Planimetric

Measurement
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 ColorView III

Metallographic Analysis Using Planimetric

Measurement 2
Planimetrie

Executing a planimetric measurement 2

THE MEASUREMENT PROCESS ............................................2

IMAGE PREPARATION ............................................................3
EXECUTING THE MEASUREMENT ........................................8

Notes about Measurement Procedure 10

The Define Planimetric Measurement Dialog

Box 11

Working with Size Reports 13

DEFINE INFO... .......................................................................13

DEFINE INFO... .......................................................................14
PLANIMETRIC MEASUREMENT ...........................................17
DPlanimetry0207

GRAIN SIZE REPORT ............................................................22

 Metallographic Analysis Using Planimetric Measurement

Metallographic Analysis Using

Planimetric Measurement
The commands for planimetric measurement are available for determining the grain
sizes within a sample. The objects to be analyzed are suitably prepared metallic or
ceramic materials which, for example, are acquired using a light or scanning micro-
scope.

Determining grain sizes

The planemetric method for determining grain sizes supports both the analysis of
materials with dark or bright grain boundaries as well as the analysis of multiple
objects. The grain sizes are measured in accordance with the standards:
• ASTM E112,
• DIN 50601 and
• JIS G 551, 552.
Expansion to include other national, international, or any other desired standards is
possible.

Executing a planimetric measure-

ment
A monochrome image is the starting point for a planimetric measurement of grain
sizes. In this How to..., we will be using the Sheet Steel image from our sample data-
base supplied with your image analysis program. You can find this image in the data-
base under the example Grain size analysis.

The Measurement Process

The planimetric measurement proceeds in three steps:
1) Image preparation (see Image preparation on page 3).
2

" With the assistance of the Separator filter, the image is prepared so that
the grain boundaries will certainly be detected automatically during the
measurement.
2) Define the necessary measurement parameters (see Defining Measurement
Parameters on page 7).
" By defining the measurement parameters, the measurement procedure
can be adapted to the characteristics of the image or images in question.
3) Executing the measurement (see Executing the measurement on page 8).
" A report regarding the results is automatically created during the measure-
ment.
The settings that were determined during the preparation of the image and the
defining of the measurement parameters are generally not valid for one particular
image, but rather for entire image or work sequences. The settings done in the appro-
priate dialog boxes remain active even when they are reopened, so that there is no
 Image preparation

need to redo the settings in most cases. You can also save these parameters as files,
thus making them continually available. These files can also be used to execute fully
automatic measurements.

Image preparation
8-bit gray scale images must be available for planimetric measurements.

Sheet Steel is the image used in this How to....

3
1) Select the Grains > Define Separator... command.
" The Define Separator dialog box is opened.
" The Define Separator... command - located in the Grains menu - functions
exactly like the command with the same name located in the Oper > Define
Filter menu. The determined G-value from the preview is displayed to be
of additional assistance.
2) Select the Dark option in the Boundary shape group.
• Select the Bright option should these grain boundaries be lighter than the
grain surfaces.
 Executing a planimetric measurement

The Define Separator dialog box with active preview.

3) Click the Window button to redefine the image segment for the preview. Magnify
the preview window to a size big enough to be able to clearly see the effects of
your settings.
4

" The pointer moves into the image window. Move the mouse to change the
position of the preview window. Move the mouse while keeping the mouse
button depressed, enabling you to change the size of the preview window.
4) Move the Smooth and Fine / Coarse slide controls all the way to the left until
they are on 0.
• This setting usually results in too many grain boundaries. It is, however,
recommended to begin the reconstruction with this setting.
 Image preparation

The preview window has been magnified and Smooth and Fine / Coarse have been set to 0. This setting results in the
detection of too many grain boundaries.

5) Increase the Fine / Coarse value in intervals using the slide control.
" The larger the value, the fewer grain boundaries are detected. Increase it
until the true grain boundaries can no longer be found; subsequently

5
reduce it one step.
 Executing a planimetric measurement

21 31

The Fine / Coarse value of 21 is located on the left part of the image while the value of 31 is located on the right. The oval
marks on both sides exemplify regions where grain boundaries were not properly detected.

6) Increase the Smooth value in intervals using the slide control.

" The higher the value, the fewer grain separation lines will be reconstructed.
As a rule, a decrease of the Fine / Coarse parameters is required.
6

7) Repeat steps 5 and 6 until you have found the optimal settings.
8) Select the Black option located in the Result group to display the reconstructed
grain boundaries as black lines.
" Select the White option should the grain boundaries be lighter than the
grain surfaces.
9) Click the File... button to save the filter's settings.
" You can use the saved parameters to automatically execute additional
measurements.
10) Click the Execute button to apply the reconstruction to the entire image.
" A copy of the source images is created. In this image, the pixel values of
the detected grain boundaries are set to 0.
" The Define Separator dialog box is closed.
 Defining Measurement Parameters

Defining Measurement Parameters

Measurement parameters are global settings for the planimetric measurement.
These measurement parameters help you define the measurement region and the
existence of an eventual sandwich layer.
1) Select the Maximize Frame command from the context menu of one of the
frame fields located in the status bar. To do so, click the right mouse button on
one of the two frame fields.
" In doing so, the image frame automatically takes on the size of the image.
All subsequent operations utilizing the image frame will now be applied to
the entire image.
" However, if you want to analyze only a rectangular cut of the image
instead, click the Set Frame button located in the Standard button bar.
2) Select the Define Planimetric Counting... command from the Grains menu.
" The Define Planimetric Measurement dialog box is opened. A detailed
description of the dialog box can be found in the segment "The Define
Planimetric Measurement Dialog Box" on page 11

3) Select the Define by User Frame check box to use the frame defined in the last

7
step as basis for the measurement.
" Alternatively, you can clear the Defined by User Frame check box to be
able to directly insert the position and size of the analyzed region, or click
the Measurement Region button to interactively place it onto the image.
4) Select the Show grains check box to display the detected grains in color in the
image's overlay after executing the measurement.
5) Select the Detailed grain analysis check box to receive a detailed report about
each individual measurement.
" Clear the Detailed grain analysis check box to limit the result to the number
of grains and total region. This setting enables you to generate automatic
measurement reports for evaluating many images.
6) Click the File... button to save the settings made to the Define Planimetric
Measurement dialog box.
" You can use the saved parameters to automatically execute additional
measurements.
 7) Click the OK button to close the Define Planimetric Measurement dialog box.
" In doing so, only the dialog box is closed. The measurement will not be
executed.

Executing the measurement

1) Select the Grains > Planimetric Counting command or click the Planimetric
Counting button located in the Grains button bar to execute the actual measure-
ment.
" The current settings made in the Define Planimetric Measurement dialog
box are used for the measurement.
The results for this command depend on the settings made in the Detailed grain anal-
ysis check box located in the Define Planimetric Measurement dialog box.
If the Detailed grain analysis check box has been selected, a diagram entitled Grain
Size Frequency Distribution is created.
The Grain Size
Frequency Distribution
diagram shows the
distribution of the Grain
Size.

An individual diagram is created for each measurement.

Furthermore, a sheet entitled Planimetric is created into which the results of the
measurement will be entered.
8
 Executing the measurement

Detailed measurement
results will be entered
into the Planimetric
sheet.
In the sheet, the areas
of the individually
detected grains are
listed below the
measurement results.

If a Planimetric sheet already exists, a column containing the name of the measured
image will be added for each additional measurement. In this case, the Average
Values column is updated in accordance to the new measurement.
Processing border Grains that are cut off near the edge of the measurement region - or so called border
grains grains - and grains that are completely within the measurement region - so called
inner grains - are counted separately. Border grains are weighed with factor 0,5
during additional processing of the results.
If the Detailed grain analysis check box has not been selected, only a Planimetric
sheet will be compiled.

9
The Planimetric sheet
only contains the
amount of detected
grains and their total
area.

Should their already be a Planimetric sheet, the measurement results will simply be
written in the next line below the previous one.
The processing of The so called border grains are located on the edge of the measurement region and
border grains are counted as half a grain should they be cut off.
 Notes about Measurement Procedure

Notes about Measurement Procedure

An image containing reconstructed grain boundaries is required for executing a plani-
metric measurement. The algorithm is therefore rather more unreceptive towards
annoying artifacts than intercept counting. Small artifacts such as holes or surface
contamination of the sample or prepared object are suppressed by the reconstruc-
tion.
Use the Separator command for reconstructing the grain boundaries before
executing a planimetric measurement. The algorithm requires the grain borders to be
displayed in black and the grains to be displayed in white.
The Procedure The utilized algorithm is based on the Jeffries method by which the amount of Grains
NA within a predetermined region is determined. The number of grains is determined
by grains that are either completely located within the measurement region (counted
as one grain) and grains that are cut off by the edge of the measurement region
(counted as half a grain). The total number of grains per measurement region results
from the relationship between:
n2
N A = f ⎛ n 1 + -----⎞
⎝ 2⎠

M 2
with f = ------------ , M = Magnification
5000
n1 = number of grains that are completely located in the measurement region
n2 = number of grains that cut the edge of the measurement region
NA = total number of grains per measurement region
The G number based on ASTM is calculated from the number of grains per measure-
ment region:
logN A
G = --------------- – 2.95
log 2
The measurement region should be large enough to contain at least 50 grains.
A planimetric measure-
ment delivers as a result
the number of grains
10

that are completely

contained in the
measurement region
(light gray) and the
number of grains that
are cut off by the edge
of the measurement
region (dark gray). The
size of the measure-
ment region can be set
by the user before
executing the measure-
ment.
 Executing the measurement

The Define Planimetric Measurement

Dialog Box
All the lengths in this dialog box are shown using the dimension µm, regardless of
the current image calibration.

Measurement The Measurement Region group enables you to determine the image region in which
Region the reconstructed grains are to be counted.
Defined by User Select the Defined by User Frame check box in order to define the current image
Frame frame as the measurement region. Use the Image > Set Frame command to define
an image frame. If no image frame has been set, all of the images in the entire image
region will be counted.
X-Position You can determine the position and size of the rectangular measurement region
Y-Position using the X-Position, Y-Position, Width and Height fields. This measurement region
Width is independent of the image frame. The fields are activated as soon as the Defines
Height by User Frame check box has been deactivated.
You enter the pixel coordinates of the upper left corner of the measurement region

11
into the X-Position and Y-Position fields. The zero-point is defined by the upper left
corner of the image.
You enter the width and height of the measurement region using µm into the Width
and Height fields.
The Area field shows the size of the current measurement region as you have
defined it in the X-Position, Y-Position, Width and Height fields. The displayed
measurement region is updated as soon as you change one of the values. The spec-
ified values for the measurement region do not correspond to the current image
frame, since the image frame can be defined differently during the measurement. A
green rectangle shows the current measurement region in the image, as soon as you
change a parameter.
Set Region Click the Set Region button to interactively define a rectangular measurement region
in the image. The button is only available if the measurement region has not been
defined by the global image frame. After having clicked the button, the mouse pointer
jumps into the image; you can now use the mouse to determine the size and position
of the measurement region.
 The Define Planimetric Measurement Dialog Box

Min. number of Enter the minimum number of grains that area to be within the measurement region
grains into the Min. number of grains field.
Show grains Select the Show grains check box to show the grains that have been detected during
the planimetric measurement in the image overlay. The border grains turn red while
the central grains are shown in green.
Detailed grain Select the Detailed grain analysis check box to expand the measurement region in
analysis preparation for the planimetric measurement. The basis measurement sheet
contains the amount grains counted and the total area. The expanded measurement
sheet also contains the number of border grains, central grains, grain size distribu-
tion, as well as the grain size of each and every detected grain, amongst other things.
The detailed grain analysis also enables you to detect objects with special properties:
such as structures with two different size classifications of grains (bimodal grain size
distribution) or structural characteristics whose grains show differences along the
edge and within the volume, so called ("Sandwiches").
The analysis of layered "sandwiches" is activated by the detailed grain analysis. The
sandwich analysis assumes that there will be a systematic change in the grain size
the more one proceeds from the edge deeper into the material. The system deter-
mines the depth at which the edge-layer ands and the volume begins. The position
of transition is determined by the evaluation of the bimodal grain distribution.
Sandwich threshold Enter the percental area ratio of the border grains into the Sandwich threshold field.
The layer depth is where the area ratio of the border grain sizes returns to the set
threshold value.
Sandwich layer Select the Low G number option if the layer to be measured consists of large grains
that are bordered by small ones.
Select the High G number option if the layer to be measured consists of small grains
that are bordered by larger ones.
12

Left: The original image is displayed magnified in comparison to the two other images. The size distribution of the grains
is not homogenous. The image consists of two layers (large grains - small grains) that are clearly separated from each
other.
Center: The middle image is of the reconstructed grain boundaries. The system detects a sandwich depth during a detailed
grain analysis. The boundary that separates the large grains from the small ones is displayed in the image.
Right: The grains are divided into two different size classes. The large grains are clearly concentrated in the upper image
segment. The layers, however, not only consist of grains from one size category, but also has small grains distributed
throughout the layer of larger grains, and vice-versa.
 Define Info...

Working with Size Reports

The results of the planimetric measurement can be documented automatically by
reports. The measurement report is generated from three different components:
1) Report header (see Define Info... on page 13)
" The report header collects the specifications regarding the samples and
the type of processing received, as well organizational information.
2) Definition of the measurement report (see Define Info... on page 14)
" This definition is procedure by which the report is to be compiled.
3) Measurement results (see Planimetric Measurement on page 17)
" The measurement results can be acquired using the Planimetric Measure-
ment.

Define Info...
Use the Grains > Define Info... command or click the Define Info button located in the
Grains button bar to enter header data regarding the ASTM measurement reports.
The header data are additionally used after ending a metallographic analysis in order
to automatically fill out predefined reports. You determine the appearance of the
report with the Define Grain Size Report... command. You compile the final report
using the Grain Size Report command.
The Define Info... command opens a dialog box in which you can insert general infor-
mation about current analysis. This information can be automatically adapted as
head information needed to create the report. You can also use these fields to
acquire in-house identification marks for a report.

13
Sample number Enter your in-house identification mark for the sample in the Sample number field.
Material Enter the label for the analyzed materials into the Material field.
Processing Specify the preprocessing of the material being analyzed in the Processing field.
Job number You can, for example, enter the in-house identification number for the current anal-
ysis into the Job number field.
Estimated grain Enter the G value you expect for the analyzed sample into the Estimated grain size
size number number field. This field serves as the estimated and measured comparison of the
grain sizes.
File... Use the File... button to open the File In/Out dialog box to save or load an already
defined report header.

Related Topics
Define Info... 14
 Working with Size Reports

Define Info...
Use this command to define the appearance of an ASTM final report.
The entire grain size determination analysis consists of numerous measurement
steps. Usually, a large number of samples are measured. You can create a final
report at the end of a measurement sequence that adopts all of the relevant
measurement data for the ASTM standard into a standard report.
This command opens a dialog box that determines the appearance of your ASTM
report. You can adopt information about the samples, the measurement values, and
the measurement results into the results sheet. The individual elements can be
placed freely in the results sheet.
Some of the fields will be automatically filled out. Therefore, the general object infor-
mation is adopted from the current settings that have been made in the Define Info
dialog box. The measurement method and measurement results are adopted by your
image analysis program from the sheet that contains the results of the individual
measurements.
14

The Define Grain Size Report dialog box enables you to create especially suited measurement reports.

All of the elements that you can adopt into the results sheet are listed in the Select
item list.
Measurement correspond with the results of a grain size analysis on the different measurement
results 1-3 patterns in a specimen. It is necessary to use the same measurement parameters
with all of the individual measurements for the report.
The index for the samples is entered into the i Field no column.
 Define Info...

The measurement results located in the Ni-Counts column correspond to the

number of grains per measurement region for a planimetric measurement and the
number of intercept points per measured distance for intercept counting.
You can determine the number of single measurement results and the statistical
evaluations in the Define result fields group.
You can define three groups of measurement results. The measurement results are
inserted as a block into the measurement sheet so that the individual blocks can be
acquired into the report either next to or under one another.
Sum of counts 1 corresponds to the total number of counted grains during a planimetric measurement
and the total number of intercept points during intercept counting.
I

Sum(Ni) = ∑ Ni
i=1

with I = the amount of single measurements 1-3

Sum of (count The mean deviation is acquired into the measurement report as the sum
mean)² 1 (sqrt(Delta(Ni))).
I
2
Sum(sqrt(Delta(Ni))) = ∑ ( Ni – N )
i=1

with I = number of single measurements 1-3

Average I
I
1
Average = N = --- ∑ Ni
I
i=I

with I = number of single measurements 1-3

Variance 1
I
1 2
Variance = -----------
I–1 ∑ ( Ni – N )
i=1

15
with I = number of single measurements 1-3
Standard Deviation
1 Standard Deviation = Variance
Method corresponds either to the measurement method, planimetric measurement, or inter-
cept counting. Your image analysis program automatically adopts the measurement
method from the measurement value onto which the report is based. The order of the
measurement lines are additionally specified in the results sheet during an intercept
counting.
Area/Length For the planimetric measurement method, this entry corresponds to the measure-
ment area in µm². For an intercept counting, this entry corresponds to the entire
length of the measuring line in µm.
Coefficient of varia-
tion Standard Deviation
Coefficient of variation = C.V: = ----------------------------------------------
Average
 Working with Size Reports

Accuracy The accuracy of the mean grain size is specified for the planimetric measurement
method.
The accuracy of the mean intercept length is specified for intercept counting.
The accuracy is a result of the mean intercept length and/or the grain size and the
calculated coefficient of variation C.V.
Grain size corresponds to the ASTM-G-number
log N A
G = ---------------- – 2, 95
log 2
Mean area/Length The mean grain size is specified in µm² for the planimetric measurement method.
I ⋅ measurement area
mean gain size = a = -------------------------------------------------- .
grain total
The mean intercept length is specified in µm for an intercept counting.
I ⋅ length of the measuring lines
mean intercept length = l = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
amount of intercept points
with I = amount of single measurements 1-3
Results per area/ When using the planimetric measurement mode:
length
mean grain number
n/a[1/µm²] = ----------------------------------------------
measurement area
When using the intercept counting:
mean number of intercept points
n/l[1/µm²] = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
length of the measuring line
Date The date and time the report was compiled. Your image analysis program automati-
cally inserts the correct date into the report.
Your image analysis program adopts the following elements from the Define Info
dialog box. These specifications are updated each time you open the dialog box and
create a report. These specifications differ in the ASTM report, i.e., the specifications
made during defining, if you alter the define info after the measurement report has
been defined.
16

Sample number Internal labels for the analyzed specimens

Material exact specifications of the analyzed material
Processing exact specification of the pretreatment of the analyzed material
Job number e.g., the internal identification number of the current analysis
Estimated G Estimated grain size
Name of result Enter the report's name into the field. The report's name appears in the sheet docu-
sheet ment's header. This name is also suggested as a file name when saving the report.
Define result fields In this group, you can determine the number and statistical evaluation of the single
measurements 1 to 3. Each single measurement corresponds a grain size analysis
in one measurement pattern in the sample. The measurement results in a planimetric
measurement consist of the number of grains per measurement region; the number
of intercept points per measured distance when using intercept counting.
Statistics Select the Statistics check box to additionally calculate statistical sizes for each
single measurement:
The deviation of the single measurement results from the mean value:
 Planimetric Measurement

Delta − N = ΔN = Ni − N

The square of the deviation:

sqrt(Delta
M
− N) = (Δ N )2

Amount of Single Enter the amount of measurements that belong to the measurement results 1 to 3
Measurements into the Number of result fields field. Your image analysis program will then acquire
the corresponding number of measurement results from the sheet containing the raw
data. You can divide the measurement results from the raw data sheet into three
blocks. Each block can contain varying single measurements. The field is only visible
if you select one of the Messergebnisse 1-3 from the Select item list.
Set The Set button enables you to determine the position of the individual report
elements in the results sheet.
Select the variable elements you would like to position in the results sheet from the
Select item list. The selected element will be color-highlighted if it is already in the
report. Select the cell in the preview sheet that is to contain the first entry. Click the
Set button to enter the position that the variable field is to have in the report. In doing
so, already occupied field positions can not be overwritten. An error message
appears and the procedure is canceled.
The Delete button enables you to delete single variable elements from the report
sheet template. The button corresponds only to the current element in the Select item
list, not depending on which cell has been selected.

Planimetric Measurement
Use this command to measure the grain size distribution based on the planimetric
method.
A reconstructed grain boundary image is a precondition for executing a planimetric
measurement. Therefore, use the Separator command before the planimetric
measurement, in order to retain an image containing reconstructed grain boundaries.
The algorithm requires the grain borders to be displayed in black and the grains to
be displayed in white.
All of the parameters for the measurement will be adopted from the current settings
in the Define Planimetric Measurement dialog box.

17
The command automatically creates the Planimetric measurement sheet. The
measurement values will be automatically attached to the already existing measure-
ment sheet, should a measurement sheet containing measurements already have
been opened. The measurement data contained in the sheet depends on whether or
not you are executing a standard measurement or a detailed grain size analysis.
The status of the Show grains check box in the Define Planimetric Measurement
dialog box determines whether or not the detected grains will be displayed in the
image overlay.
 Working with Size Reports

Measurement sheet
during a standard
measurement

The sheet contains the following measurement results for each evaluated image:
Planimetric Number of grains in the measurement region:
Measurement
n2
n 1 + -----
2
n1 is the number of grains that are completely located in the measurement region. n2
is the number of grains that intersect the edge of the measurement region.
Total area Measurement area in µm²
The area is issued in the dimension µm², independent of the current image calibra-
tion.
Use the Grain Size Report to adopt the mean G number for a number of planimetric
measurements into an ASTM report.
18
 Planimetric Measurement

19
Measurement sheet of a detailed grain size analysis

The first column of the results sheet contains the measurement variables. The
second column contains the mean value for all of the measurement variables that
correspond to the total of all the grains. These mean values are automatically
updated during each new measurement. The measurement variables are written into
a separate column for each evaluated image. The image name automatically
becomes the title of the column.
The sheet contains the following measurement results for each evaluated image:
Image Pos. X/Y [µm] the stage's X- and Y position
The stage position is only shown if you are using the Stage Navigator add-in to
control the stage. The value 0,00 will be entered into the measurement sheet if you
cannot control your stage via your image analysis program.
Total area [µm²] Measurement area in µm²
The area is issued in the dimension µm², independent of the current image calibra-
tion.
 Number of inner Number n1 of grains that are completely located within the defined measurement
grains region.
Area of inner grains Total area of all of the inner grains
[µm²]
Number of border n2 number of grains that cut the edge of the measurement region
grains The entire number of grains in the measurement region results from the sum of the
inner grains and the half of the border grains.
n2
n 1 + -----
2
Area of border Total area of all border grains
grains [µm²] Only the grain areas located within the measurement region have an effect on the
total area specified here.
Class number of Integer (1-4) characterizes the sample's grain type
grain
• Normal Grains
The sample grains demonstrate no special characteristics.
• Bimodal Distribution
The sample contains grains that can be assigned to two different size
classes.
• Elongated Grains
The sample contains grains whose horizontal and vertical sizes vary.
• Sandwich
There is a layer located at the upper edge of the image that contains larger
grains. The G number within the sample changes itself significantly from
top to bottom.
The following magnitudes correspond to the samples that contain stretched grains,
i.e., the extension in X and Y direction vary.
G number hori- G number that is calculated from the mean width of the grains parallel to the X direc-
zontal tion
The magnitude corresponds to the mean width of the grains. The calculated G
number corresponds completely with the G number from the intercept counting,
when selecting the horizontal intercept lines.
G number vertical G number calculated from the mean projection of the grains in Y direction
20

The Y projection corresponds to the mean height of the grains. The calculated G
number corresponds completely with the G number from the intercept counting,
when selecting the vertical intercept lines.
Elongation The horizontal ratio to the vertical G number
G number horizontal
Elongation = --------------------------------------------------
G number vertical
The following magnitudes analyze samples that contain various classes of grains.
The separation between the classes is done as follows:
• The grains are sorted based on their area.
• The grains sorted by their area are added. The grain whose sum is 80% of
the total area, indicates the possible separation line between two size
classes. All grains equal to or less than this grain comprise size category
1, whereas larger grains comprise size category 2.
• The G numbers are determined separately for the two size classes with
respect to the areas and numbers of grains.
 Planimetric Measurement

Grain size number 1 G number which characterizes all grains of size class 1
Grain size number 2 G number which characterizes all grains of size class 2
The grains found are
arranged by size. The
graph shows the deter-
mined grain size for all
65 grains found.

The grain size distribution can be determined from the following measured variables.
Grain size 1.0 percentage of grains with the G number 1.0 in the total number of grains of the area
...
Above grain size G numbers up to 13.0 are indicated. All smaller grains are combined in the Above
13.0 grain size 13.0 group
Single grain area The area for each individual inner grain counted
[µm²] The border grains are not taken into account. The lines are numbered consecutively
for these measured values.
The grain size is charac-
terized by the G
number.

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 Grain Size Report
Use the Grains > Grain Size Report or click the Grain Size button in the Grains
button bar to create a final report from a planimetric or line intercept measurement.
The command creates a report that is based on the current report template. You can
define the report template by using the Define Grain size report... command.

An example for a possible ASTM report. The appearance of this report can be altered freely.
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 Index

B
Border grains 9

D
Define Info 13
Define Measurement Report 14
Defining separator 3
Detailed grain analysis 12
Determining grain sizes 2

E
Elongation, Planimetric Measurement 20

P
Planimetric Measurement 17
Define… 7
Execute 8

R
Reports 13

S
Sandwich
layer 12
threshold 12
Separator
Fine / Coarse 5
Smooth 6
Set Region 11
Statistics, Measurement report 16

T
The Measurement Process 2

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