3 are
Finding unknowns in terms of w gives kg3 mms6. Since the coefficients of f,€ f€ f 2 , and f_ 2 f
are from the same dimension, all of them are inertia
’x ¼ L9 w þ L10 , ’y ¼ L11 w þ L12 ð26Þ terms. On the other hand, f€ f 2 and f_ 2 f are nonlinear
terms. Therefore, f€ f 2 and f_ 2 f are called nonlinear iner-
tia terms.

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Shooshtari and Razavi 1095

Expressing equation (29) in dimensionless form gives Substituting equations (34) and (35) into equation
(32) and equating the coefficients of "0 , "1 , and "2 to

f, þ !2 f þ 21 f 3 þ 21 f, f 2 þ 12 f2, f ¼ Q cosðÞ zero, gives
ð30Þ
D20 f0 þ !2 f0 ¼ 0 ð36Þ
where ! is the dimensionless natural frequency, is 21
the coefficient of nonlinear stiffness term, and 21 and 12 D20 f1 þ !2 f1
are the coefficients of nonlinear inertia terms. 
¼ 2D0 D1 f0  2 f03  2 f02 D20 f0   2 f0 ðD0 f0 Þ2 ð37Þ
Considering Z5 ¼ 2Z4 , it is obtained that 12 ¼ 2 21
which is utilized throughout the article. The dimension-
less time used in obtaining equation (30) is D20 f2 þ !2 f2

¼  D21 þ 2D0 D2 f0  2D0 D1 f1  32 f02 f1
1 pffiffiffiffi   
¼ t ð31Þ  2 2f02 ðD0 D1 f0 Þþf02 D20 f1 þ 2f0 f1 D20 f0
a2 
  2 f1 ðD0 f0 Þ2 þ2f0 ðD0 f0 ÞðD0 f1 Þ þ 2f0 ðD0 f0 ÞðD1 f0 Þ
 pffiffiffiffi
and Q ¼ a4 q^ =ðZ1 Þ,   ¼ a2 = . Also, for laminated ð38Þ
plate,  is taken as (E2 h3 =I0 ) unless it is mentioned, and
for FML plate,  is (D11 =I0 ). Derivatives are with The solution of (36) can be written in the following
respect to . form

f0 ¼ A1 ðT1 , T2 Þ expði!T0 Þ þ cc ð39Þ

Free vibration
To solve homogeneous form of equation (30), which is where A1 is an unknown complex function of T1 and T2
the nonlinear ODE of free vibration, using the multiple and cc denotes the complex conjugate of the preceding
scales method, a small, positive and dimensionless par- terms.
ameter must be introduced to be multiplied by the After substituting equation (39) into equation (37),
nonlinear terms.34 According to Appendix 2, the coef- in order to have a periodic solution for f1 , the following
ficients of the nonlinear terms in equations (29) contain equation must be satisfied
the term h3 . So, by dividing the nonlinear terms of

equations (29) by coefficient Z1 , the term ðh=aÞ2 is 2i!D1 A1  32  2 !2 A21 A 1 ¼ 0 ð40Þ
obtained, which is dimensionless, positive and small.
If " denotes this parameter, the homogeneous form of where A 1 is the complex conjugate of A1 . Then, the
equation (30) becomes solution of equation (37) becomes

f, þ !2 f þ "f2 f 3 þ 2 f, f 2 þ  2 f2, fg ¼ 0 ð32Þ 1  2

f1 ¼ 2
  3 2 !2 A31 expð3i!T0 Þ þ cc ð41Þ
8!
2 2
where 2 ¼ 21  ða=hÞ , 2 ¼ 21  ða=hÞ , 2 ¼
2 2
1  ða=hÞ . Finally, after substituting equations (39) and (41) into
The independent time variables are given by34 equation (38), to have a periodic solution
Tn ¼ "n  for n ¼ 0, 1, 2, . . . ð33Þ 1  2 2 
2
!  32 2  3 2 !2 A31 A 21 þ i!½2D2 A1
and f is approximated by the following expansion 8!

4 2 A1 A 1 D1 A1  2 2 A21 D1 A 1  D21 A1 ¼ 0 ð42Þ
f ð, "Þ ¼ f0 ðT0 , T1 , T2 Þ þ "f1 ðT0 , T1 , T2 Þ þ "2 f2 ðT0 , T1 , T2 Þ
ð34Þ must be satisfied. Assuming A1 in the following polar
form
The derivatives with respect to  can be written in terms
1
of partial derivatives of Tn according to34 A1 ¼ p expðiqÞ ð43Þ
2
d
¼ D0 þ "D1 þ "2 D2 where p and q are real functions of T1 and T2 , and
d substituting it into equations (42) and (40) gives
ð35Þ
d2 
¼ D20 þ 2"D0 D1 þ "2 D21 þ 2D0 D2
d 2 p20 n hq q
2 3
i o
p ¼ p0 , q ¼ 2q1 " þ þ þ q4 p20 "2  þ q0 ð44Þ
16! 2 8
where Dn means @=@Tn .

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1096 Journal of Composite Materials 48(9)

where p0 and q0 are constants, and coefficients is rewritten in the following form
qi ði ¼ 1, . . . , 4Þ are given in Appendix 3.
After eliminating the singular terms of equation (38), f, þ !2 f
f2 is obtained as n _  o

þ " 2 f 3 þ 2 f, f 2 þ  2 f2, f  Q cos  ¼0
X1 2 3 X2 5
f2 ¼  p A expð3i!T0 Þ  A expð5i!T0 Þ þ cc ð50Þ
8!2 0 1 24!2 1
ð45Þ
where Q^ ¼ Q=".
where X1 and X2 are constant coefficients which are In the primary resonance, a detuning parameter ,
given in Appendix 3. which is used to show the nearness of natural frequency
By substituting equations (39), (41), and (45) into to excitation frequency, is defined as34
equation (34) and using equations (43) and (44), the
unknown time function (i.e. f  f ðtÞ) is  ¼ !0 þ " ð51Þ

   2  
h where !0 is the circular natural frequency in radians per
p30 X3 cos 3 !  þ 3q0
_ _
f ¼ p0 cos !  þ q0 þ second.
a
 4 n    o Substituting equation (51) into equation (50)
h results in
p50 X4 cos 3 !  þ 3q0 þ X5 cos 5 !  þ 5q0
_ _
þ
a

ð46Þ f, þ !2 f þ " 2 f 3 þ 2 f, f 2 þ  2 f2, f

where " ¼ ðh=aÞ2 is substituted to express the response  

 Q^ cos !T0 þ T 1 ¼0 ð52Þ
in terms of plate properties and dimensions. The other
unknown parameters are
  Substituting equations (34) and (35) into equation (52)
1  2 2 2
X1 X2 and equating the coefficients of "0 and "1 to zero, gives
X3 ¼   3 ! , X4 ¼ , X5 ¼ ,
32!2 32!2 384!2
ð47Þ D20 f0 þ !2 f0 ¼ 0 ð53Þ

^ is in following form
and the nonlinear frequency (!) D20 f1 þ !2 f1 ¼ 2D0 D1 f0  2 f03  2 f02 D20 f0

  ( hq ih2
)
  2 f0 ðD0 f0 Þ2 þQ^ cos !T0 þ T
 1
_ p20 h 2 2 q3 2
! ¼!þ 2q1 þ þ þ q4 p0 ð54Þ
16! a 2 8 a
ð48Þ General solution of equation (53) is

Using equation (48), the nonlinear frequency ratio is f0 ¼ A2 ðT1 Þ expði!T0 Þ þ cc ð55Þ
obtained to be
" where A2 is an unknown complex function of T1
 
q1 h 2 2 and cc denotes the complex conjugate of the preceding
_
!
¼ 1þ 2 p0 terms.
! 4! a
Substituting equation (55) into equation (54) and by
   #1=2 using the complex form of Q^ cos !T0 þ T  1 , equa-
1 h 4 q21 q2 q3
þ 2 þ þ þ q4 p40 ð49Þ tion (54) becomes
8! a 8!2 2 8

D20 f1 þ !2 f1 ¼ 2i!A02  3A22 A 2 2 þ !2 A22 A 2 2
The transverse displacement (w) for any point of a plate
can be obtained by substituting equation (46) into 
1 ^ 
equation (23). 
þ Q exp iT1 expði!T0 Þ
2

Forced vibration þ 3!2 2  2 A32 expð3i!T0 Þ þ cc ð56Þ

In the primary resonance, excitation force and non- where superscript (0 ) denotes @=@T1 . Coefficients
linear terms are of the same order.34 So, equation (30) of expði!T0 Þ, are singular terms and in order to

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Shooshtari and Razavi 1097

have a periodic solution, they must be equated to The determination of the shear correction coefficient
zero (K) for laminated structures is still an unresolved issue.
  The most commonly used value of K ¼ 5=6 is based on
2  2 2 2  2 1 ^  homogeneous, isotropic plates. K depends, in general,
0 
2i!A2  3A2 A2  þ ! A2 A2 þ Q exp iT1 ¼ 0
2 on the lamination scheme, geometry, and material
ð57Þ properties. The effect of the shear correction factor is
to decrease the frequencies. That is, the smaller the K,
If A2 is defined in the polar form of (i.e. A2 ¼ 12 r expðisÞ) the smaller are the frequencies.32 As a general rule,
and is substituted in equation (57), first approximation shear becomes less important as the thickness
of f can be written in the following form diminishes. In most situations, the classical shear cor-
rection factor K ¼ 5=6 provides results that are rather
f ¼ r cosð! þ sÞ þ Oð"Þ ð58Þ accurate.35 So in the present work, for thick isotropic
rectangular plates ða=h  10Þ shear correction factor
where the amplitude ðrÞ and phase ðsÞ are obtained by (K) is 1. In this study, for laminated rectangular
plates, because of the existence of several layers
Q^ 
 1s
having smaller thickness compared with the total thick-
r0 ¼ sin T ð59Þ ness of the laminate, only for a=h  5 the shear correc-
2!
tion factor is taken to be 1. It is addressed in Ribeiro35
 
1 3 2 Q^ 
 1s
that for moderately thick ða=h 4 10Þ laminated plates,
rs0 ¼   ! 2 r3  cos T ð60Þ K ¼ 5=6 gives fairly accurate results. So, K ¼ 5=6 is
8 ! 2!
used for moderately thick and thin isotropic and lami-
 1  s,
For an autonomous system, by defining
¼ T nated rectangular plates in the present work. For the
equations (59) and (60) are transformed to special case of a two-layered
pffiffiffi laminated composite plate
with a=h ¼ 10, K ¼ 3=2 is used. The latter claim is
Q^ proved by comparing the results of present study with
r0 ¼ sin
ð61Þ the exact and published values and shown in Figure 1.
2!
 
 1 3 2 Q^ Isotropic and composite rectangular plates
0
r
¼ r     ! r3 þ
2
cos
ð62Þ
8 ! 2!
Linear vibration. Table 1 shows the material properties of
Steady-state motion occurs when r0 ¼
0 ¼ 0, which aluminum and glass fiber reinforced composite
corresponds to the singular points of equations (61) (GFRC), which are used hereafter.
and (62).34 So Dimensionless frequencies of an isotropic square
plate are obtained and compared with the published
Q^ results, which are shown in Table 2. It is seen that the
0¼ sin
ð63Þ results of the present approach are reliable. The
2!
dimensionless
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi frequencies are obtained using ! ¼
 
1 3 2 Q^ !mn a2 0 h=D0 , where !mn is the circular frequency

r  þ   ! r3 ¼
2
cos
ð64Þ 3

8 ! 2! of ðm, nÞ mode shape, and D0 ¼ 12ðEh 12 Þ

. Inclusion of

Squaring and adding equations (63) and (64) gives the

frequency response equation
 2
1  Q^ 2
P1 r2    r2 ¼ ð65Þ
8 4!2
2
 2 !2
where P1 ¼ 3 ! .

Numerical examples
In this section, the results of the present study have
been compared with the results of previously published
papers. Comparisons show that the obtained results
from this approach are in close agreement with the Figure 1. Dimensionless fundamental frequencies of two-
results of the previous studies. layered square laminated plate with varying fiber angle.

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1098
rotary inertia in this study results in frequencies which
are lower than the other results. In all of other results
presented in Table 2, the rotary inertia is neglected and
the classical plate theory is used to obtain the natural
frequencies.
The material properties of the studied composite
plates are in the following form
Material I: E1 ¼ 40E2 , G12 ¼ 0:6E2 , G13 ¼ G23 ¼
0:5E2 , 12 ¼ 0:25
Material II: E1 ¼ open, G12 ¼ G13 ¼ 0:6E2 , G23 ¼ 0:5E2 ,
12 ¼ 0:25
Material III: E1 ¼ 15E2 , G12 ¼ G13 ¼ 0:5E2 , G23 ¼
0:35E2 ,  ¼ 0:3
Journal of Composite Materials 48(9)
plate are investigated and shown in Table 3, where the
material I is used as the material properties of each
layer.
In this article, dimensionless (fundamental) fre-
quency of laminated
  composite
1=2 plates is computed by
using ! ¼ !0 a2 I0 = E2 h3 .
It is seen that although the plate is relatively thick,
the results are relatively in good agreement with the
literature which is mainly because of the presence of
rotary inertia term in the formulation.
Table 4 shows the effects of plate aspect ratio (a=b)
and length-to-thickness ratio (a=h) on the dimension-
less fundamental frequency of a four-layered
½45 =  45 =45 =  45 rectangular plate, which is
made of material I. It is seen that, as it is predictable,
Effects of lamination angle () and number of layers the effect of both a=b and a=h ratios is to increase the
on the dimensionless fundamental frequencyof square natural frequency.
In Table 5 some frequencies of a four-layered anti-
symmetric angle-ply square plate are shown.
Comparing the results of the present study with the
Table 1. Material properties of the aluminum,36 and the glass
available ones, demonstrates that at higher modes, the
fiber reinforced composite (GFRC).37
predicted values for K (which is 5=6 for this plate) do
Materials E (GPa) G (GPa) 0 (kgm3)  not give good results. At higher modes of motion, the
strain energies due to the true transverse stresses are
Aluminum 70 26:92 2778 0:3
high so that according to the definition of K, the use
GFRC E1 ¼ 55:8979 G12 ¼ 5:5898 2550 0:277 of the shear correction factors of the first modes, in
E2 ¼ 13:7293 G13 ¼ 5:5898 analyzing higher modes will give erroneous results.
G23 ¼ 4:9033 The effects of degree of orthotropy (E1 =E2 ) on the
natural frequency are also studied and the results are

Table 2. Frequency parameter of an aluminum square plate (a ¼ b ¼ 300 mm, h ¼ 1 mm).

!ðm, nÞ Ribeiro36 Bardella Houmata Taazount et al.38 Present Leissa39

!1 ð1, 1Þ 19.7392 19.7392 19.739 19.74 19.7384 19.7392

!2 ð2, 1Þ 49.3480 49.3480 49.348 49.35 49.3430 49.3480
!3 ð1, 2Þ 49.3480 49.3480 49.348 49.35 49.3430 49.3480
!4 ð2, 2Þ 78.9568 78.9568 78.957 78.98 78.9441 78.9568
!5 ð1, 3Þ 98.6960 98.7162 98.696 – 98.6761 98.6960
a
From Ribeiro.36

Table 3. Effects of lamination angle () and number of layers on the dimensionless fundamental frequency of a square plate (///
. . ./-, a=h ¼ 10).

30 45

Number Bert and Ghosh and Bert and Ghosh and Akhras and
of layers Reddy28 Chena Dey25 Present Reddy28 Chen Dey25 Li40 Present

2 15.001 12.68 13.56 12.461 15.714 13.04 13.95 13.263 12:982

4 17.689 17.63 17.24 17:180 18.609 18.46 18.06 18.321 18:044
6 18.002 18.23 17.80 17:730 18.295 19.09 18.66 – 18:620
8 18.104 18.42 17.99 17:907 19.028 19.29 18.87 19.264 18:807
a
From Reddy.28

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Shooshtari and Razavi 1099

Table 4. Effects of plate aspect ratio (a=b) and length-to-thickness ratio (a=h) on the dimensionless fundamental
frequency of a four-layered rectangular plate.

Method a=b 1.0 1.6 2.0

Reddy28 a=h 10 18.609 27.736 34.247

Bertha 18.46 27.95 34.87
Ghosh and Dey25 18.06 27.18 31.28
HSDTb 17.9735 26.9916 33.5534
Alibeigloo et al.6 17.9829 27.0306 33.6340
Viswanathan and Kim41 18.359 27.639 34.305
Present 18.044 27.020 33.496

Reddy 30 23.676 38.940 51.132

Berth 22.74 37.82 49.98
Ghosh and Dey 23.28 38.59 50.89
HSDT 22.6911 37.5907 49.5474
Alibeigloo et al. 22.6371 37.5341 49.4992
Viswanathan and Kim 23.121 37.928 49.886
Present 22.675 37.625 49.644

Reddy 50 24.343 40.653 53.989

Berth 23.24 39.17 52.29
Ghosh and Dey 23.91 40.24 53.68
HSDT 23.2956 39.1932 52.2539
Alibeigloo et al. 23.1948 39.0503 52.0860
Viswanathan and Kim 24.348 39.787 52.677
Present 23.210 39.091 52.155
a
From Reddy.28
b
From Alibeigloo et al.6

Table 5. Dimensionless frequencies of a laminated square plate (45 =  45 =45 =  45 , a=h ¼ 10).

Present

Mode shape ðm, nÞ Berth and Chena Reddy28 Classical plate theorya Alibeigloo et al.6 K ¼ 5=6 K¼1

(1, 1) 18.46 19.153 23.53 17.983 18.044 18.680

(1,2) 34.87 35.405 53.74 33.6341 33.493 35.264
(1,3) 54.27 55.390 98.87 52.2103 51.425 54.611
(2,3) 67.17 67.637 147.65 64.6144 62.298 66.830
(3,3) 82.84 84.725 211.75 80.0736 75.124 81.020
a
From Reddy.28

shown in Table 6. The layers are made from mater-
ial II. It is observed that plates with higher E1 =E2
ratios have higher natural frequencies. This claim is
also deducible from Appendix 4, which gives the
dimensionless fundamental frequency of a typical
anti-symmetric angle-ply panel. In Appendix 4, it is
seen that there are some parameters with high order
magnitudes, which seems to cause numerical sensitiv-
ity. However, this does not happen, because all the
computations of the present study are done
analytically, and none of numerical methods are
implemented. Moreover, it is obvious from
Appendix 2 that the dimensions (i.e. a, b, and h)
and the stiffness components of plates are the only
parameters which are of high order of magnitude. It
is shown by the numerical examples that the present
procedure gives good results while changing these
high-ordered parameters (i.e. a=h, a=b, and E1 =E2
ratios). So, if there was any numerical sensitivity,
this close agreement would not be obtained.

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1100 Journal of Composite Materials 48(9)

 
Table 6. Dimensionless fundamental frequency of an eight-layered ½45 =  45 = . . . square plate.

E1 =E2

a=h Method 3 10 20 30 40

5 Ganapathi and Makhecha42 HSDT 13 6.9894 9.7175 11.3490 12.1890 12.712

HSDT 9 6.9739 9.7154 11.3630 12.2120 12.741
TSDT 7 6.9886 9.8062 11.5190 12.4060 12.961
FSDT 5 6.9845 9.7979 11.4900 12.3450 12.863
Reddy and Phana – – – – 12.972
Kant and Mallikarajunaa – – – – 12.967
Present study 6.9379 9.6969 11.357 12.202 12.718

10 Ganapathi and Makhecha HSDT 13 7.7612 11.9370 15.2850 17.4360 18.978

HSDT 9 7.7546 11.9350 15.2930 17.4540 19.005
TSDT 7 7.7629 12.0040 15.4430 17.6670 19.267
FSDT 5 7.7619 12.0060 15.4480 17.6700 19.265
Reddy and Phan – – – – 19.266
Kant and Mallikarajuna – – – – 19.274
Present study 7.7530 11.983 15.404 17.608 19.189

20 Ganapathi and Makhecha HSDT 13 8.0040 12.8080 17.2030 20.4220 22.997

HSDT 9 8.0014 12.8070 17.2070 20.4330 23.014
TSDT 7 8.0089 12.8620 17.3270 20.6100 23.243
FSDT 5 8.0087 12.8630 17.3310 20.6170 23.252
Reddy and Phan – – – – 23.239
Kant and Mallikarajuna – – – – 23.236
Present study 8.0064 12.860 17.327 20.612 23.247
The number beside the models name indicates degree of freedom of each element.
a
From Ganapathi and Makhecha.42

Dimensionless fundamental frequencies of a ten-

layer angle-ply laminated square plate, made of mater-
ial III, with varying length-to-thickness ratio are com-
puted using different shear correction p factors
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi(K) and
the results are given in Table 7. ! ¼ !0 I0 h=E2 is used
to obtain the dimensionless frequencies.
As it is seen, for laminated plates with high number
of layers, the shear correction factor (K) becomes less
important, even in thick laminated plates. This happens
because in plates with higher number of layers, each
individual layer behaves like a thin plate. So the lami-
nated plate, which is constituted of these thin layers,
gives acceptable results using K ¼ 5=6 for all values of
a=h ratio.
Figure 2. Dimensionless frequency of a four-layered square
plate made of material I, noting that n12 is changeable.

Nonlinear free vibration. The nonlinear frequency ratios

Plates with higher Poisson’s ratio () have slightly
higher natural frequencies. This is shown in Figure 2.
It is also noticed that, at higher length-to-thickness
ratios, the natural frequency increases very slowly.
(!NL =!) of isotropic square plates with  ¼ 0:3 and
G ¼ E=½2ð1 þ Þ , are computed and shown in
Table 8. Again, a close agreement is found between
the results of present study and available literature. In
obtaining the results of Table 8, there is no need to

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Shooshtari and Razavi 1101

Table 7. Dimensionless fundamental frequencies of a ten-layered angle-ply [=  =   ] laminated square plate with varying length-
to-thickness ratio.

 ¼ 15  ¼ 30  ¼ 45

Present study Noor Present study Noor Present study

Noor and and and
a=h Cui et al.43 Burton44 K ¼ 5=6 K ¼ 1 Cui et al. Burton K ¼ 5=6 K ¼ 1 Cui et al. Burton K ¼ 5=6 K ¼ 1

100 0.001323 0.001328 0.001325 0.001326 0.001503 0.00151 0.00151 0.00151 0.001586 0.001595 0.001595 0.001596
20 0.03139 0.03201 0.03197 0.03215 0.03611 0.0362 0.03624 0.03648 0.03796 0.03808 0.03816 0.03842
10 0.1160 0.1162 0.1157 0.1181 0.1299 0.1296 0.1298 0.1326 0.1353 0.1351 0.1357 0.1387
6.67 0.2303 0.2304 0.2282 0.2361 0.2548 0.2532 0.2523 0.2619 0.2630 0.2617 0.2614 0.2718
5 0.3586 0.3588 0.3522 0.3683 0.3925 0.3889 0.3843 0.4036 0.4023 0.3993 0.3953 0.4164
4 0.4927 0.4934 0.4776 0.5040 0.5341 0.5286 0.5155 0.5464 0.5445 0.5400 0.5274 0.5602
3.33 0.6290 0.6307 0.6032 0.6396 0.6762 0.6692 0.6439 0.6866 0.6866 0.6810 0.6547 0.7000

Table 8. Nonlinear frequency ratio of isotropic square plates.

ða=hÞ r0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

100 Singha and Daripa9 1.00516 1.02049 1.04559 1.07959 1.12239 1.17249
Present study 1.00511 1.02032 1.04525 1.07936 1.12197 1.17236

10 Present study 1.00539 1.02140 1.04763 1.08346 1.12813 1.18084

bends away from the vertical axis, i.e. the nonlinearity

Figure 3. Configuration of a typical fiber/metal/epoxy hybrid
composite plate.2
know the values of E and 0 , because they are dropped
during computations.
FML laminated rectangular plate
Figure 3 shows the configuration of FML hybrid plates.
According to Botelho et al.,2 two types of Glare 6 exist;
Glare 6A and Glare 6B (Table 9). Table 10 shows the
dimensionless frequencies of a five-layered Glare 6A,
where the thicknesses of aluminum layers and each
fiber layer are taken to be 0:2 mm and 0:05 mm,
respectively.
becomes significant in plate’s behavior. In Figure 4, p0
is the dimensionless initial displacement of the plate,
and is equal to Wmax =h, where Wmax is the maximum
transverse displacement of the plate.
Nonlinear frequency ratios of a Glare 6A and Glare
3 are compared with each other and shown in Figure 5.
Both of the plates have the same thicknesses, which is
0:2 mm for aluminum sheets and 0:05 mm for fiber
layers. The considered Glare 3 is a symmetric plate. It
should be noted that the fiber orientation in fiber layers
is 0 and 90 , while in the Glare 6A it is 45 and 45 .
So, the symmetric Glare 3 has the following lay-up
Alð2024  T3Þ=½0 =90 GFRC=Alð2024  T3Þ
=½90 =0 GFRC=Alð2024  T3Þ
It is seen that there is not much difference between the
nonlinear behavior of Glare 6A and Glare 3 plates
except that the nonlinear effects are stronger in Glare 3.
The effects of fiber orientation on the nonlinear fre-
quency ratio of a five-layered hybrid plate are also
investigated and the results are shown in Figures 6
to 8. It is noticed that the nonlinear frequency ratio is
identical for those fiber angles, which are symmetric
Backbone curves of the five-layered Glare 6A square with respect to  ¼ 45 . From Figure 7, it is obvious
plate is depicted in Figure 4, showing that for higher that for  ¼ 45 , which is Glare 6A plate, the nonlinear
a=b ratios (and lower a=h ratios), the backbone curve frequency ratio is the least. It is seen in Figure 8 that

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1102 Journal of Composite Materials 48(9)

Table 9. Classifications of Glare 6.2

Sub Al sheet thickness (mm) Prepreg orientation in each fiber layer Main beneficial characteristics
 
Glare 6 Glare 6A 0.2–0.5 (2024-T3) 45 =  45 Shear, off-axis properties
Glare 6B 0.2–0.5 (2024-T3) 45 =45 Shear, off-axis properties

Table 10. Dimensionless frequencies of a five-layered Glare 6A.

a=h

Mode ðm, nÞ a=b 3 5 10 20 25 50 100

(1,1) 1 29.413 35.239 38.451 39.561 39.699 39.886 39.932

2 54.685 75.355 90.983 97.364 98.202 99.346 99.637

(1,2) 1 54.685 75.355 90.983 97.364 98.202 99.346 99.637

2 106.01 171.16 257.74 312.97 321.64 334.14 337.44

(2,2) 1 71.687 106.30 138.63 153.80 155.90 158.80 159.54

2 114.85 187.82 292.01 363.93 375.67 392.81 397.38

Figure 4. Backbone curves of a square Glare 6A hybrid plate. Figure 6. Backbone curves of a five-layered hybrid square plate
for different fiber orientations.

Figure 7. Effect of fiber orientation on the nonlinear frequency

Figure 5. Nonlinear frequency ratios of two types of Glare
ratio of a five-layered hybrid square plate for dimensionless initial
hybrid rectangular plates.
amplitude of 0.8 (a/h 100).

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Shooshtari and Razavi 1103

Figure 8. Effect of dimensionless initial amplitude on the fiber angle nonlinear frequency ratio curve of a five-layered hybrid square
(a/h 100).

Figure 9. Effect of the thickness of composite layers on the nonlinear frequency ratio.

increasing the dimensionless initial amplitude (p0 ) shifts
the curve toward higher values of nonlinear frequency
ratios. The other effect of p0 is to increase the difference
of the lowest !NL =! ratio from the highest one. That is,
the higher the p0 , the higher is this difference.
In Figure 9, the nonlinear frequency ratios of two
similar five-layered hybrid plates, with only different
thicknesses for aluminum and fiber layers (while the
total thickness is the same) are compared, where
p0 ¼ 0:4, and
Plate 1: Aluminum thickness: 0.2 mm for each sheet
Fiber epoxy: 0.05 mm for each layer
Plate 2: Aluminum thickness: 0.05 mm for each sheet
Fiber epoxy: 0.55 mm for each layer
It is seen that for plate 2 where the composite
layers are thicker than aluminum ones, the lamination
angle has relatively large influence on the nonlinear
frequency.
Frequency–response curves are shown in Figure 10
for the primary resonance. From Figures 10(b) and (d)
it is seen that aspect ratio and length-to-thickness ratio
have similar effect on the frequency responses. That is,
they tend to strengthen the nonlinearity. Figure 10(c)
shows that the fiber orientation has slight effect on the
nonlinear forced vibration. Glare 6A and Glare 6B
have identical nonlinear behavior, which is seen in
Figure 10(e). Similar to the comparison made in
Figure 5, it is seen from Figure 10(f) that the nonlinear
behavior of anti-symmetric Glare 6A rectangular
plate does not differ much from that of the symmetric
Glare 3 rectangular plate.
Conclusion
Nonlinear free and forced flexural vibrations of anti-
symmetric laminated angle-ply rectangular composite,
with movable simply supported boundary conditions,
are studied by using the first-order shear deformation

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1104 Journal of Composite Materials 48(9)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Figure 10. Frequency–response curves of five-layered hybrid plate in the primary resonance: (a) effect of excitation; (b) effect of
aspect ratio; (c) effect of fiber orientation; (d) effect of length-to-thickness ratio; (e) comparing Glare 6A with Glare 6B; and (f)
comparing an anti-symmetric plate with symmetric one with the same thicknesses and material properties.

theory along with the Galerkin method and the method
of multiple scales. The comparisons with the published
results revealed that the present procedure can approxi-
mate linear and nonlinear frequencies of laminated
rectangular plates with a high precision. Linear and
nonlinear natural frequencies of laminated rectangular
plates are obtained analytically and a closed-form solu-
tion to nonlinear free and forced vibrations of these
plates is found. The approved procedure is used for
analyzing of anti-symmetric Glare 6 hybrid composite
plate and the effects of some parameters on the non-
linear response of Glare 6A plate are investigated.
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method and asymptotic linearization. Eur J Mech A/
Solids 2009; 28: 155–165.
39. Leissa AW. Vibration of plates (NASA SP-160).
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1969.
40. Akhras G and Li W. Static and free vibration analysis of
composite plates using spline finite strips with higher-
order shear deformation. Composites: Part B 2005; 36:
496–503.
41. Viswanathan KK and Kim KS. Free vibration of anti-
symmetric angle-ply-laminated plates including trans-
verse shear deformation: spline method. Int J Mech Sci
2008; 50: 1476–1485.
42. Ganapathi M and Makhecha DP. Free vibration of
multi-layered composite laminates based on an accurate
higher-order theory. Composites: Part B 2001; 32:
535–543.
1106 Journal of Composite Materials 48(9)

43. Cui XY, Liu GR and Li GY. Bending and vibration 44. Noor AK and Burton WS. Assessment of computational
responses of laminated composite plates using an edge- models for multilayered anisotropic plates. Compos
based smoothing technique. Eng Anal Boundary Elem Struct 1990; 14(3): 233–265.
2011; 35: 818–826.

Appendix 1
The partial differential operators of equations (25) and (26) for an anti-symmetric angle-ply rectangular plate are

@2
L1 ¼ ðD66 þ D12 Þ ð66Þ
@x@y

@2 @2 @2
L2 ¼ D66 þ D 22  I 2  KA44 ð67Þ
@x2 @y2 @t2

@
L3 ¼ KA44 ð68Þ
@y

@2 @2 @2
L4 ¼ D11 þ D 66  I 2  KA55 ð69Þ
@x2 @y2 @t2

@2
L5 ¼ ðD66 þ D12 Þ ð70Þ
@x@y

@
L6 ¼ KA55 ð71Þ
@x

 @3  @
3
L7 ¼ B16  B62 þ B26 ð72Þ
@x@y2 @x3

 @3  @
3
L8 ¼ B26  B61 þ B 16 ð73Þ
@x2 @y @y3
 
@ @2 @2 @2 @3
KA55 @x D66 @x 2 þ D22 @y2  I 2 @t2  KA 44  KA44 ðD66 þ D12 Þ @x@y2

L9 ¼    ð74Þ
@2 @2 @2 @2 @2 @2
 ðD66 þ D12 Þ2 @x@2 @y2
4
D66 @x 2 þ D22 @y2  I2 @t2  KA44 D11 @x 2 þ D66 @y2  I2 @t2  KA55

h 3 3
i  h @3 i
@2 @2 @2 @2  @3
B26  B61 @x@2 @y þ B16 @y@ 3 D66 @x 2 þ D22 @y2  I2 @t2  KA44  ðD66 þ D12 Þ @x@y B16  B62 @x@y2 þ B26 @x3
L10 ¼   
@2 @2 @2 @2 @2 @2 2 @4
D66 @x 2 þ D 22 @y2  I 2 @t2  KA 44 D11 @x2 þ D 66 @y2  I 2 @t2  KA55  ðD66 þ D12 Þ @x2 @y2

ð75Þ
 
@2 @2 @2 3
KA44 @y@ D11 @x 2 þ D66 @y2  I2 @t2  KA55  KA55 ðD66 þ D12 Þ @x@2 @y
L11 ¼   ð76Þ
@2 @2 @2 @2 @2 @2
 ðD66 þ D12 Þ2 @x@2 @y2
4
D66 @x 2 þ D22 @y2  I2 @t2  KA44 D11 @x 2 þ D66 @y2  I2 @t2  KA55

 h @3 i h 3 i
@2 @2 @2  @3 @2 3
D11 @x 2 þ D66 @y2  I2 @t2  KA55 B16  B62 @x@y2 þ B26 @x3  ðD66 þ D12 Þ @x@y B26  B61 @x@2 @y þ B16 @y@ 3
L12 ¼   
@2 @2 @2 @2 @2 @2
 ðD66 þ D12 Þ2 @x@2 @y2
4
D66 @x 2 þ D22 @y2  I2 @t2  KA44 D11 @x 2 þ D66 @y2  I2 @t2  KA55

ð77Þ

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Shooshtari and Razavi 1107

Appendix 2
Coefficients of nonlinear equation of time function given by equation (29):
(   2
I0 4 h B26 A12 B16  A11 B26 þ B16 A12 B26  A22 B16 B16 B26   

Z1 ¼  þ  D 12 þ D 66
4ab A2
12
A11 A22 A66
     2 )  
B26 A12 B16  A11 B26 þ B16 A12 B26  A22 B16  1 2 D66 I0 4 h D11 b D22 a
  D66  K A44 A55 I0 abh  þ 3
A2
12
A11 A22 4 4 a3 b
  4 
4
I0  h B B2 2 2 2
K A44 A55 I2  ah KI2  h
 D11 D22 þ 16 226   A44 D11 þ A55 D22 þ A44 D66 þ A55 D66
4ab A66 4b 4ab
KA12 A55 B16 B26 I0 2 bh K2 A44 A55 I2 2 bh I0 4 h  2  KI0 2 bh 
þ  2  
 þ  B26 D11 þ B2 
16 D22  A44 D11 þ A55 D66
2a A12  A11 A22 4a 4A66 ab 4a
 2 
 4
D I0  h B16 b B26 a 2
KI0  ah  2 KA55 I2  bh  4
þ 66  þ 3  A55 D22 þ A44 D66  D11 þ D66
4A66 a3 b 4b 4a3
KA44 I2 4 ah   
KI2 4 h  2 2
D11 I0 4 bh 
 3
D 22 þ D 66 þ  A 44 B 16 þ A 55 B 26   2  
A11 B2 
26 þ A22 B16
2
4b 4A66 ab 3
4a A12  A11 A22
 
 4
D22 I0  ah   2  2
  4
A12 B16 B26 I0  h D11 b D22 a

 3  2 A B
11 26 þ A B
22 16 þ  þ
4b A12  A11 A22 2 A2 
12  A11 A22
 a3 b3
   
I0  4 h A11 B4
26 a A22 B4 16 b KI0 2 h A44 B2 16 b A55 B2 26 a
þ   2 þ þ þ
4A66 A12  A11 A22 b3 a3 4A66 a b
2 2 4
  
 4
 2 2

B B I0  h A11 b A22 a KI2  h A44 B26 a A55 B16 b
þ  16 226   þ 3 þ þ
4A66 A12  A11 A22 a3 b 4A66 b3 a3
KI 4 h  KA44 I0 2 ah   2
  2 2   A11 B2 26 þ A 
B 2
22 16 ð A 44 þ A 55 Þ   2  
A11 B26 þ A22 B2
16
4ab A12  A11 A22 4b A12  A11 A22
2
KA55 I0  bh  KA I  ah 4 
  2  
A11 B2  2
26 þ A22 B16   244 2   A11 B2 
26 þ A22 B16
2
4a A12  A11 A22 3
4b A12  A11 A22
 2 
4
KA55 I2  bh   2  2
A12 B16 B26 I0 4 h B26 a B2 16 b
 3  2 A11 B26 þ A22 B16    2 þ 3
4a A12  A11 A22 2A66 A12  A11 A22 b3 a
 
KA12 A44 B16 B26 I0 2 ah KA12 B16 B26 I2 4 h KA12 B16 B26 I2 4 h A44 a A55 b
þ  2 þ  ðA 44 þ A 55 Þ þ  þ
4b A12  A11 A22 2ab A2 
12  A11 A22
 2 A2 
12  A11 A22
 b3 a3
ð78Þ
     2
KA44 6 h B26 A12 B16  A11 B26 þ B16 A12 B26  A22 B16 B16 B26   

Z2 ¼  þ  D 12 þ D 66
4ab3 A2
12
A11 A22 A66
    2
KA55 6 h B26 A12 B16  A11 B26 þ B16 A12 B26  A22 B16 
   D 66
4a3 b A2
12
A11 A22
   2
KA44 6 h B26 A12 B16  A11 B26 þ B16 A12 B26  A22 B16 
   D66
4ab3 A2
12
A11 A22
     2
KA55 6 h B26 A12 B16  A11 B26 þ B16 A12 B26  A22 B16 B16 B26   

þ  þ  D12 þ D66
4a3 b A2
12
A11 A22 A66
K2 A44 A55 D11 4 bh K2 A44 A55 D22 4 ah KA44 D11 D22 6 h KA55 D11 D22 6 h
   
4a3 4b3 4ab3 4a3 b
KA44 D11 D66  h KA55 D22 D66  h K A44 A55 D12  h K A44 A55 D66 4 h
  6   6 2  4 2
   
4a3 b 4ab3 2ab ab

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1108 Journal of Composite Materials 48(9)

KA44 D22 D66 6 ah KA55 D11 D66 6 bh K2 A44 A55 B2 4

16  bh K2 A44 A55 B2 4
26  ah
  þ  þ 
4b5 4a5 4A66 a3 4A66 b3
 6  6  6  6
KA44 B2
26 D11  h KA44 B2
16 D22  h KA55 B2
26 D11  h KA55 B2
16 D22  h
þ þ þ þ
4A66 ab3 4A66 ab3 4A66 a3 b 4A66 a3 b
 6  6 2 6 2 6
KA44 B2
16 D66  h KA55 B2
26 D66  h KA44 B2
16 B26  h KA55 B2
16 B26  h
þ þ  
4A66 a3 b 4A66 ab3 4A266 ab
3 4A2 3
66 a b
 6  6
KA44 B2
26 D66  ah KA55 B2
16 D66  bh KA A44 B4 6 ah KA A55 B4 6 bh
þ  5
þ  5
þ  511 2 26   þ  522 2 16  
4A66 b 4A66 a 4A66 b A12  A11 A22 4A66 a A12  A11 A22
KA11 A44 B2 D 6 h KA22 A44 B2 D 6 h KA11 A55 B2 D 6 h
  2 26 11    2 16 11    2 26 22 
4a3 b A12  A11 A22 4a3 b A12  A11 A22 4ab3 A12  A11 A22
KA22 A55 B2 D 6 h K2 A11 A44 A55 B2 4
26  h K2 A22 A44 A55 B2 4
16  h
  2 16 22    2  
  2  
3
4ab A12  A11 A22 ab A12  A11 A22 ab A12  A11 A22
6 6
KA22 A44 B4
16  h KA11 A55 B4
26  h K2 A44 A55 B16 B26 4 h
þ  þ  þ
4A66 a3 b A2  
12  A11 A22 4A66 ab3 A2  
12  A11 A22 2A66 ab
KA11 A44 B2 D 6 ah KA11 A55 B2 D 6 bh KA22 A44 B2 D 6 ah
  2 26 22    2 26 11    2 16 22 
5
4b A12  A11 A22 5
4a A12  A11 A22 5
4b A12  A11 A22
KA22 A55 B2 D 6 bh KA A B2 B2 6 h KA A B2 B2 6 h
  2 16 11  þ  11  44216 26  þ  22  55216 26 
4a5 A12  A11 A22 4A66 a3 b A12  A11 A22 4A66 ab3 A12  A11 A22
2K2 A12 A44 A55 B16 B26 4 h KA A44 B B3 6 ah KA A55 B3 B 6 bh
þ  2  
  125  216 26    125  216 26 
ab A12  A11 A22 2A66 b A12  A11 A22 2A66 a A12  A11 A22
KA12 A44 B16 B26 D22 6 ah KA12 A55 B16 B26 D11 6 bh KA12 A44 B3  6
16 B26  h
þ  2 þ   
2b5 A12  A11 A22 2a5 A2 
12  A11 A22
 2A66 a3 b A2 
12  A11 A22


KA11 A55 B2 B2 6 bh KA A B2 B2 6 ah KA A B B3 6 h

þ 
 216 26  þ  22  44216 26    12  55216 26 
5
2A66 a A12  A11 A22 5
2A66 b A12  A11 A22 2A66 ab3 A12  A11 A22
KA12 A44 B16 B26 D11 6 h KA12 A55 B16 B26 D22 6 h
þ  þ  ð79Þ
2a3 b A2 
12  A11 A22
 2ab3 A2 
12  A11 A22


8 3
A11 D2
12  h B4 8 ah3 B4 8 bh3 A D2 8 h3 B2 D 8 h3
Z3 ¼ 5
 26  7  16  7 þ 22 12 5  16 125
64a b 64A66 b 64A66 a 64ab 32a b
 8 3  8 3  8 3  8 3  8 3
B2
26 D11  h B2
16 D22  h B2
26 D12  h B2
16 D11  bh B2
26 D22  ah
þ þ  þ þ
64a3 b3 64a3 b3 32ab5 64a7 64b7
A11 D11 D22 8 h3 A22 D11 D22 8 h3 A11 D12 D66 8 h3 A11 D22 D66 8 h3
  þ 
64a5 b 64ab5 32a5 b 64a3 b3
 8 3  8 3 2 2 8 3 2 2 8 3
 
A D D h  
A D D h B B  h A D h A2 D2 8 h3
 22 11 3 663 þ 22 12 665  16 26 3 3  12 12 5  12 12 5
64a b 32ab 32A66 a b 64A11 ab 64A22 a b
6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3
KA44 B2
26  ah KA55 B2
16  bh KA44 B216  h KA55 B2
26  h A11 D11 D66 8 bh3
þ þ þ þ 
64b5 64a5 64a3 b 64ab3 64a7
   8 3  3 8 3 3  8 3  2  8 3  2  8 3
A D D  ah B B  h B B  h A B D  h A B D h
 22 22 667 þ 16 26 þ 16 26 þ 22 16 113 3  22 16  12 5
64b 32A66 ab5 32A66 a5 b 64A11 a b 32A11 ab
 8 3  8 3  8 3  8 3
A11 B2
26 D12  h A11 B2
26 D22  h A11 B2
26 D11  h A11 B2
16 D22  h
  þ  þ  þ 
32A22 a5 b 64A22 a3 b3 64A66 a5 b 64A66 a5 b
 8 3  8 3  8 3  8 3  8 3
A22 B2
26 D11  h A22 B2
16 D22  h A11 B2
26 D66  h A22 B2
16 D66  h A2 
12 D11 D22  h
þ þ þ þ þ
64A66 ab5 64A66 ab5 64A66 a3 b3 64A66 a3 b3 64A11 ab5

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Shooshtari and Razavi 1109

 8 3  8 3  8 3  8 3
A2 
12 D11 D22  h A2 
12 D11 D66  h A2 
12 D12 D66  h A2 
12 D12 D66  h
þ  þ     
64A22 a5 b 64A11 a3 b3 32A11 ab5 32A22 a5 b
 8 3
A2 
12 D22 D66  h KA11 A44 D11 6 bh3 KA22 A55 D22 6 ah3 KA11 A55 D66 6 bh3
þ   
64A22 a3 b3 64a5 64b5 64a5
KA22 A44 D66 6 ah3 A22 B4 8 3
16  h A11 B4 8 3
26  h K2 A11 A44 A55 4 bh3 K2 A22 A44 A55 4 ah3
    
64b5 64A11 A66 a3 b3 64A22 A66 a3 b3 64a3 64b3
KA22 A44 D11 6 h3 KA11 A55 D22 6 h3 KA11 A44 D66 6 h3 KA22 A55 D66 6 h3 A11 B2  8 3
26 D11  bh
 3
 3
 3
 3
þ 
64ab 64a b 64a b 64ab 64A22 a7
 8 3
A22 B2
16 D22  ah A B2 D 8 bh3 A22 B2  8 3
26 D66  ah A2 D D 8 ah3 A2 D D 8 bh3
þ  7
þ 11 16 66 7 þ  7
þ 12 22 66 7 þ 12 11 66 7
64A11 b 64A66 a 64A66 b 64A11 b 64A22 a
A12 B16 B26 D11 8 h3 A12 B16 B26 D12 8 h3 A12 B16 B26 D12 8 h3 A12 B16 B26 D22 8 h3
 þ þ 
32A11 a3 b3 16A11 ab5 16A22 a5 b 32A22 a3 b3
A11 B16 B26 D12 8 h3 A22 B16 B26 D12 8 h3 A11 B16 B26 D66 8 h3 A22 B16 B26 D66 8 h3 A12 B2 2 8 3
16 B26  h
    
32A66 a5 b 32A66 ab5 32A66 a5 b 32A66 ab5 16A11 A66 ab5
2 8 3
A12 B2
16 B26  h A2 B2 D11 8 h3 A2 B2 D22 8 h3 A2 B2 D11 8 h3 A2 B2 D22 8 h3
    12 26
   12 16
   12 26
   12 16
16A22 A66 a b5 64A11 A66 ab 5 64A11 A66 ab 5 64A22 A66 a b5 64A22 A66 a5 b
2  8 3 2  8 3 6 3 6 3 6 3
A2
12 B16 D66  h A2
12 B26 D66  h KA22 A44 B2
16  ah KA11 A55 B2
26  bh KA11 A44 B2
16  bh
      þ  þ  þ 
64A11 A66 a3 b3 64A22 A66 a3 b3 64A11 b5 64A22 a5 64A66 a5
6 3  6 3  6 3  6 3
KA22 A55 B2
26  ah KA2
12 A44 D11  bh KA2
12 A55 D22  ah KA2
12 A44 D66  ah
þ þ þ þ
64A66 b5 64A22 a5 64A11 b5 64A11 b5
 6 3 8 3  8 3
KA2
12 A55 D66  bh A12 B16 B3
26  ah A12 B3
16 B26  bh K2 A2 4 3
12 A44 A55  ah K2 A2 4 3
12 A44 A55  bh
þ þ þ þ þ
64A22 a5 32A11 A66 b7 32A22 A66 a7 64A11 b3 64A22 a3
6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3  6 3
KA11 A44 B2
26  h KA22 A55 B2
16  h KA22 A44 B2
16  h KA11 A55 B2
26  h KA2
12 A44 D11  h
þ  3
þ  3
þ  3
þ  3
þ 
64A22 a b 64A11 ab 64A66 ab 64A66 a b 64A11 ab3
 6 3  6 3  6 3
KA2
12 A55 D22  h KA2
12 A55 D66  h KA2
12 A44 D66  h A12 B16 B26 D11 8 bh3 A12 B16 B26 D22 8 ah3
þ  þ  þ   
64A22 a3 b 64A11 ab3 64A22 a3 b 32A22 a7 32A11 b7
 8 3 8 3  8 3 2 8 3 2 8 3
A12 B3
16 B26  h A11 B16 B3
26  h A22 B3
16 B26  h A11 B2
16 B26  bh A22 B2
16 B26  ah
þ þ þ  
32A11 A66 a3 b3 32A22 A66 a5 b 32A11 A66 ab5 64A22 A66 a7 64A11 A66 b7
8 3 2  8 3 2  8 3  8 3  8 3
A12 B16 B3
26  h A2
12 B26 D66  ah A2
12 B16 D66  bh A2  
12 B16 B26 D12  h A2  
12 B16 B26 D12  h
þ   þ þ
32A22 A66 a3 b3 64A11 A66 b7 64A22 A66 a7 32A11 A66 ab5 32A22 A66 a5 b
 8 3
A2  
12 B16 B26 D66  h A2 B B D 8 h3 KA12 A44 B16 B26 6 ah3 KA12 A55 B16 B26 6 bh3
þ   þ 12 16  26  665  
32A11 A66 ab 5 32A22 A66 a b 32A11 b5 32A22 a5
2 6 3 2 6 3
KA2
12 A44 B16  bh KA2
12 A55 B26  ah KA12 A44 B16 B26 6 h3 KA12 A55 B16 B26 6 h3
       
64A22 A66 a5 64A11 A66 b5 32A22 a3 b 32A11 ab3
2 6 3 2 6 3
KA2
12 A44 B16  h KA2
12 A55 B26  h
  ð80Þ
64A11 A66 ab3 64A22 A66 a3 b

6 3
3B2
16 I2  h 3B2 I2 6 h3 3B2 I2 6 bh3 3B2 I2 6 ah3 3A11 D22 I2 6 h3 3A22 D11 I2 6 h3
Z4 ¼ 3
þ 26 3 þ 16 5 þ 26 5  
64a b 64ab 64a 64b 64a3 b 64ab3
6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3
 
3A D I2  h  
3A D I2  h  
3A D I2  bh  
3A D I2  ah 3A D I2 6 bh3

 11 663  22 66 3  11 11 5  22 22 5  11 66 5
64a b 64ab 64a 64b 64a
6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3
 
3A D I2  ah  2
3A B I2  h  2
3A B I2  h  2
3A B I2  h 3A B2 I2 6 h3

  22 66 5 þ 22 16  þ 11 26  þ 11 26  þ 22 16
64b 64A11 ab 3 64A22 a b3 64A66 a b3 64A66 ab3
6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3
3A2 
12 D11 I2  h 3A2 
12 D22 I2  h 3A2 
12 D66 I2  h 3A2 
12 D66 I2  h 3KA11 A44 I2 4 bh3
þ  þ  þ  þ  
64A11 ab3 64A22 a3 b 64A11 ab3 64A22 a3 b 64a3

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1110 Journal of Composite Materials 48(9)

3KA11 A55 I2 4 bh3 3KA22 A44 I2 4 ah3 3KA22 A55 I2 4 ah3 3A22 B2 6 3
16 I2  ah 3A11 B2 6 3
26 I2  bh
   þ  þ 
64a3 64b3 64b3 64A11 b5 64A22 a5
6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3
3A11 B2
16 I2  bh 3A22 B2
26 I2  ah 3A2 
12 D22 I2  ah 3A2 
12 D11 I2  bh 3A2 
12 D66 I2  ah
þ þ þ þ þ
64A66 a5 64A66 b5 64A11 b5 64A22 a5 64A11 b5
6 3
3A2 
12 D66 I2  bh 3A12 B16 B26 I2 6 h3 3A12 B16 B26 I2 6 h3 3A2 2 6 3
12 B16 I2  h 3A2 2 6 3
12 B26 I2  h
þ    
64A22 a5 32A11 ab3 32A22 a3 b 64A11 A66 ab3 64A22 A66 a3 b
4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3
3KA2
12 A44 I2  ah 3KA2
12 A55 I2  ah 3KA2
12 A44 I2  bh 3KA2
12 A55 I2  bh
þ  3
þ  3
þ  3
þ  3
64A11 b 64A11 b 64A22 a 64A22 a
3A12 B16 B26 I2 6 ah3 3A12 B16 B26 I2 6 bh3 3A2 B2 I2 6 ah3 3A2 B2 I2 6 bh3
  5
  5
 12 26  5  12 16  5 ð81Þ
32A11 b 32A22 a 64A11 A66 b 64A22 A66 a

 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3
3B2
16 I2  h 3B2
26 I2  h 3B2
16 I2  bh 3B2
26 I2  ah 3A11 D22 I2 6 h3 3A22 D11 I2 6 h3
Z5 ¼ 2  þ þ þ  
64a3 b 64ab3 64a5 64b5 64a3 b 64ab3
3A11 D66 I2 6 h3 3A22 D66 I2 6 h3 3A11 D11 I2 6 bh3 3A22 D22 I2 6 ah3 3A11 D66 I2 6 bh3
    
64a3 b 64ab3 64a5 64b5 64a5
6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3
 
3A D I2  ah  2
3A B I2  h  2
3A11 B26 I2  h  2
3A11 B26 I2  h 3A22 B16 I2 6 h3
 2
 22 66 5 þ 22 16  þ  þ  þ
64b 64A11 ab3 64A22 a3 b 64A66 a3 b 64A66 ab3
6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3
3A2 
12 D11 I2  h 3A2 
12 D22 I2  h 3A2 
12 D66 I2  h 3A2 
12 D66 I2  h 3KA11 A44 I2 4 bh3
þ þ þ þ 
64A11 ab3 64A22 a3 b 64A11 ab3 64A22 a3 b 64a3
3KA11 A55 I2 4 bh3 3KA22 A44 I2 4 ah3 3KA22 A55 I2 4 ah3 3A22 B2 6 3
16 I2  ah 3A11 B2 6 3
26 I2  bh
   þ þ
64a3 64b3 64b3 64A11 b5 64A22 a5
6 3
3A11 B2
16 I2  bh 3A B2 I2 6 ah3 3A2 D I2 6 ah3 3A2 D I2 6 bh3 3A2 D I2 6 ah3
þ  5
þ 22 26 5 þ 12 22 5 þ 12 11 5 þ 12 66 5
64A66 a 64A66 b 64A11 b 64A22 a 64A11 b
6 3
3A2 
12 D66 I2  bh 3A12 B16 B26 I2 6 h3 3A12 B16 B26 I2 6 h3 3A2 2 6 3
12 B16 I2  h 3A2 2 6 3
12 B26 I2  h
þ           
64A22 a5 32A11 ab3 32A22 a3 b 64A11 A66 ab3 64A22 A66 a3 b
4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3
3KA2
12 A44 I2  ah 3KA212 A55 I2  ah 3KA2
12 A44 I2  bh 3KA2
12 A55 I2  bh
þ þ þ þ
64A11 b3 64A11 b3 64A22 a3 64A22 a3
6 3 6 3 6 3

  
3A B B I2  ah   
3A B B I2  bh 2 2
3A B I2  ah 3A B I2 6 bh3
2 2
 12 16 26 5  12 16 26 5  12 26  5  12 16  5 ð82Þ
32A11 b 32A22 a 64A11 A66 b 64A22 A66 a

Appendix 3
In the following constants, the relation between  and (i.e.  2 ¼ 2 2 ) is applied:

q1 ¼ 32  2 !2 ð83Þ

1 
q2 ¼ 2
q1 2  3 2 !2 ð84Þ
8!
1 2
q3 ¼ q ð85Þ
!2 1

q4 ¼  2 q1 ð86Þ

3  2  3 
X1 ¼ 2
  3 2 !2 3 2 !2 þ 82 þ 2 32  2 !2 ð87Þ
32! 4

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Shooshtari and Razavi 1111

1  2 2 
X2 ¼ 2
3 !  2 32  25 2 !2 ð88Þ
8!

Appendix 4
Dimensionless frequency of a two-layered [45 =  45 ] square plate (h ¼ 0:01, a ¼ 1, K ¼ 5=6, 12 ¼ 0:5,
0 ¼ 2550):
 1=2
1:044  1078 4 þ 2:375  1079 3  5:415  1078 2  7:872  1047 þ 6:752  1046
! ¼ 1636:69  ð89Þ
3:092  1079 4 þ 1:379  1084 3  3:448  1083 2  8:157  1052 þ 1:019  1052
Where ¼ E1 =E2 .

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