Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or computer instructions that

tell the computer how to work. This is in contrast to physical hardware, from which the system is built
and actually performs the work. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is
all information processed by computer systems, programs and data. Computer software
includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online
documentation or digital media. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither
can be realistically used on its own.
At the lowest programming level,[clarification needed] executable code consists of machine
language instructions supported by an individual processor—typically a central processing
unit (CPU) or a graphics processing unit (GPU). A machine language consists of groups of binary
values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding
state. For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the
computer—an effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also invoke one of
many input or output operations, for example displaying some text on a computer screen; causing
state changes which should be visible to the user. The processor executes the instructions in the
order they are provided, unless it is instructed to "jump" to a different instruction, or is interrupted by
the operating system. As of 2015, most personal computers, smartphone devices
and servers have processors with multiple execution units or multiple processors performing
computation together, and computing has become a much more concurrent activity than in the past.
The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages. They are easier and more
efficient for programmers because they are closer to natural languages than machine
languages.[1] High-level languages are translated into machine language using a compiler or
an interpreter or a combination of the two. Software may also be written in a low-level assembly
language, which has strong correspondence to the computer's machine language instructions and is
translated into machine language using an assembler.

vTypes
See also: List of software categories
On virtually all computer platforms, software can be grouped into a few broad categories.

Purpose, or domain of use

Based on the goal, computer software can be divided into:

 Application software
which is software that uses the computer system to perform special functions or
provide entertainment functions beyond the basic operation of the computer itself. There are
many different types of application software, because the range of tasks that can be performed
with a modern computer is so large—see list of software.
 System software
which is software that directly operates the computer hardware, to provide basic functionality
needed by users and other software, and to provide a platform for running application
software.[5] System software includes:
 Operating systems
which are essential collections of software that manage resources and provides common
services for other software that runs "on top" of them. Supervisory programs, boot
loaders, shells and window systems are core parts of operating systems. In practice, an
operating system comes bundled with additional software (including application software) so
that a user can potentially do some work with a computer that only has one operating
system.
 Device drivers
which operate or control a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. Each
device needs at least one corresponding device driver; because a computer typically has at
minimum at least one input device and at least one output device, a computer typically
needs more than one device driver.
 Utilities
which are computer programs designed to assist users in the maintenance and care of their
computers.
 Malicious software or malware
which is software that is developed to harm and disrupt computers. As such, malware is
undesirable. Malware is closely associated with computer-related crimes, though some
malicious programs may have been designed as practical jokes.
Nature or domain of execution
 Desktop applications such as web browsers and Microsoft Office, as well
as smartphone and tablet applications (called "apps"). (There is a push in some parts of the
software industry to merge desktop applications with mobile apps, to some extent. Windows 8,
and later Ubuntu Touch, tried to allow the same style of application user interface to be used on
desktops, laptops and mobiles.)
 JavaScript scripts are pieces of software traditionally embedded in web pages that are run
directly inside the web browser when a web page is loaded without the need for a web browser
plugin. Software written in other programming languages can also be run within the web browser
if the software is either translated into JavaScript, or if a web browser plugin that supports that
language is installed; the most common example of the latter is ActionScript scripts, which are
supported by the Adobe Flash plugin.
 Server software, including:
 Web applications, which usually run on the web server and output dynamically generated
web pages to web browsers, using e.g. PHP, Java, ASP.NET, or even JavaScript that runs
on the server. In modern times these commonly include some JavaScript to be run in the
web browser as well, in which case they typically run partly on the server, partly in the web
browser.
 Plugins and extensions are software that extends or modifies the functionality of another piece
of software, and require that software be used in order to function;
 Embedded software resides as firmware within embedded systems, devices dedicated to a
single use or a few uses such as cars and televisions (although some embedded devices such
as wireless chipsets can themselves be part of an ordinary, non-embedded computer system
such as a PC or smartphone).[6] In the embedded system context there is sometimes no clear
distinction between the system software and the application software. However, some
embedded systems run embedded operating systems, and these systems do retain the
 distinction between system software and application software (although typically there will only
be one, fixed, application which is always run).
 Microcode is a special, relatively obscure type of embedded software which tells the
processor itself how to execute machine code, so it is actually a lower level than machine code.
It is typically proprietary to the processor manufacturer, and any necessary correctional
microcode software updates are supplied by them to users (which is much cheaper than
shipping replacement processor hardware). Thus an ordinary programmer would not expect to
ever have to deal with it.
Programming tools
Main article: Programming tool
Programming tools are also software in the form of programs or applications that software
developers (also known as programmers, coders, hackers or software engineers) use to
create, debug, maintain (i.e. improve or fix), or otherwise support software.
Software is written in one or more programming languages; there are many programming languages
in existence, and each has at least one implementation, each of which consists of its own set of
programming tools. These tools may be relatively self-contained programs such
as compilers, debuggers, interpreters, linkers, and text editors, that can be combined together to
accomplish a task; or they may form an integrated development environment (IDE), which combines
much or all of the functionality of such self-contained tools. IDEs may do this by either invoking the
relevant individual tools or by re-implementing their functionality in a new way. An IDE can make it
easier to do specific tasks, such as searching in files in a particular project. Many programming
language implementations provide the option of using both individual tools or an IDE.

vThird-party software component

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search

In computer programming, a third-party software component is a reusable software

component developed to be either freely distributed or sold by an entity other than the original
vendor of the development platform. The third-party software component market thrives because
many programmers believe that component-oriented development improves the efficiency and the
quality of developing custom applications. Common third-party software includes macros, bots, and
software/scripts to be run as add-ons for popular developing software.

Adobe PageMaker
Adobe PageMaker (formerly Aldus PageMaker) is a discontinued desktop
publishing computer program introduced in 1985 by Aldus on the Apple Macintosh.[2] The
combination of PageMaker using the Mac's graphical user interface for document creation and
the Apple LaserWriterfor output represented the starting point of what became the desktop
publishing revolution in the late 1980s. Ported to PCs running Windows 1.0in 1987,[3] PageMaker
helped to popularize the Macintosh platform and the Windows environment.[4][5]
A key component that led to PageMaker's success was its native support for Adobe
Systems' PostScript page description language. After Adobe purchased the majority of Aldus'
assets (including FreeHand, PressWise, PageMaker etc.) in 1994 and subsequently phased out
the Aldus name, version 6 was released. The program remained a major force in the high-end
DTP market through the early 1990s, but new features were slow in coming. By the mid-1990s,
it faced increasing competition from QuarkXPress on the Mac, and to a lesser degree, Ventura on
the PC, and by the end of the decade it was no longer a major force. Quark proposed buying the
product and cancelling it, but instead, in 1999 Adobe released their "Quark Killer", Adobe
InDesign. The last major release of PageMaker was in 2001, and customers were offered
InDesign licenses at a lower cost.

Release history
 Aldus Pagemaker 1.0 was released in July 1985 for the Macintosh and in December 1986 for
the IBM PC.[6][7]
 Aldus Pagemaker 1.2 for Macintosh was released in 1986 and added support for PostScript
fonts built into LaserWriter Plus or downloaded to the memory of other output
devices.[8] PageMaker was awarded an Codie award for Best New Use of a Computer in 1986. In
October 1986, a version of Pagemaker was made available for Hewlett-Packard's HP
Vectracomputers. In 1987, Pagemaker was available on Digital
Equipment's VAXstation computers.[7]
 Aldus Pagemaker 2.0 was released in 1987. Until May 1987, the initial Windows release was
bundled with a full version of Windows 1.0.3; after that date, a "Windows-runtime" with no task-
switching capabilities was included.[9][10] Thus, users who did not have Windows could run the
application from MS-DOS.
 Aldus Pagemaker 3.0 for Macintosh was shipped in April 1988.[11] PageMaker 3.0 for the PC
was shipped in May 1988[12]and required Windows 2.0,[13] which was bundled as a run-time
version.[14] Version 3.01 was available for OS/2 and took extensive advantage
of multithreading for improved user responsiveness.
 Aldus PageMaker 4.0 for Macintosh was released in 1990 and offered new word-processing
capabilities, expanded typographic controls, and enhanced features for handling long
documents.[15] A version for the PC was available by 1991.
 Aldus PageMaker 5.0 was released in January 1993.[7]
 Adobe PageMaker 6.0 was released in 1995, a year after Adobe Systems acquired Aldus
Corporation.
 Adobe PageMaker 6.5 was released in 1996. Support for versions 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, and 6.5 is no
longer offered through the official Adobe support system. Due to Aldus' use of closed,
proprietary data formats, this poses substantial problems for users who have works authored in
these legacy versions.
 Adobe PageMaker 7.0 was the final version made available. It was released 9 July 2001,
though updates have been released for the two supported platforms since. The Macintosh
version runs only in Mac OS 9 or earlier; there is no native support for Mac OS X,[16] and it does
not run on Intel-based Macs without SheepShaver. It does not run well under Classic, and
Adobe recommends that customers use an older Macintosh capable of booting into Mac OS 9.
The Windows version supports Windows XP, but according to Adobe, "PageMaker 7.x does not
install or run on Windows Vista.

CorelDRAW
CorelDraw (styled CorelDRAW) is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel
Corporation. It is also the name of Corel's Graphics Suite, which includes additionally the bitmap-
image editor Corel Photo-Paint as well as other graphics-related programs (see below). The latest
version is marketed as CorelDraw Graphics Suite 2018 (equivalent to version 20), and was released
in April 10, 2018.[1] CorelDraw is designed to edit two-dimensional images such as logos and
posters.

vHistory[edit]
In 1987, Corel engineers Michel Bouillon and Pat Beirne undertook to develop a vector-based
illustration program to bundle with their desktop publishing systems. That program, CorelDraw, was
initially released in 1989. CorelDraw 1.x and 2.x ran under Windows 2.x and 3.0. CorelDraw 3.0
came into its own with Microsoft's release of Windows 3.1. The inclusion of TrueType in Windows
3.1 transformed CorelDraw into a serious illustration program capable of using system-installed
outline fonts without requiring third-party software such as Adobe Type Manager; paired with a
photo-editing program (Corel Photo-Paint), a font manager and several other pieces of software, it
was also part of the first all-in-one graphics suite.

Features by version[edit]
CorelDraw Version support
Windows
New Features
Compatibility
Versio Readin Writin
Release date
n g files g files

Jan 1989[2] 1 1 1 2.1 First version

Introduces backups on save,

Mar 1989[3] 1.01 1 1 2.1 and draw rectangles from their
centre

Apr 1989[3] 1.02 1 1 2.1 IBM PIF file format support

102 new fonts in Corel's

Jul 1989[3] 1.10 1 1 2.1 proprietary WFN format, with
WFNBOSS file font manager

AutoCAD DXF import/export

Feb 1990[3] 1.11 1 1 2.1
support

Envelope tool (for distorting

text or objects using a primary
Sep 1991[2] 2 1, 2 1, 2 3.0 shape), Blend (for morphing
shapes), Extrusion (for
simulating perspective and
volume in objects) and
 Perspective (to distort objects
along X and Y axes).
CorelDraw for Unix also
became available.[4][5]

Included Corel Photo-Paint

asp ( for bitmap editing),
CorelSHOW (for creating on-
screen presentations),
CorelCHART (for graphic
charts), Mosaic and
CorelTRACE (for vectorizing
bitmaps). The inclusion of this
3.0, 3.1(preferred software was the precedent
15 May 1992[6] 3 1, 2, 3 2, 3
) for the actual graphic
suites.[7] CorelDraw for Unix
also became available.[8][9]The
fonts bundled with CorelDraw
are no longer in the
proprietary Corel format WFN,
but in Type 1 PostScript
fonts and TTF
TrueType formats.

Photo-Paint (for bitmap

editing), CorelSHOW (for
creating on-screen
presentations), CorelCHART
(for graphic charts),
CorelMOVE for animation,
20 May 1993[10] 4 1, 2, 3, 4 3, 4 3.1
Mosaic and CorelTRACE (for
vectorizing bitmaps). Multi-
page capabilities, Powerlines,
support for graphic tablets,
Clone tool, elastic node
editing, Envelope tool.

This is the last version which

was made for Windows
3.x. Corel Ventura was
included in the suite (and then
1, 2, 3,
27 May 1994[11] 5 3, 4, 5 3.1 sold as a separate program);
4, 5
it was a desktop publishing
application akin to
PageMaker, Quark XPress, or
InDesign.
 This is the first version which
was made exclusively for 32-
bit Windows. New features
were customizable interface,
Polygon, Spiral, Knife and
Eraser tools. Corel Memo,
24 Aug 1995[12] 6 3, 4, 5, 6 5, 6 95
Corel Presents, Corel Motion
3D, Corel Depth, Corel
Multimedia Manager, Corel
Font Master and Corel
DREAM (for 3D modelling)
were included in the suite.

Context-sensitive Property
bar, Print Preview with Zoom
and Pan options, Scrapbook
(for viewing a drag-and-
dropping graphic objects),
Publish to HTML option, Draft
and Enhanced display
options, Interactive Fill and
3, 4, 5, Blend tools, Transparency
8 Oct 1996[13] 7 5, 6, 7 95, NT 4
6, 7 tools, Natural Pen tool, Find &
Replace wizard, Convert
Vector to Bitmap option
(inside Draw), Spell checker,
Thesaurus and Grammar
checker. The suite included
Corel Scan and Corel Barista
(a Java-based document
exchange format).

Digger selection, Docker

windows, Interactive
Distortion, 3D, Envelope and
tools, Realistic Dropshadow
3, 4, 5, tool, interactive color mixing,
27 Oct 1997[14] 8 6, 7, 8 95, NT 4
6, 7, 8 color palette editor, guidelines
as objects, custom-sized
pages, duotone support. Corel
Versions was included in the
suite.

Mesh fill tool (for complex

3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7,
31 Aug 1999[15] 9 95, 98, NT 4 color filling), Artistic Media
6, 7, 8, 9 8, 9
tool, Publish to PDF features,
embedded ICC color profiles,
 Multiple On-screen Color
Palettes and Microsoft Visual
Basic for Applications 6
support. The suite
included Canto Cumulus LE, a
piece of software for media
management.

CorelR.A.V.E. (for vector

animation), Perfect Shapes,
Web graphics tools (for
creating interactive elements
98, Me, NT
13 Nov 2000[16] 10 10† 10 ‡ such as buttons), Page sorter,
4, 2000
multilingual document
support, navigator window.
Open, save, import and export
in SVGformat.[17]

Symbols library, image slicing

5, 6, 7,
98, Me, NT 4, (for web design), pressure-
1 Aug 2002[18] 11 11 † 8, 9,
2000, XP sensitive vector brushes, 3-
10, 11
point drawing tools.

Dynamic guides, Smart

Drawing tools, Export to MS
10 Feb 2004[19] 12 12 † 12 ‡ 2000, XP Office or Word option, Virtual
Segment Delete tool, Unicode
text support.

Double click Crop tool (the

first vector software able to
crop groups of vectors and
2000, 2003, XP bitmap images at the same
7, 8, 9,
(32-bit, 64- time), Smart fill tool,
17 Jan 2006[20] X3 (13) X3 † 10, 11,
bit), Vista(32-bit Chamfer/Fillet/Scallop/Embos
12, X3
only), 7, 8 s tool, Image Adjustment Lab.
Trace became integrated
inside Draw under the name
PowerTrace.

Whatthefont font identification

service linked inside
22 Jan 2008[21] X4 (14) 7 to X4 † 7 to X4 XP, Vista, 7, 8
CorelDraw, ConceptShare,
Table tool, independent page
layers, live text formatting,
 support for RAW camera
files.[22]

Built-in content organizer

(CorelConnect), CD, web
graphics and animation tools,
multi-core performance
improvement, digital content
(professional fonts, clip arts,
and photos), object hinting,
pixel view, enhanced Mesh
tool with transparency options,
added touch support, and new
supported file formats.[24] It has
23 Feb 2010[23] X5 (15) 7 to X5 7 to X5 XP, Vista, 7, 8 developed Transformation,
which makes multiple copies
of a single object.

For the first time, OpenType

versions of Helvetica, Frutiger,
Futura and Garamond #3 font
families (32 fonts total) from
Linotype foundry are included
instead of the Bitstream
counterparts. All but
Garamond are in OpenType
Pro format.[25]

Includes 64-bit and multi-core

processor native support,
support for 64-bit Adobe
Photoshop plugins, and
additional tools to import and
export from Adobe Creative
Suite and Publisher. Object
properties, styles, and color
styling have each been
consolidated into their own
docking toolbars. A new
XP (32-bit only),
20 Mar 2012[26] X6 (16) 7 to X6 7 to X6 Unicode OpenType-based
Vista, 7, 8
text engine modernizes text
handling, including full
international language support
(the legacy text mode is
retained). Dynamic alignment
guides allow for easy
repositioning without setting
static guidelines.
CorelConnect content
organizer allows for in-
application access to online
 sources such as Flickr for
assets such as images and
clip art. New tools permit
manipulating vector images by
pushing, pulling, smearing,
etc. Various improvements in
frame-based layout, masking,
clipping and effects have been
made.[27]
27 March 2014[28 X7 (17) 7 to X7 7 to X7 7, 8, 10*
]

15 March 2016[29 X8 (18) 7 to X8 7 to X8 7, 8, 10

]

LiveSketch™, 4K and real-

time stylus support, Enhanced
2017
11 April 2017[30] 7 to 19 7 to 19 7, 8, 10 Font list Box and nodes,
(19)
Supports Microsoft Windows
tablet mode & surface dial.
Symmetrical Drawing Mode,
Block Shadow Tool, publish to
WordPress, Impact tool,
Pointillizer™, and
2018
10 April 2018 7 to 20 7 to 20 7, 8, 10 PhotoCocktail™, straighten
(20)
photos interactively, adjust
photo perspective
interactively, apply envelopes
to bitmaps.[1]

Adobe Photoshop
Adobe Photoshop is a raster graphics editor developed and published by Adobe
Inc. for macOS and Windows.
Photoshop was created in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll. Since then, it has become the de
facto industry standard in raster graphics editing, to the point that Photoshop has become
a generic trademark leading to its use as a verb such as "to photoshop an image,"
"photoshopping" and "photoshop contest", though Adobe discourages such use.[3] Photoshop can
edit and compose raster images in multiple layers and supports masks, alpha compositing and
several color models including RGB, CMYK, CIELAB, spot color and duotone. Photoshop uses
its own PSD and PSB file formats to support these features.
In addition to raster graphics, it has limited abilities to edit or render text, vector
graphics (especially through clipping path), 3D graphics and video. Photoshop's feature set can
be expanded by Photoshop plug-ins, programs developed and distributed independently of
Photoshop that can run inside it and offer new or enhanced features.
Photoshop's naming scheme was initially based on version numbers. However, in October 2002,
following the introduction of Creative Suitebranding, each new version of Photoshop was
designated with "CS" plus a number; e.g., the eighth major version of Photoshop was Photoshop
CS and the ninth major version was Photoshop CS2. Photoshop CS3 through CS6 were also
distributed in two different editions: Standard and Extended. In June 2013, with the introduction
of Creative Cloud branding, Photoshop's licensing scheme was changed to that of software as a
service rental model and the "CS" suffixes were replaced with "CC". Historically, Photoshop was
bundled with additional software such as Adobe ImageReady, Adobe Fireworks, Adobe
Bridge, Adobe Device Central and Adobe Camera RAW.
Alongside Photoshop, Adobe also develops and publishes Photoshop Elements, Photoshop
Lightroom, Photoshop Express,Photoshop Fix, Photoshop Sketch and Photoshop Mix. Adobe
also plans to launch a full-version of Photoshop for the iPad in 2019.[4] Collectively, they are
branded as "The Adobe Photoshop Family". It is currently a licensed software.

v Photoshop tools
Upon loading Photoshop, a sidebar with a variety of tools with multiple image-editing functions
appears to the left of the screen. These tools typically fall under the categories
of drawing; painting; measuring and navigation; selection; typing; andretouching.[22] Some
tools contain a small triangle in the bottom right of the toolbox icon. These can be expanded to
reveal similar tools.[23] While newer versions of Photoshop are updated to include new tools and
features, several recurring tools that exist in most versions are discussed below.

Pen tool[edit]
Photoshop includes a few versions of the pen tool. The pen tool creates precise paths that can be
manipulated using anchor points. The free form pen tool allows the user to draw paths freehand, and
with the magnetic pen tool, the drawn path attaches closely to outlines of objects in an image, which
is useful for isolating them from a background.

Clone Stamp Tool[edit]

The Clone Stamp tool duplicates one part of an image to another part of the same image by way of a
brush. The duplication is either in full or in part depending on the mode. The user can also clone part
of one layer to another layer. The Clone Stamp tool is useful for duplicating objects or removing a
defect in an image.[24]

Shape tools[edit]
Photoshop provides an array of shape tools including rectangles, rounded rectangles, ellipses,
polygons and lines. These shapes can be manipulated by the pen tool, direct selection tool etc. to
make vector graphics.

Measuring and navigation[edit]

The eyedropper tool selects a color from an area of the image that is clicked, and samples it for
future use.[22] The hand tool navigates an image by moving it in any direction, and the zoom tool
enlarges the part of an image that is clicked on, allowing for a closer view.[22]

Selection tools[edit]
Selection tools are used to select all or any part of a picture to perform cut, copy, edit, or retouching
operations.
Cropping[edit]
The crop tool can be used to select a particular area of an image and discard the portions outside
the chosen section. This tool assists in creating a focus point on an image and unnecessary or
excess space.[25] Cropping allows enhancement of a photo’s composition while decreasing the file
size. The "crop" tool is in the tools palette, which is located on the right side of the document. By
placing the cursor over the image, the user can drag the cursor to the desired area. Once the Enter
key is pressed, the area outside the rectangle will be cropped. The area outside the rectangle is the
discarded data, which allows for the file size to be decreased.[26] The "crop" tool can alternatively be
used to extend the canvas size by clicking and dragging outside the existing image borders.
Slicing[edit]
The "slice" and slice select tools, like the crop tool, are used in isolating parts of images. The slice
tool can be used to divide an image into different sections, and these separate parts can be used as
pieces of a web page design once HTML and CSS are applied.[27] The slice select tool allows sliced
sections of an image to be adjusted and shifted.
Moving[edit]
The move tool can be used to drag the entirety of a single layer or more if they are selected.
Alternatively, once an area of an image is highlighted, the move tool can be used to manually
relocate the selected piece to anywhere on the canvas.[22]
Marquee[edit]
The marquee is a tool that can make selections that are single row, single column, rectangular and
elliptical.[22] An area that has been selected can be edited without affecting the rest of the image. This
tool can also crop an image; it allows for better control. In contrast to the crop tool, the "marquee"
tool allows for more adjustments to the selected area before cropping. The only marquee tool that
does not allow cropping is the elliptical. Although the single row and column marquee tools allow for
cropping, they are not ideal, because they only crop a line. The rectangular marquee tool is the
preferred option. Once the tool has been selected, dragging the tool across the desired area will
select it. The selected area will be outlined by dotted lines, referred to as "marching ants". To set a
specific size or ratio, the tool option bar provides these settings. Before selecting an area, the
desired size or ratio must be set by adjusting the width and height. Any changes such as color,
filters, location, etc. should be made before cropping. To crop the selection, the user must go to
image tab and select crop.[28]
Lasso[edit]
The lasso tool is similar to the "marquee" tool, however, the user can make a custom selection by
drawing it freehand.[22] There are three options for the "lasso" tool – regular, polygonal, and magnetic.
The regular "lasso" tool allows the user to have drawing capabilities. Photoshop will complete the
selection once the mouse button is released. The user may also complete the selection by
connecting the end point to the starting point. The "marching ants" will indicate if a selection has
been made. The "polygonal lasso" tool will draw only straight lines, which makes it an ideal choice
for images with many straight lines. Unlike the regular "lasso" tool, the user must continually click
around the image to outline the shape. To complete the selection, the user must connect the end
point to the starting point just like the regular lasso tool. "Magnetic lasso" tool is considered the smart
tool. It can do the same as the other two, but it can also detect the edges of an image once the user
selects a starting point. It detects by examining the color pixels as the cursor move over the desired
area. Closing the selection is the same as the other two, which should also should display the
"marching ants" once the selection has been closed.[29]
The quick selection tool selects areas based on edges, similarly to the magnetic lasso tool. The
difference between this tool and the lasso tool is that there is no starting and ending point. For this
reason, the selected area can be added onto as much as possible without starting over. By dragging
the cursor over the desired area, the quick selection tool detects the edges of the image. The
"marching ants" allow the user to know what is currently being selected. Once the user is done, the
selected area can be edited without affecting the rest of the image. One of the features that makes
this tool especially user friendly is that the SHIFT key is not needed to add more to the selection; by
default, extra mouse clicks will be added to the selection rather than creating a new selection.[30]
Magic wand[edit]
The magic wand tool selects areas based on pixels of similar values. One click will select all
neighboring pixels of similar value within a tolerance level set by the user. If the eyedropper tool is
selected in the options bar, then the magic wand can determine the value needed to evaluate the
pixels; this is based on the sample size setting in the eyedropper tool. This tool is inferior to the quick
selection tool which works much the same but with much better results and more intuitive controls.
The user must decide what settings to use or if the image is right for this tool.[31]
Eraser[edit]
The Eraser tool erases content based on the active layer. If the user is on the text layer, then any
text across which the tool is dragged will be erased. The eraser will convert the pixels to transparent,
unless the background layer is selected. The size and style of the eraser can be selected in the
options bar. This tool is unique in that it can take the form of the paintbrush and pencil tools. In
addition to the straight eraser tool, there are two more available options – background eraser and
magic eraser. The background eraser deletes any part of the image that is on the edge of an object.
This tool is often used to extract objects from the background. The magic eraser tool deletes based
on similar colored pixels. It is very similar to the magic wand tool. This tool is ideal for deleting areas
with the same color or tone that contrasts with the rest of the image.[32]

Video editing[edit]
In Adobe CS5 Extended edition, video editing is comprehensive and efficient with a broad
compatibility of video file formats such as MOV, AVI and MPEG-4 formats and easy workflow. Using
simple combinations of keys video layers can easily be modified, with other features such as adding
text and creating animations using single images.[33]

3D extrusion[edit]
With the Extended version of Photoshop CS5, 2D elements of an artwork can easily become three-
dimensional with the click of a button. Extrusions of texts, an available library of materials for three-
dimensional, and even wrapping two-dimensional images around 3D geometry.[33]

Mobile integration[edit]
Third-party plugins have also been added to the most recent version of Photoshop where
technologies such as the iPad have integrated the software with different types of applications.
Applications like the Adobe Eazel painting app allows the user to easily create paintings with their
fingertips and use an array of different paint from dry to wet in order to create rich color
blending.[34] In October 2018, it was announced that the full Photoshop engine will be released for
iPad next year. The program will feature cloud syncing with other devices and a simpler interface
than the desktop version.[35]

Camera Raw[edit]
With the Camera Raw plug-in, raw images can be processed without the use of Adobe Photoshop
Lightroom, along with other image file formats such as JPEG, TIFF, or PNG. The plug-in allows
users to remove noise without the side-effect of over-sharpening, add grain, and even perform post-
crop vignetting.[33]

3D printing tools[edit]
From version 14.1, users can create and edit designs for 3D printing. Artists can add color, adjust
the shape or rotate the angles of imported models, or design original 3D models from scratch.[36]
Color replacement tool[edit]
The Color Replacement Tool allows the user to change the color, while maintaining the highlights
and shadows of the original image, of pieces of the image. By selecting Brushs and right clicking, the
Color Replacement Tool is the third option down. What is important to note with this tool is the
foreground color. The foreground color is what will be applied when painting along the chosen part of
the image with the Color Replacement tool.

Version history[edit]
vOlder versions[edit]
This section needs
expansion. You can help
by adding to it. (February 2013)

Photoshop's naming scheme was initially based on version numbers. Adobe published thirteen
versions (major and minor changes) before the October 2003 introduction of Creative
Suite branding. In February 2013 Adobe donated the source code of the 1990 1.0.1 version of
Photoshop to the Computer History Museum.[38][39]

CS[edit]
The first Photoshop CS was commercially released in October 2003 as the eighth major version of
Photoshop. Photoshop CS increased user control with a reworked file browser augmenting search
versatility, sorting and sharing capabilities and the Histogram Palette which monitors changes in the
image as they are made to the document. Match Color was also introduced in CS, which reads color
data to achieve a uniform expression throughout a series of pictures.[40]

CS2[edit]
Photoshop CS2, released in May 2005, expanded on its predecessor with a new set of tools and
features. It included an upgraded Spot Healing Brush, which is mainly used for handling common
photographic problems such as blemishes, red-eye, noise, blurring and lens distortion. One of the
most significant inclusions in CS2 was the implementation of Smart Objects, which allows users to
scale and transform images and vector illustrations without losing image quality, as well as create
linked duplicates of embedded graphics so that a single edit updates across multiple iterations.[41]
Adobe responded to feedback from the professional media industry by implementing non-destructive
editing as well as the producing and modifying of 32-Bit High Dynamic Range (HDR) images, which
are optimal for 3D rendering and advanced compositing. FireWire Previews could also be viewed on
a monitor via a direct export feature.[41]
Photoshop CS2 brought the Vanishing Point and Image Warping tools.[41] Vanishing Point makes
tedious graphic and photo retouching endeavors much simpler by letting users clone, paint and
transform image objects while maintaining visual perspective. Image Warping makes it easy to
digitally distort an image into a shape by choosing on-demand presets or by dragging control
points.[41]
The File Browser was upgraded to Adobe Bridge, which functioned as a hub for productivity,
imagery and creativity, providing multi-view file browsing and smooth cross-product integration
across Adobe Creative Suite 2 software.[41] Adobe Bridge also provided access to Adobe Stock
Photos, a new stock photography service that offered users one-stop shopping across five elite
stock image providers to deliver high-quality, royalty-free images for layout and design.
Camera Raw version 3.0 was a new addition in CS2, and it allowed settings for multiple raw files to
be modified simultaneously. In addition, processing multiple raw files to other formats including
JPEG, TIFF, DNG or PSD, could be done in the background without executing Photoshop itself.[41]
Photoshop CS2 brought a streamlined interface, making it easier to access features for specific
instances. In CS2 users were also given the ability to create their own custom presets, which was
meant to save time and increase productivity.[41]
CS2 activation servers' shutdown: In January 2013, Adobe Photoshop CS2 (9.0), with some other
CS2 products, was released with an official serial number, due to the technical glitch in Adobe's CS2
activation servers (see Creative Suite 1 and 2).

CS3[edit]

Smart Objects display filters without altering the original image (here on Mac OS X)

CS3 improves on features from previous versions of Photoshop and introduces new tools. One of
the most significant is the streamlined interface which allows increased performance, speed, and
efficiency. There is also improved support for Camera RAWfiles which allow users to process
images with higher speed and conversion quality. CS3 supports over 150 RAW formats as well
as JPEG, TIFF and PDF.[42]Enhancements were made to the Black and White Conversion,
Brightness and Contrast Adjustment and Vanishing Point Module tools. The Black and White
adjustment option improves control over manual grayscale conversions with a dialog box similar to
that of Channel Mixer. There is more control over print options and better management with Adobe
Bridge. The Clone Source palette is introduced, adding more options to the clone stamp tool. Other
features include the nondestructive Smart Filters, optimizing graphics for mobile devices,[43] Fill Light
and Dust Busting tools.[42] Compositing is assisted with Photoshop's new Quick Selection and Refine
Edge tools and improved image stitching technology.[44]
CS3 Extended includes everything in CS3 and additional features. There are tools for 3D graphic file
formats, video enhancement and animation, and comprehensive image measurement and analysis
tools with DICOM file support.[45] The 3D graphic formats allow 3D content to be incorporated into 2D
compositions. As for video editing, CS3 supports layers and video formatting so users can edit video
files per frame.[42]
CS3 and CS3 Extended were released in April 2007 to the United States and Canada. They were
also made available through Adobe’s online store and Adobe Authorized Resellers. Both CS3 and
CS3 Extended are offered as either a stand-alone application or feature of Adobe Creative Suite.
The price for CS3 is US$649 and the extended version is US$999. Both products are compatible
with Intel-based Macs and PowerPCs, supporting Windows XP and Windows Vista.[42] CS3 is the first
release of Photoshop that will run natively on Macs with Intel processors: previous versions can only
run through the translation layer Rosetta, and will not run at all on Macs running Mac OS X 10.7 or
later.
CS4[edit]
CS4 features smoother panning and zooming, allowing faster image editing at a high magnification.
The interface is more simplified with its tab-based interface[46] making it cleaner to work with.
Photoshop CS4 features a new 3D engine allowing the conversion of gradient maps to 3D objects,
adding depth to layers and text, and getting print-quality output with the new ray-tracing rendering
engine. It supports common 3D formats; the new Adjustment and Mask Panels; Content-aware
scaling (seam carving[47]); Fluid Canvas Rotation and File display options.[48] The Content-aware
scaling allows users to intelligently size and scale images, and the Canvas Rotation tool makes it
easier to rotate and edit images from any angle.[46]
Adobe released Photoshop CS4 Extended, which has the features of Adobe Photoshop CS4, plus
capabilities for scientific imaging, 3D, motion graphics, accurate image analysis and high-end film
and video users. The faster 3D engine allows users to paint directly on 3D models, wrap 2D images
around 3D shapes and animate 3D objects.[46] As the successor to Photoshop CS3, Photoshop CS4
is the first x64 edition of Photoshop on consumer computers for Windows.[49] The color correction tool
has also been improved significantly.[46]
CS4 and CS4 Extended were released on October 15, 2008. They were also made available
through Adobe’s online store and Adobe Authorized Resellers. Both CS4 and CS4 Extended are
offered as either a stand-alone application or feature of Adobe Creative Suite. The price for CS4 is
US$699 and the extended version is US$999. Both products are compatible with Intel-based Mac
OS X and PowerPCs, supporting Windows XP and Windows Vista.[46]

CS5[edit]

A 2D landscape designed in Adobe Photoshop CS5 Extended

Photoshop CS5 was launched on April 12, 2010.[50] In a video posted on its official Facebook page,
the development team revealed the new technologies under development, including three-
dimensional brushes and warping tools.[51]
In May 2011, Adobe Creative Suite 5.5 (CS5.5) was released, with new versions of some of the
applications. Its version of Photoshop, 12.1, is identical to the concurrently released update for
Photoshop CS5, version 12.0.4, except for support for the new subscription pricing that was
introduced with CS5.5.[52]
CS5 introduces new tools such as the Content-Aware Fill, Refine Edge, Mixer Brush, Bristle Tips
and Puppet Warp. The community also had a hand in the additions made to CS5 as 30 new features
and improvements were included by request. These include automatic image straightening, the
Rule-of-Thirds cropping tool, color pickup, and saving a 16-bit image as a JPEG. Another feature
includes the Adobe Mini Bridge, which allows for efficient file browsing and management.[53]
CS5 Extended includes everything in CS5 plus features in 3D and video editing. A new materials
library was added, providing more options such as Chrome, Glass, and Cork. The new Shadow
Catcher tool can be used to further enhance 3D objects. For motion graphics, the tools can be
applied to over more than one frame in a video sequence.[53]
CS5 and CS5 Extended were made available through Adobe's online store, Adobe Authorized
Resellers and Adobe direct sales. Both CS5 and CS5 Extended are offered as either a stand-alone
application or a feature of Adobe Creative Suite 5. The price for CS5 is US$699 and the extended
version is US$999.[53] Both products are compatible with Intel-based Mac OS X and Windows
XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7.[54]

CS6[edit]
Photoshop CS6, released in May 2012, added new creative design tools and provided a redesigned
interface[55] with a focus on enhanced performance. New features have been added to the Content-
Aware tool such as the Content-Aware Patch and Content-Aware Move.[56]
Adobe Photoshop CS6 brought a suite of tools for video editing. Color and exposure adjustments, as
well as layers, are among a few things that are featured in this new editor. Upon completion of
editing, the user is presented with a handful of options of exporting into a few popular formats.[57]
CS6 brings the "straighten" tool to Photoshop, where a user simply draws a line anywhere on an
image, and the canvas will reorient itself so that the line drawn becomes horizontal, and adjusts the
media accordingly. This was created with the intention that users will draw a line parallel to a plane
in the image, and reorient the image to that plane to more easily achieve certain perspectives.[57]
CS6 allows background saving, which means that while another document is compiling and
archiving itself, it is possible to simultaneously edit an image. CS6 also features a customizable
auto-save feature, preventing any work from being lost.[57]
The price for CS6 is US$699 and the extended version is US$999. Students, however, even those
who are homeschooled, can receive a significant discount on Photoshop.[58]
With version 13.1.3, Adobe dropped support for Windows XP (including Windows XP Professional
x64 Edition); thus, the last version that works on Windows XP is 13.0.1. Adobe also announced that
CS6 will be the last suite sold with perpetual licenses in favor of the new Creative Cloud
subscriptions, though they will continue to provide OS compatibility support as well as bug fixes and
security updates as necessary.[59]

CC[edit]
Photoshop CC (14.0) was launched on June 18, 2013. As the next major version after CS6, it is only
available as part of a Creative Cloud subscription, the full version of which costs $49 every month.
Major features in this version include All-new Smart Sharpen, Intelligent Upsampling, and Camera
Shake Reduction for reducing blur caused by camera shake. Editable Rounded Rectangles and an
update to Adobe Camera Raw (8.0) were also included.[60]
Since the initial launch, Adobe has released two additional feature-bearing updates. The first,
version 14.1, was launched on September 9, 2013. The major features in this version were Adobe
Generator, a Node.js-based platform for creating plug-ins for Photoshop. Photoshop 14.1 shipped
with two plug-ins, one to automatically generate image assets based on an extension in the layer
name, and another to automatically generate assets for Adobe Edge Reflow.[61]
Version 14.2 was released on January 15, 2014. Major features include Perspective Warp, Linked
Smart Objects, and 3D Printing support.[62]

CC 2014[edit]
Photoshop CC 2014 (15.0) was released on June 18, 2014. CC 2014 features improvements to
content-aware tools, two new blur tools (spin blur and path blur) and a new focus mask feature that
enables the user to select parts of an image based on whether they are in focus or not. Other minor
improvements have been made, including speed increases for certain tasks.[63][64]

CC 2015[edit]
Photoshop CC 2015 was released on June 15, 2015. Adobe added various creative features
including Adobe Stock, which is a library of custom stock images. It also includes and have the
ability to have more than one layer style.[65] For example, in the older versions of Photoshop, only
one shadow could be used for a layer but in CC 2015, up to ten are available. Other minor features
like Export As, which is a form of the Save For Web in CC 2014 were also added. The updated UI as
of November 30, 2015 delivers a cleaner and more consistent look throughout Photoshop, and the
user can quickly perform common tasks using a new set of gestures on touch-enabled devices like
Microsoft Surface Pro.[66] CC 2015 also marks the 25th anniversary of Photoshop.[67]

CC 2017[edit]
Photoshop CC 2017 was released on November 2, 2016. It introduced a new template selector
when creating new documents, the ability to search for tools, panels and help articles for Photoshop,
support for SVG OpenType fonts and other small improvements. In December 2016, a minor update
was released to include support for the MacBook Pro Touch Bar.

CC 2018[edit]
Photoshop CC 2018 was released on October 18, 2017. It featured an overhaul to the brush
organization system, allowing for more properties (such as color and opacity) to be saved per-brush
and for brushes to be categorized in folders and sub-folders. It also added brush stroke smoothing,
and over 1000 brushes created by Kyle T. Webster (following Adobe's acquisition of his website,
KyleBrush.com[68]). A Curvature Pen tool, similar to the one in Illustrator, was added, allowing for
faster creation of Bézier paths. Other additions were Lightroom Photo access, Variable font support,
copy-paste layers, enhanced tooltips, 360 panorama and HEIF support, PNG compression,
algorithm improvements to Face-aware and selection tools, improved image resizing, and
performance improvements to file opening, filters, and brush strokes.

Autodesk Maya

Autodesk Maya, commonly shortened to Maya /ˈmaɪə/,[3][4] is a 3D computer graphics

application that runs on Windows, macOS and Linux, originally developed by Alias Systems
Corporation (formerly Alias|Wavefront) and currently owned and developed by Autodesk, Inc. It is
used to create interactive 3D applications, including video games, animated film, TV series, or visual
effects.

History[edit]
Maya was originally a next-generation animation product based on code from The Advanced
Visualizer by Wavefront Technologies, Thomson Digital Image (TDI) Explore, PowerAnimator by
Alias Research, Inc., and Alias Sketch!. The IRIX-based projects were combined and animation
features were added; the project codename was Maya.[5] Walt Disney Feature
Animation collaborated closely with Maya's development during its production of Dinosaur.[6]Disney
requested that the User interface of the application be customizable so that a personalized workflow
could be created. This was a particular influence in the open architecture of Maya, and partly
responsible for it becoming so popular in the animation industry.
After Silicon Graphics Inc. acquired both Alias and Wavefront Technologies, Inc., Wavefront's next-
generation technology (then under development) was merged into Maya. SGI's acquisition was a
response to Microsoft Corporation acquiring Softimage, Co.. The new wholly owned subsidiary was
named "Alias|Wavefront".[7]
In the early days of development, Maya started with Tcl as the scripting language, in order to
leverage its similarity to a Unix shell language. But after the merger with Wavefront, Sophia, the
scripting language in Wavefront's Dynamation, was chosen as the basis of MEL (Maya embedded
language).[8]
Maya 1.0 was released in February 1998. Following a series of acquisitions, Maya was bought by
Autodesk in 2005.[9][10] Under the name of the new parent company, Maya was renamed Autodesk
Maya. However, the name "Maya" continues to be the dominant name used for the product.

Awards[edit]
On March 1, 2003, Alias was honored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences with
an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for scientific and technical achievement for their
development of Maya software.
In 2005, while working for Alias|Wavefront, Jos Stam shared an Academy Award for Technical
Achievement with Edwin Catmulland Tony DeRose for their invention and application of subdivision
surfaces.[11]
On February 8, 2008, Duncan Brinsmead, Jos Stam, Julia Pakalns and Martin Werner received
an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for the design and implementation of the Maya Fluid
Effects system.

Components[edit]
Since its consolidation from two distinct packages, Maya and later contain all the features of the now
defunct Unlimited suites.
Fluid Effects
A realistic fluid simulator based on simplified, incompressible Navier–Stokes equations[45] for
simulating non-elastic fluids was added in Maya 4.5. It is effective for smoke, fire, clouds and
explosions, as well as many thick fluid effects such as water, magma or mud.
Bifröst
Bifröst is a computational fluid dynamics framework[46] based on fluid-implicit
particle simulation. It is available in Maya 2015 and later, following the acquisition of Naiad
fluid simulation technology from Exotic Matter.[47] Bifröst allows liquids to be modelled
realistically, including details such as foam, waves and droplets.
Classic Cloth
A dynamic cloth simulation tool set utilizing a planar pattern based work flow inspired by the
process used to design real world garment patterns. In modern productions, the Maya Cloth
module has been largely replaced by the faster, more flexible nCloth system introduced in
version 8.5. Prior to this, third party plug-ins, most notably Syflex, were generally preferred
for their superior performance, simulation stability and their polygon modeling based
workflow already familiar to 3D artists.
Fur
Fur simulation designed for large area coverage of short hairs and hair-like materials. It can
be used to simulate short fur-like objects, such as grass and carpet. In contrast to Maya Hair,
the Fur module makes no attempt to prevent hair-to-hair collisions. Hairs are also incapable
of reacting dynamically to physical forces on a per hair basis. Physics-like effects are
 achieved through nearby fur effectors that approximate the effect of physical forces averaged
over nearby follicles.
nHair
Hair simulator capable of simulating dynamic forces acting on long hair and per-hair
collisions. Often used to simulate computationally complex human hair styles including pony
tails, perms and braids. The simulation utilizes NURBS curves as a base which are then
used as strokes for Paint Effects brushes thereby giving the curves a render time surface-like
representation that can interact with light and shadow. A simulation on the curves alone for
other, non-hair purposes (such as flexible tubing, cables, ropes, etc.) is often known simply
as Dynamic Curves.
Maya Live
A set of motion tracking tools for CG matching to clean plate footage. It has been largely
obsoleted by MatchMover.
nCloth
Added in version 8.5, nCloth is the first implementation of Maya Nucleus, Autodesk's
simulation framework. nCloth provides artist with detailed control of cloth and material
simulations. Compared to its predecessor Maya Cloth, nCloth is a faster, more flexible and
more robust simulation framework.
nParticle
Added in version 2009, nParticle is an addendum to Maya Nucleus toolset. nParticle is for
simulating a wide range of complex 3D effects, including liquids, clouds, smoke, spray, and
dust. nParticles are more flexible than Maya's previous particle system in that nParticles may
be used to simulate viscous fluids as well as supporting true particle-to-particle collisions.
nParticles also interact with the rest of the Nucleus simulation framework without the need
for costly work-arounds and custom scripting.
MatchMover
Added to Maya 2010, this enables compositing of CGI elements with motion data from video
and film sequences, a process known as match moving or camera tracking. This is an
external program but is shipped with Maya.
Composite
Added to Maya 2010, this was earlier sold as Autodesk Toxik. This is an external program
but is shipped with Maya.
Camera Sequencer
Added in Autodesk Maya 2011, Camera Sequencer is used to lay out multiple camera shots
and manage them in one animation sequence.

3D
Science, technology, and mathematics[edit]
Relating to three-dimensionality[edit]
 Three-dimensional space
 3D computer graphics, computer graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of
geometric data
 3D film, a motion picture that gives the illusion of depth perception
 3D modeling, developing a mathematical representation of any three-dimensional surface or
object
 3D printing, making a three-dimensional solid object of a shape from a digital model
 3D projection
  3D rendering
 3D scanning, making a digital representation of three-dimensional objects
 3D television, television that conveys depth perception to the viewer
 3D video game (disambiguation)
 Stereoscopy, any technique capable of recording three-dimensional visual information or
creating the illusion of depth in an image
Other uses in science and technology[edit]
 3-D Secure, a secure protocol for online credit and debit card transactions
 Biela's Comet, a lost periodic comet discovered in 1826
 British Rail Class 207, sometimes known as 3Ds

Music[edit]
Artists[edit]
 Robert Del Naja (born 1965), also known as 3D, English artist and musician in the band Massive
Attack
 The 3Ds, a rock band
Albums[edit]
 3D (The Three Degrees album), 1979
 3-D (TLC album), 2002
 3-D (SPC ECO album)
 3-D (I See Stars album), the debut album from the band I See Stars
 3D (Go West album), 2010
 3-D (Wrathchild America album)
Songs[edit]
"3-D", a song by Cheap Trick from their 1983 album Next Position Please

Other uses[edit]
 Three-dimensional chess
 3D (Long Island bus)
 3D Aerobatics, a form of flying using flying aircraft to perform specific aerial maneuvers
 3D Test of Antisemitism, put forth by Israeli politician and human rights activist Natan Sharansky
 Threepence (disambiguation) (abbreviated as: 3d)
 Threepence (British coin) (abbreviated 3d), a denomination of currency used by various
jurisdictions in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales
 Threepence (Irish coin) (3d)
 Middle finger, the third digit (abbreviated 3D) of the han

V-Ray
V-Ray is a computer-generated imagery rendering software application developed by the Bulgarian
company Chaos Group (Bulgarian: Хаос Груп), that was established in Sofia in 1997. V-Ray is
a commercial plug-in for third-party 3D computer graphics software applications and is used for
visualizations and computer graphics in industries such as media, entertainment, film and video
game production, industrial design, product design and architecture.[1] The company chief architects
are Peter Mitev and Vladimir Koylazov.

Nuke
NUKE is a node-based digital compositing application developed by The Foundry, and used for
television and film post-production. NUKE is available for Microsoft Windows 7, OS X 10.9, Red Hat
Enterprise Linux 5, and newer versions of these operating systems.[3]
NUKE's users include Digital Domain, Walt Disney Animation Studios, Blizzard
Entertainment,[4] DreamWorks Animation,[5] Sony Pictures Imageworks, Sony Pictures
Animation, Framestore,[6] Weta Digital[7], Double Negative,[8] and Industrial Light & Magic.[9]

vHistory[edit]
NUKE (the name deriving from 'New compositor')[10] was originally developed by software engineer
Phil Beffrey and later Bill Spitzak for in-house use at Digital Domain beginning in 1993. In addition to
standard compositing, NUKE was used to render higher-resolution versions of composites
from Autodesk Flame.[11]
NUKE version 2 introduced a GUI in 1994, built with FLTK – an in-house GUI toolkit developed at
Digital Domain. FLTK was subsequently released under the GNU LGPL in 1998.[12]
NUKE won an Academy Award for Technical Achievement in 2001.[13]
In 2002, NUKE was made available to the public for the first time under the banner of D2
Software.[14][15] In December 2005, D2 Software released NUKE 4.5,[16] which introduced a new 3D
subsystem developed by Jonathan Egstad.[17]
In 2007, The Foundry, a London-based plug-in development house, took over development and
marketing of NUKE from D2.[18]The Foundry released NUKE 4.7 in June 2007,[19] and NUKE 5 was
released in early 2008, which replaced the interface with Qtand added Python scripting, and support
for a stereoscopic workflow.[20] In 2015, The Foundry released NUKE Non-commercial with some
basic limitations.[21] NUKE supports use of The Foundry plug-ins via its support for
the OpenFX standard (several built in nodes such as Keylight are OpenFX plugins).

Tally Solutions
Tally Solutions Pvt. Ltd., is an Indian multinational company that provides enterprise resource
planning software. It is headquartered in Bangalore, Karnataka India. The company reports that its
software is used by more than 1 Million customers.[1]

History[edit]
Tally Solutions, then known as Peutronics,[2] was co-founded in 1986 by Shyam Sunder Goenka and
his son Bharat Goenka. [3] Shyam Sundar Goenka was running a company that supplied raw
materials and machine parts to plants and textile mills in southern and eastern India. Unable to find
software that could manage his books of accounts, he asked his son, Bharat Goenka, 23, a Maths
graduate[4] to create a software application that would handle financial accounts for his
business.[5]The first version of the accounting software was launched as an MS-DOS application. It
had only basic accounting functions, and was named Peutronics Financial Accountant.[6]

 In 1988, the product was renamed as Tally.

 In 1997, the first Windows based version Tally 5.4 was released.
 In 1999, the company formally changed its name to Tally Solutions.[4]
 in 2001, Tally 6.3 launched (Educational/ Licence version)
 In 2005, Tally 7.2 was launched with features designed to meet Indian value-added taxation
(VAT) requirements.
 In 2006, Tally launched Tally 8.1, a concurrent multi-lingual version, and also Tally 9.[7]
 In 2009, the company released Tally.ERP 9, a business management solution[8]
 In 2015, the company launched a program called Vriddhi to certify and classify its business
partners.[9] Also in 2015, Tally Solutions announced the launch of Tally.ERP 9 Release 5.0 with
taxation and compliance features.[10]
 As of 2016, the company had 1 million customers.[11]
 In 2016, Tally Solutions was shortlisted as a GST Suvidha Provider to provide interface between
the new Goods and Services Tax (GST) server and taxpayers, and in 2017, the company
launched its updated GST compliance software.

Microsoft Excel
 Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed
by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot
tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a
very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it
has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part
of Microsoft Office.

Versions
Early history
Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982. Multiplan became
very popular on CP/Msystems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1-2-3. Microsoft
released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and the first Windows
version was 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) in November 1987.[74] Lotus was
slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by the early 1990s Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped
Microsoft achieve its position as a leading PC software developer. This accomplishment solidified
Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing GUI software. Microsoft
maintained its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so.

Microsoft Windows
Excel 2.0 is the first version of Excel for the Intel platform. Versions prior to 2.0 were only available
on the Apple Macintosh.
Excel 2.0 (1987)
The first Windows version was labeled "2" to correspond to the Mac version. This included a run-
time version of Windows.[75]
BYTE in 1989 listed Excel for Windows as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards. The
magazine stated that the port of the "extraordinary" Macintosh version "shines", with a user interface
as good as or better than the original.[76]
Excel 3.0 (1990)
Included toolbars, drawing capabilities, outlining, add-in support, 3D charts, and many more new
features.[75]
Excel 4.0 (1992)
Introduced auto-fill.[77]
Also, an easter egg in Excel 4.0 reveals a hidden animation of a dancing set of numbers 1 through 3,
representing Lotus 1-2-3, which was then crushed by an Excel logo.[78]
Excel 5.0 (1993)
With version 5.0, Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language
based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-defined
functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA is a powerful addition to the application and includes a
fully featured integrated development environment (IDE). Macro recording can produce VBA code
replicating user actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of
forms and in-worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not
creation) of ActiveX (COM) DLL's; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of
basic object-oriented programming techniques.
The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses. This caused
serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took
steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros
when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate.
Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various Easter eggs, including a "Hall of Tortured Souls",
although since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features
from their products.[79]
5.0 was released in a 16-bit x86 version for Windows 3.1 and later in a 32-bit version for NT 3.51
(x86/Alpha/PowerPC)
Excel 95 (v7.0)

Microsoft Excel 95

Released in 1995 with Microsoft Office for Windows 95, this is the first major version after Excel 5.0,
as there is no Excel 6.0 with all of the Office applications standardizing on the same major version
number.
Internal rewrite to 32-bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable.
Excel 97 (v8.0)
Included in Office 97 (for x86 and Alpha). This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper clip
office assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. It introduced the
now-removed Natural Language labels.
This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter Egg.
Excel 2000 (v9.0)

Microsoft Excel 2000

Included in Office 2000. This was a minor upgrade, but introduced an upgrade to the clipboard
where it can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited
appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive.
Excel 2002 (v10.0)
Included in Office XP. Very minor enhancements.
Excel 2003 (v11.0)
Included in Office 2003. Minor enhancements, most significant being the new Tables.
Excel 2007 (v12.0)

Microsoft Excel 2007

Included in Office 2007. This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to
other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system. This was different
from what users were used to, and was met with mixed reactions. One study reported fairly good
acceptance by users except highly experienced users and users of word processing applications
with a classical WIMP interface, but was less convinced in terms of efficiency and
organisation.[80] However, an online survey reported that a majority of respondents had a negative
opinion of the change, with advanced users being "somewhat more negative" than intermediate
users, and users reporting a self-estimated reduction in productivity.[81]
Added functionality included the SmartArt set of editable business diagrams. Also added was an
improved management of named variables through the Name Manager, and much improved
flexibility in formatting graphs, which allow (x, y) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight.
Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced.
Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including .xlsm for
a workbook with macros and .xlsx for a workbook without macros.[82]
Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate,
the number of rows was now 1,048,576 (220) and columns was 16,384 (214; the far-right column is
XFD). This changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range. This version made more
extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets; however, VBA macros are not
handled in parallel and XLL add-ins were only executed in parallel if they were thread-safe and this
was indicated at registration.
Excel 2010 (v14.0)

Microsoft Excel 2010 running on Windows 7

Included in Office 2010, this is the next major version after v12.0, as version number 13 was
skipped.
Minor enhancements and 64-bit support,[83] including the following:

 Multi-threading recalculation (MTR) for commonly used functions

 Improved pivot tables
 More conditional formatting options
 Additional image editing capabilities
 In-cell charts called sparklines
 Ability to preview before pasting
 Office 2010 backstage feature for document-related tasks
 Ability to customize the Ribbon
 Many new formulas, most highly specialized to improve accuracy[84]
Excel 2013 (v15.0)
Included in Office 2013, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

 Improved Multi-threading and Memory Contention

 FlashFill[85]
 Power View[86]
 Power Pivot[87]
 Timeline Slicer[88]
 Windows App
 Inquire[89]
 50 new functions[90]
Excel 2016 (v16.0)
Included in Office 2016, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

 Power Query integration

 Read-only mode for Excel
 Keyboard access for Pivot Tables and Slicers in Excel
 New Chart Types
 Quick data linking in Visio
 Excel forecasting functions
 Support for multi-selection of Slicer items using touch
 Time grouping and Pivot Chart Drill Down
 Excel data cards[91]
Apple Macintosh

Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011

 1985 Excel 1.0

 1988 Excel 1.5
 1989 Excel 2.2
 1990 Excel 3.0
 1992 Excel 4.0
 1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Office 4.x—Final Motorola 680x0 version[92] and first PowerPC version)
 1998 Excel 8.0 (part of Office 98)
 2000 Excel 9.0 (part of Office 2001)
 2001 Excel 10.0 (part of Office v. X)
 2004 Excel 11.0 (part of Office 2004)
 2008 Excel 12.0 (part of Office 2008)
 2011 Excel 14.0 (part of Office 2011)
 2015 Excel 15.0 (part of Office 2016— Office 2016 for Mac brings the Mac version much closer
to parity with its Windows cousin, harmonizing many of the reporting and high-level developer
functions, while bringing the ribbon and styling into line with its PC counterpart.)[93]
OS/2
 1989 Excel 2.2
 1990 Excel 2.3
 1991 Excel 3.0
Summary
Legend: Old version Older version, still supported Current stable version

Microsoft Excel for Windows release history

Year Name Version Comments

Renumbered to 2 to correspond with contemporary Macintosh

1987 Excel 2 2.0
version

1990 Excel 3 3.0 Added 3D graphing capabilities

1992 Excel 4 4.0 Introduced auto-fill feature

Included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and various object-

1993 Excel 5 5.0
oriented options

Renumbered for contemporary Word version. Both programs were

1995 Excel 95 7.0
packaged in Microsoft Office by this time.

1997 Excel 97 8.0

Excel Part of Microsoft Office 2000, which was itself part of Windows
2000 9.0
2000 Millennium (also known as "Windows ME").

Excel
2002 10.0
2002

Excel Released only 1 year later to correspond better with the rest of
2003 11.0
2003 Microsoft Office (Word, PowerPoint, etc.).
 Microsoft Excel for Windows release history

Year Name Version Comments

Excel
2007 12.0
2007

Excel Due to superstitions surrounding the number 13, Excel 13 was

2010 14.0
2010 skipped in version counting.

Excel Introduced 50 more mathematical functions (available as pre-

2013 15.0
2013 packaged commands, rather than typing the formula manually).

Excel
2016 16.0 Part of Microsoft Office 2016
2016

Microsoft Excel for Macintosh release history

Year Name Version Comments

1985 Excel 1 1.0 Initial version of Excel

1988 Excel 1.5 1.5

1989 Excel 2 2.2

1990 Excel 3 3.0

1992 Excel 4 4.0

 Microsoft Excel for Macintosh release history

Year Name Version Comments

1993 Excel 5 5.0 Only available on PowerPC-based Macs. First PowerPC version.

Excel 6 and Excel 7 were skipped to correspond with the rest of

1998 Excel 98 8.0
Microsoft Office at the time.

Excel
2000 9.0
2000

Excel
2001 10.0
2001

Excel
2004 11.0
2004

Excel
2008 12.0
2008

Excel As with the Windows version, version 13 was skipped for

2011 14.0
2011 superstitious reasons.

As with the rest of Microsoft Office, so it is for Excel: Future release

Excel
2016 16.0 dates for the Macintosh version are intended to correspond better to
2016
those for the Windows version, from 2016 onward.

Microsoft Excel for OS/2 release history

Year Name Version Comments

 Microsoft Excel for OS/2 release history

Year Name Version Comments

Excel
1989 2.2 Numbered in between Windows versions at the time
2.2

Excel
1990 2.3
2.3

Last OS/2 version. Discontinued subseries of Microsoft Excel, which

1991 Excel 3 3.0
is otherwise still an actively developed program.