Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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3- These transducers measure displacement by changing the mutual -
inductance between two or more stationary coils, by the displacement of a
ferrite or iron core in the bore of the coil assembly
4- The primary coil is excited by passing an AC current, inducing an
alternating magnetic field in the secondary coils, produces induced
voltages across them.
5- When the slug is centered symmetrically in the two secondary coils,
the induced voltage of them is equal (but of opposite polarities) ,so the
net output voltage is zero.
5- When the core moves toward one coil, the voltage induced in that coil
is increased proportionally to the displacement of the core, while the
voltage induced in the other coil is decreased proportionally, leading to a
typical voltage-displacement diagram,
special phase-sensitive electronic circuits must be used to detect both the position
and the direction of the core’s displacement.
B- Electromagnetic Flow Transducer ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺪم ﻓﻲ أوردة اﻟﻘﻠﺐ
Measures Blood flow in vessel near the heart, including the aorta at the point
where it exits from the heart.
1- It consists of a clip-on probe that fits snugly around the blood vessel,
2- The probe contains electrical coils to produce an electromagnetic field
that is transverse to the direction of blood flow.
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3- The coil is usually excited by an AC current. A pair of very small
biopotential electrodes are attached to the housing and rest against the wall of
the blood vessel to pick up the induced potential which is the blood flow rate.
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r
For blood vessel of diameter, l, filled with blood of uniform velocity, u and
r
placed in a uniform magnetic flux, B (in weber), perpendicular to the
direction of blood flow,
r
the blood ions anion and cation particles produce a force, F blood flow
direction
where q =(1.6 x 10-19 C).
The blood ions may deflected in opposite directions to move along the diameter of
r
blood vessels, producing an opposing force, F0 , which is equal to
r
where E is the net electrical field produced by the displacement of the charged
particles and V is the potential produced across the walls of blood vessel.
r r
At equilibrium, these two forces will be equal F = F0 . Therefore, the potential
difference, V across the blood vessel , is given by
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C- Potentiometer Transducers
A potentiometer is a resistive-type transducer that converts either linear or
angular displacement into an output voltage by moving a sliding contact along
the surface of a resistive element.
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A similar transducer can be used to follow a patient’s breathing pattern by wrapping
the elastic band around the chest.
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F- Strain Gauge Transducers ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺪم
Strain gauges are displacement-type transducers that measure changes in the
length of an object as a result of an applied force. These transducers produce a
resistance change that is proportional to the fractional change in the length of
the object, also called strain, S, which is defined as
S= ∆l /l
where ∆l is the fractional change in length, and l is the initial length of the object.
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1- The Capacitance between two parallel plates is measured is;
where εo is the dielectric constant of free space (8.85x 10-12 F/m), and εr is the
relative dielectric constant of the insulating material placed between the two plates.
2- Changing the separation distance, d, between a fixed and a movable plate is used
to measure displacement .This arrangement can be used to measure force, pressure,
or acceleration.
3- Capacitive displacement transducers can be used to measure respiration or
movement by attaching multiple transducers to a mat that is placed on a bed.
4- A capacitive transducer can be used as a pressure transducer by attaching the
movable plate to a thin diaphragm that is in contact with a fluid or air.
.
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A piezoelectric transducer consists of a small quartz crystal that contracts if an
electric field is applied across its plates. Conversely, if the crystal is mechanically
strained, it will generate a small electric potential.
ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ أﻟﻮاح ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮارﺗﺰ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﻗﻮة ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺟﻬﺪ آﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺔ هﺬﻩ
اﻷﻟﻮاح
The piezoelectric principle is based on the phenomenon that when an asymmetrical
crystal lattice is distorted by an applied force, F, the internal negative and positive
charges are reoriented. This causes an induced surface charge, Q, directly
proportional to the applied force T Q= k . F
where k is a proportionality constant for the specific piezoelectric material.
Assuming that the piezoelectric crystal acts like a parallel plate capacitor, the
voltage across the crystal ∆V= ∆Q /C , C is the capacitance of the crystal
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1. 2 Airflow Transducers ﻟﻌﺮض ﺣﺠﻢ وﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ
Fleish-type pneumotachometers are used to monitor volume, flow, and breathing
rates of patients on mechanical ventilators.
The device consists of a straight short-tube section with a fixed screen obstruction in
the middle that produces a slight pressure drop as the air is passed through the tube.
The pressure drop created across the screen is measured by a differential pressure
transducer. The signal produced by the pressure transducer is proportional to
the air velocity.
1.3 Temperature Measurement اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ
Body temperature is vital signs of a patient’s health.
There are two distinct areas of measurement the surface of the skin under the
armpit ﺗﺤﺖ اﻻﺑﻂor inside a body cavity داﺧﻞ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ اﻟﺠﺴﻢsuch as the mouth or the
rectum.
A-Thermistors اﻟﺘﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ
Thermistors are temperature-sensitive transducers made of compressed sintered
metal oxides (such as nickel, manganese, or cobalt) that change their resistance
with temperature. ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪن ﻣﺘﻜﻠﺲ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﺮارة
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B-Thermocouples
(1)
ci are empirically derived calibration coefficients, T is given in degrees
Centigrade, and E is in mV
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thermocouple,
(2)
Note that α is a function of temperature.
Examples of medical applications of thermocouples include medical equipment,
deep-tissue hyperthermia, and cryogenic therapy.
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3- This detector converts heat flow into an electric current, reflecting the
entire core temperature
D. Temporal Artery Thermometer ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﻂ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع
1- A noninvasive scanning thermometer to measure core body
temperature.
ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻳﻤﺴﺢ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﻂ اﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق ﺣﻤﺮاء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﺼﺪﻏﻲ أﻋﻠﻰ
اﻟﺠﺒﻬﺔ واﻟﺬي ﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﺮارﺗﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮارة ﺷﺮﻳﺎن اﻷورﻃﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﺐ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة
اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ
2- It uses IR detector to scan the area above the temporal artery .
3- The skin surface over the temporal artery area is the same
temperature as the arterial blood in the aorta, which is essentially equal
to core body temperature.
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3- Once ingested into the body, the 3/4-inch-long battery-operated pill
transmits wirelessly core body temperature as it travels harmlessly through the
gastrointestinal tract.
4- A small quartz crystal oscillator inside the pill vibrates at a frequency that is
proportional to core body temperature.
The pill converts this change in crystal frequency to a magnetic field with a
radius of about 1 m that can be picked up wirelessly by an external data
recorder.
4-The silicone-coated pill remains in the body for about 24–36 hours before it
is excreted.
-1ﻳﺤﺪث اﻹﻧﻬﺎك اﻟﺤﺮاري أو ﺿﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ )ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻒ
ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ أو اﻟﻤﻮت( ﻳﺤﺪث آﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻟﻼﻋﺒﻲ آﺮة اﻟﻘﺪم ورواد اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺧﻼل رﺣﻼت اﻟﻔﻀﺎء،
أو اﻟﺠﻨﻮد
-1ﻃﻮرت وآﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ آﺒﺴﻮﻟﺔ ﺣﺮارﻳﺔ ﻣﻐﻄﺎة ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺒﻮب ﻟﻌﺮض درﺟﺔ
اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ اوﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ
-2وﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺑﻄﺎرﻳﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ارﺑﺎع ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮورهﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ
وﺗﺒﻌﺚ ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺤﻮي ﻣﺬﺑﺬب ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﻮرة اﻟﻜﻮارﺗﺰ ﻳﺘﺬﺑﺬب ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮدد ﻳﺴﺎوي
درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻘﻮم detectorﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎط وﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺮارة
-3هﺬﻩ اﻟﻜﺒﺴﻮﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻀﻢ وﺗﺒﻘﻰ 36ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻃﺮدهﺎ
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1.4 Blood Gas Sensorsﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪم اﻷآﺴﺠﻴﻦ وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن
1-Measurements of arterial blood gases (pO2, pCO2 and pH) are frequently
performed on critically ill patients in both the operating room and the intensive care
unit.
2-These gases provide information about the respiratory and metabolic imbalances
in the body and reflect the adequacy of blood oxygenation and CO2 elimination.
3- Two types of noninvasive electrochemical sensors for monitoring of pO2 and
pCO2 depending on two principles:
A- Diffusion occurs due to a partial pressure difference between the
blood in the superficial layers of the skin and the outermost surface of the
skin. ﻳﺤﺪث اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﺮق اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺪم ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪم
B- optical methods to measure the oxygen saturation in blood depends on
the fact: blood changes its color depending on the amount of oxygen
chemically bound to the hemoglobin.
ﻳﻘﺎس ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺗﺸﺒﻊ اﻷآﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻮن اﻟﺪم ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﻮد ﻟﻮﻧﻪ إذا ﻗﻞ اﻷآﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ
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