NEYVELI LIGNITE CORPORATION LIMITED, NEYVELI.

(A Government of India Enterprise)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “230KV / 400KV SWITCHYARD

OPERATION BY SCADA METHOD” at TS-II is a bonafide record of the work done by
following students of K.L.N.COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY,
POTTAPALAYAM, SIVAGANGAI DISTRICT.

C.PRAVEEN RAJ (90307121038)

T.J.ARUN KUMAR (90307121502)
M.SARAVANA KUMAR (90307121513)
B.SATHEESH PRABU (90307121515)

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

“BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING” from the
ANNA UNIVERSITY TRICHIRAPALLI is the bonafide work of the done under the
period from 05.01.2011 to 01.02.2011 at Thermal Power Station-II, NLC Ltd, Neyveli as a
project work.

NLC GUIDE (EXTERNAL)

Mr.P.SEKAR ACM/SWO/ELEC/TPS-II.
TPS-II, NEYVELI

Permitted to submit this project to University/college authorities.

PLACE: Neyveli Deputy General Manager

DATE : Training &Development
Training complex.Block 20.
NLC Ltd.Neyveli.607 803
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled “230KV / 400KV

SWITCHYARD OPERATION BY SCADA METHOD” done at TPS-II
Neyveli, submitted to Department of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING at “K.L.N.COLLEGE OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY” (Affiliated to ANNA UNIVERSITY,TRICHIRAPALLI)
for the BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING is reward of original work done by us under the
guidance of Mrs. G. UMADEVI M.E, M.I.S.T.E ASSO.PROF/EEE

This project is for reference only and no part of the report will be
published or copied anywhere without the written permission for project guide
Mr.P.SEKAR, ACM/SWO/ELEC/TPS-II.

Date: Signature of the students,

Place: NEYVELI
(C.PRAVEEN RAJ)

(T.J.ARUN KUMAR)

(M.SARAVANA KUMAR)

(B.SATHEESHPRABU)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are much thankful to THE LORD ALMIGHTY for giving us strength,
opportunities, etc., to complete our project work successfully.

We are very much pleased to convey our sincere thanks to our beloved
president Shri. K.N.K .GANESH .B.E, K.L.N, college of information
technology. For giving the opportunity of being member of this institution and to
do our project.

With profound gratitude respect and pride. We express our heartful thanks to
Shri.S.V.S.SHIVNATH B.SC.B.E., SECRETARY, K.L.N.college of information
technology, for his enthusiastic encouragement for the successful of this project.

We are privileged in conveying our regards to our respected principal

Dr.M.SACHITHANANDAM, B.E.,M.TECH.,Ph.d., K.L.N college of
information technology for his valuable support and guidance to complete our
project.

We are extremely thankful to our H.O.D. Prof. K.P LAKSHMANAN ,

B.E., M.S.C (ENGG)., M.B.A., Dept of electrical and electronics engineering ,
K.L.N college of information technology for his valuable advice and ideas at
various stages in this project work.

We extend our thanks to Shri.J.HARIHARA KUMAR,DGM/T&D and

Shri.M.SUNDARAMURTHY,CM/P&A/T&D.N.L.C. Lt.d.,NEYVELI for
giving us permission to our project in their concern.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our external guide

Mr. P.SEKAR, ACM/ELEC/TS-II, NLCfor guiding us in various aspects,
giving variable ideas to complete our project.

We would like express hearty thanks to Mr.D.NADANAMOORTY,

ACM/ELEC/TS-II and Mr.VENKATESH.,B.E., for arranging the valuable
classes, guiding us in various aspects and giving valuable ideas to complete our
project.

We like to express our thanks to ourinternal guide

Mrs.G.UMADEVIM.E. ,M.I.S.T.E., ASSO.PROFFESSOR, Dept.., of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, K.L.N.college of information technology for his
guidance and support for completing our project in various aspects.
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “230KV/400KV SWITCHYARD OPERATION

BY SCADA METHOD” at TS-II is the bonafide work of

C.PRAVEEN RAJ (90307121038)

T.J.ARUN KUMAR (90307121502)
M.SARAVANA KUMAR (90307121513)
B.SATHEESH PRABU (90307121515)

Who carried out the project work under my supervision.

Prof K.P.LAKSHMANAN Mrs.G.UMA DEVI

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSO PROFESSOR

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

K.L.N COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

POTTAPALAYAM. SIVAGANGAI DISTRICT

ANNA UNIVERSITY TRICHY

Submitted for project work & Viva Voice Examination on………………………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ABSTRACT
230/400 KV SWTCHYARD OPERATION BY SCADA METHOD

Switchyard is the interconnection of generating station and grid.

The generated power from the generating station is transmitted to the grid through
switchyard. Switchyard is used to give a secured power to the grid.

In our project SCADA is used to operate and control the of switchyard operations.
SCADA is a emerging trend in WSN technology. It is a transceiver used to
transmit and receive data in full duplex mode.

The switchyard is controlled and monitored from the UCB room through the
underground cables. But in our project it is done by SCADA MODULE.
These modules are fixed in switchyard and another in UCB room.

In the switchyard side it is controlled by microcontroller and in UCB room side is

is by operator.

If any operation such as opening/closing the isolator , generator breaker can be

done by operator by giving command to SCADA module in UCB side.
The SCADA module receives the command signal and transfer it to
microcontroller. It will do the operation through relay module

In this project we are replacing cables by wireless sensor network SCADA.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S .NO TITLE PAGES

1. Organization profile 1

2. Switchyard An Introduction 15

3. Switchyard Layout 22

4. Switchyard Operation 26

5. Implementation Of SCADA 33

6. SCADA An Overview 37

7. Power Supply Module 44

8. Introduction to microcontroller 48

9. Conclusion 58

10. Biblography 60
ORGANIZATION
PROFILE

1
 Neyveli, Home of the Neyveli Lignite Corporation, is today India’s
energy –bridge to the 21-century. Neyveli is a town located about 55 km east of
Cuddalore in the South Arcot district of Tamil Nadu. Pt.Nehru launched a mining
operations with his golden touch in May 1957. During the construction of irrigation
wells occurrence of lignite deposits at shallow depths was noticed in Neyveli area.
When systematic geological investigations were taken up in the area, occurrence of
lignite over an area of 260 sq.km. With reserves of 2100 million tones discovered.
NLC has achieved the objectives it has set for itself. A Neyveli Lignite Corporation
is certified ISO 9001:2000 for “Quality Management”, ISO 14001:2004 for
“Environment Management”, OHSAS 18001 for “Safety Management”.

Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (NLC) is a government-owned lignite

mining company in India and is in service of the nation for the last 4 decades. One
of the public sector undertakings, the company is wholly owned by the Union
Government (49 percent) and administered through the Ministry of Coal. Computing
of two open cast mines, two pit head Thermal Power Stations, with an installed
capacity of 2490 MW of electricity per year. Of this, the origin state of Tamil Nadu
consumes 1167 MW, with the neighboring states (Kerala Karnataka, and Andra
Pradesh) consuming most of the rest. NLC’s growth is sustained and its contribution
to India’s social and economic development is significant. Neyveli Lignite
Corporation Limited’s net current assets stand at Rs 3744.81 crore as on FY 2006-
2007.

2
MINES - I

Demarcated over an area of 16.90 Sq.km. with a reserve of about 287 million
tones. Mine-I is situated on the Northern part of the field adjacent to the
Neyveli Township. The lignite seam was first exposed in August 1961 and
regular lignite mining was commenced in May 1962. The mine has a production
capacity of 10.5 million tones of lignite per annum and feeds lignite to the 600
MW capacities of first Thermal Power Station and 420MW Thermal Power
Station-I Expansion.

MINES – IA

Mine –IA is adjacent to the existing Mine-I block on the eastern side. The
project was commissioned in 2001. The total reserve in Mine-IA is 120
million tones in an area of 11.6 sq.km. The annual capacity of this mine is 3
million tones and lignite was first exposed in March 2003. This mine feeds
lignite to M/S ST-CMS, an independent Power project 250 MW and NLC’s
Thermal Power Station.

THERMAL POWER STATION - I

An opitome of India-Soviet collaboration, Neyveli-Thermal Power Station-I

(TPS-I) was commissioned with one unit of 50 MW each and three units of
100 MW each.

The unique features of this power station.

 First lignite-fired Thermal Power Station in South East Asia

 First pit head Thermal Power station in India
 First largest Thermal Power station in South India

3
THERMAL POWER STATION-I EXPANSION

This Power Station consists of two units of 210 MW each. The first unit of
this Power Station was synchronized on 21.10.2002 and the second unit on
22.07.2003. The power generated from this Power Station is shared by
Tamilnadu, Kerela, Karnataka and Pondichery.

Some of the special features of this power station are:

 Fully Automated Plant controlled by Distributed Digital Control

Monitoring and Information System(DDCMIS),
 Environment-friendly equipment and Dry Ash collection system,
 Online Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Monitoring,
 Oxides Nitrogen (NOx) Analyzers.

MINES – II:

Mine – II is located 5 Kms South of Mine-I spread over an area of 26 sq.kms.

with 390 million tones reserve. The lignite steam was first exposed in
September 1984 and regular lignite mining commenced in March 1985. The
maximum overburden is 103m, and the lignite thickness varies from 8 to 22 m.
Initially, the mine was started with a production capacity of 4.7 million tones
and in February '83 the capacity was enhanced to 10.5 million tones per
annum.

THERMAL POWER STATION-II

The Second Thermal Power Station consists of 7 numbers of 210 MW Units

and hence having an installed capacity of 1470 MW. Units 1, 2&3 were
constructed in the First Stage followed by the Second Stage Units 4, 5, 6 & 7.
Lignite for the station is supplied from Mine-II having an annual capacity of
10.5 Million Tonnes. Unit 1 was commissioned in March 1986 and
commissioning of the 7th unit was carried out in June 1993. Year after year
production records are broken by Thermal Power Station –II. The southern
states of TamilNadu, Kerala, Karnataka and AndraPradesh and the Union
Territory of Pondicherry are the beneficiaries of the power produced in the
power station.

The First Stage units are fully of foreign origin. Boilers are of M/s EVT Germany
design and manufactured, supplied and erected by M/S Traselectro of Hungary.
Turbines are of M/S Westing house U.S.A design and manufactured, supplied and
erected by the erstwhile M/S Franco Tosi of Italy (now merged with M/S Ansaldo
of Italy). Generator is of Ercole Marelli, Italy’s supply. Stage-II units are fully of
M/S BHEL’s supply even though the Boilers are of M/S EVT Germany’s design,
Turbines are of M/S KWU Germany’s (a Siemens subsidiary) design and
Generator is of Russian design. 9014.04 Million units of Electricity can be
generated per annum from this power station at 70% annual plant load factor; but
the actual production figures in recent years are much higher.

5
SWITCH YARD – TS II
The switchyard is to transmit power generated by 7 Nos. of 210 MW units
(3Units in stage 1 and 4 units in stage 2). The transmission voltage is 230 kV and
400kV. Thermal Power Station II switchyard is one of the biggest switchyard in
the Southern Grid. 230kV system is connected to TNEB grid and Puducherry
Electricity system. 400kV system is connected to Southern Electricity grid
through Power Grid Corporation Limited lines. The total share of power from
central generating stations such NLC, Ramagundam, MAPS, Kaiga, Taltcher etc
is fed to Puducherry Electricity System through the 2 Nos. of 230kV feeders from
the Thermal Power station –II 230kV yard. The 230kV and 400kV system in
switchyard are interconnected through 400kV/230kV interconnecting auto
transformers.
The bus arrangements in switchyard are 2 Main bus and 1 transfer bus
system. There are 3 system buses in 230kV and 400kV yard namely First Bus,
Second Bus and Transfer Bus. Each bay is meant for each equipment to connect
with any one bus. The bay consists of first Bus isolator (89A), Second bus isolator
(89B), Line isolator (89C), Transfer Bus Isolator (89 D), Breaker, current
Transformer, Capacitance Voltage Transformer, Lightening arresters, Breaker
earth bus side (89E1), Breaker earth line side (89 E2), Line earth (89E3) etc. Each
bay has respective control panel and relay panel in control room. Wave Traps are
provided in transmission lines except mining feeders for PLCC purpose.
Isolator is an off load device. It can be operated only without load since
it is not having arc quenching medium. Isolator is used to select any one of the bus
system to the element and also for perfect isolation of breaker.
Breaker is an on load device. It can be operated either with load or
without load. Through the breaker only the element is charged or isolated.

6
THERMAL POWER STATION-II EXPANSION

Government of India sanctioned the installation of 2 units of 250 MW each as an

expansion of Second Thermal Power Station on 18th October 2004 at a cost of Rs.
2030.78 crore. The time schedule for commissioning of Unit – I is 53 months and
for Unit – II is 57 months from the date of sanction of GOI. Revised cost estimate
of the project was approved by GOI for Rs. 2453.57 Crores during July 2008.
During the year 2008-09, lifting of boiler drum for unit – 2 was completed in May
2008. Erections of Chimney and Cooling tower – 1 have been completed. Erection
works are in progress in respect of Boiler, Turbine condenser and other packages.
The first unit is expected to be commissioned in May 2010 and second unit in
November 2010.

7
FUTURE PLANS
NLC is poised for a rapid growth in the mining and power generation capacity and
is expanding its activities not only at Neyveli but also in other parts of the country.
NLC is also venturing in new projects with fuels other than Lignite.
The following projects are proposed to be taken up by NLC during the 11th
/12th Plan period :
 Bithnok Lignite Mine-cum-Power Project ( 2.1 MTPA Lignite Mine
with linked 250 MW Power Plant)
 Hadla Lignite Mine-cum-Power Project (Barsingsar Extension) ( 2.5
MTPA Lignite Mine with linked 250 MW Power Plant)
 Jayamkondam Lignite Mine cum Power Project ( 13.5 MTPA Lignite
Mine with linked 1600 MW Power Plant)
 Valia Lignite Mine cum Power Project at Gujarat ( 8 MTPA Lignite
Mine with linked 1000 MW Power Plant)
 A 15 MTPA Coal Mine under Joint Venture with MCL and a 2000
MW Power Plant in Ib valley in Orissa.
 NLC’s New Thermal Power Project at Neyveli ( 2 X 500MW ) in lieu
of TPS-I.
 Mine – III linked with TPS – III ( 8 MTPA Lignite Mine and 1000
MW Power Plant) at Neyveli.
 Coal based power project at Madhya Pradesh (1000 MW Power Plant)
 Coal based power project at Jharkand (1000 MW Power Plant)
 Coal based power project at Uttar Pradesh (2000 MW Power Plant)
Fund requirement of the above projects will be met from internal accruals and
borrowings. Upon successful completion of the above projects, NLC’s mining
capacity will be increased to 79.70 MTPA, ( both Lignite and Coal ) and power
generation capacity will be raised to 14740 MW.

8
 THERMAL POWER STATION – II
Introduction:
The Second Thermal Power Station consists of 7 numbers of 210 MW Units
and hence having an installed capacity of 1470 MW. Units 1,2&3 were constructed
in the First Stage followed by the Second Stage Units 4,5,6&7. Lignite for the
station is supplied from Mine-II having an annual capacity of 10.5 Million Tones.
Unit 1 was commissioned in March 1986 and commissioning of the 7 th unit was
carried out in June 1993. Year after year production records are broken by Thermal
Power Station –II. The southern states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and
Andhra Pradesh and the Union Territory of Pondicherry are the beneficiaries of the
power produced in the power station. The First Stage units are fully of foreign
origin. Boilers are of M/s EVT Germany design and manufactured, supplied and
erected by M/S Traselectro of Hungary. Turbines are of M/S Westing house U.S.A
design and manufactured, supplied and erected by the erstwhile M/S Franco Tosi
of Italy (now merged with M/S Ansaldo of Italy). Generator is of ErcoleMarelli,
Italy’s supply. Stage-II units are fully of M/S BHEL’s supply even though the
Boilers are of M/S EVT Germany’s design, Turbines are of M/S KWU Germany’s
(a Siemens subsidiary) design and Generator is of Russian design. 9014.04 Million
Units of Electricity can be generated per annum from this power station at 70%
annual plant load factor; but the actual production figures in recent years are much
higher.
Fuel Handling System:
In Stage-I Boilers only LSHS (Low Sulphur Heavy Stock) is used. In Stage-
II Boilers, both Light Diesel Oil and LSHS are used. There are two separate Fuel
Oil Pump Houses (FOPH), one meant for Stage-I and the other for Stage-II. LDO
and LSHS are received in boozers. There are two storage tanks of 100 M3 capacity
each for LDO and two tanks of capacity 1900 M3 each for storing LSHS. No
heating is necessary for LDO. In the oil handling system there are facilities for
decanting, heating, filtering, pumping and metering of flow.
9
 Floor coil heaters are installed in LSHS tanks to prevent solidification as the
pour point of LSHS is high (60OC). The storage tanks are also insulated. Trace
heating system is employed to prevent temperature drop of LSHS from pump
house to Boilers. Even though Lignite is the main fuel, LDO and LSHS are used
during startup, shutdown and when the unit is in service at low loads for the oil
flame stability in the Furnace.
Mine-II supplies lignite to Thermal Power Station-II at the rate of 10.5
million tons per annum through a single belt conveyor. There is a Stockyard
capable of storing 2, 00,000 tones of lignite. Lignite requirement per day per
Boiler is 5000 tones and per day requirement for the power station when all the
units are running is 35,000 tones. Thus the stored lignite can last slightly more than
five days. The stockyard has a closed storage space included having a capacity of
20,000 tones. This sees that at least a part of lignite meant for immediate use not
becoming slushy during rainy season.
A single conveyor from Mine-II brings lignite to Thermal Power Station-II.
The stockyard is a temporary storage with two stockpiles and three conveyors. The
two end conveyors have one Recamier mounted in each. The middle conveyor has
a Stacker mounted in it. Direct conveying of lignite bypassing the stockyard is also
possible. Lignite from Mine-II may be consisting of lumps up to a size of 600mm.
Two-spiked roll crushers are installed in a crusher house to bring down the
maximum size of lumps to 80mm, to pass through the crushers and thereby
preventing unnecessary overloading of the crushers.

Water Treatment Plants:

Two Water Treatment Plants (WTP) one for Stage-I with a capacity of 120
tones/hour and the other meant for Stage-II with a capacity of 160 tones/hour are
available. Demineralised water is prepared by using Ion-exchange process. Make
up water requirement is 3% of steam generation rate. 7 Bore well pumps 4 meant
for Stage-I and 3 for Stage-II supply raw water for the two plants.
10
 The treatment stages in Stage-I plant are: (i) Pressure sand filter, (ii)
Activated carbon filter, (iii) Strong acid cationic exchanger, (iv) Degasser (v)
Weak base Anionic exchanger, (vi) Strong base Anionic exchanger and (vii)
Mixed bed exchanger. In Stage-II plant, in the second filtering stage, instead of an
Activated carbon filter, a weak acid cationic filter is made use of. Interconnections
are available on raw water and treated watersides. Storage tanks are available for
DM water in the two plants. Treated water is supplied to Condensate Storage
Tanks (CST) in Boiler area.
Steam Generator:
The Boilers are of natural circulation, single drum, membrane water wall,
pulverized lignite firing with tangential firing system, balanced draught, and tower
type with dry bottom furnace. It is of capacity 690 tones per hour.
Feed water from last HP heater at 242OC is regulated in a feed water
control/regulating station. After passing through the non-steaming type
Economizer 2 stages in Stage-II it reaches the Boiler drum operating at 168 ata and
350 OC. Boiler drum, down comers, bottom headers, water wall tubes, top headers
back to Boiler drum complete the water wall circuit. Reduction in heat transfer
area of the water walls was made above the furnace zone.
Superheating is done in three stages with attemperation in between stages.
Superheated steam is supplied at 150 at a and 535 OC to the HP Turbine via two
Main Steam Lines.
Two hot reheat lines take the steam to the IP Turbine at 33 at a& 535 OC.
Numbers of safety valves protect the pressure parts from undue pressure rise.
Two axial flow Forced Draught Fans (FD FAN) supply air for combustion,
which is heated in two regenerative air preheaters. Steam coil air preheaters
available are used only during startup. Mill hot air for tempering the flue gas drawn
for drying lignite, secondary air supplied to p.f burners, hopper air to the two After
Burning Grates and oil burner air are the components.

11
Flue gas generated in the furnace passes through SH1, SH3, RH2, SH2, RH1,
Economizer, (two stages in Stage-II), RAPHs (gas side), Electrostatic precipitator
(ESP), two Induced Draught Fans (axial flow) and the Chimney (170m high in
Stage-I & 220m high in Stage-II).
Boiler Bunker, 3 Plate Belt Feeders, a Belt Feeder, Resuction duct, a Beater
Wheel Mill, and P.F. Burners in 2 tiers form the lignite firing system. Two after
Burning Grates minimize mechanical under burning.
An Electrostatic precipitator separates 99% of the fly ash and thereby
reducing the air pollution problem to the barest minimum. A hydro ash disposal
system with many pump houses uses Low-pressure water for mixing and High-
pressure water for flushing. Slurry pumps take the ash slurry to two ash bunds. A
slag conveyor installed below the Boiler furnace handles the bottom ash.
Turbine:
Stage-I Turbine has a HP/IP combined cylinder and a LP cylinder; HP
Turbine has 1 impulse stage followed by 13 reaction stages. Superheated steam
coming from the Boiler via 2 main stream lines is supplied at 150 at a and 535 OC
to the HP Turbine.
Each main stream line has one emergency stop valve and 3 control valves.
From each control valve a pipeline is taken and one such pipeline supplies to a
nozzle chamber.
Exhaust steam from HP Turbine at 37 at a and 337 OC goes via two cold
reheat lines. Each CRH line has a NRV to prevent back flow of steam from Boiler
to Turbine in case of a Turbine trip. After reheating in the Boiler, steam comes
back via two hot reheat lines to the IP Turbine at 33 at a and 535 OC. Each HRH
line has one reheat stop valve and an Interceptor Valve. IP Turbine has 12 reaction
stages. Exhaust steam from IP Turbine goes to LP Turbine via a transfer pipe. LP
Turbine has 6 double flow reaction stages. The Turbine has a motor operated Shaft
Turning Gear, which is used during startup and shutdown.

12
The Turbine is equipped with HP & LP bypass systems for easy startup and
shutdown of 60% capacity. Makeup water is added in the Condenser.
Exhaust steam from LP Turbine comes to the Condenser where it is
condensed by circulating water. High vacuum in the Condenser is maintained by a
two stage Ejector. Condenser parameters are 0.0962 at a and 44.7 OC. 2x100%
Condensate Extraction Pumps pumps the main condensate water through Ejectors,
Gland Steam Condenser, and Low-Pressure Heaters 1, 2, 3&4 to the Deaerator. A
spray, tray and reboiling type Deaerator removes dissolved oxygen. Feed water
from Deaerator is pumped by 3x50% variable speed hydro coupling equipped
Boiler Feed Pumps through High Pressure Heaters 6 and 7 to the feed water
control station in the Boiler. Auxiliary Cooling Water system takes care of the
cooling water needs of major equipments of the unit.
Electro hydraulic governing system is used to control the Turbine during startup,
shutdown, normal running or any emergency. An oil system meets the lubricating
oil and governing system oil needs.
Chlorination is done for circulating water to prevent algae growth. A
Circulating Water Pump House with 8 pumps ((2 for each unit x 3 units) + 2
reserve) supplies the circulating water through Condenser and Cooling Tower.

Stage-II Turbine has three cylinders viz. High pressure, Intermediate

pressure and Low pressure. All Turbine stages are reaction stages. HP Turbine has
25 stages. 2 main stream lines from Boiler supply steam at 150 at a and 535 OC.
Each main stream line has a combined HP stop cum control valve. Exhaust steam
from HP Turbine goes to the Boiler via two cold reheat lines at 38 at a 341 OC.
Each CRH line is equipped with a NRV to prevent backflow of steam from Boiler
to Turbine in case of a Turbine trip. After reheating in the Boiler, steam comes
back via two hot reheat lines to the IP Turbine at 34 at a and 535 OC. Each HRH
line has a combined IP stop cum control valve. IP Turbine has 20 double flow
stages. The exhaust steam from IP Turbine goes to the LP Turbine via 2 Cross
around Pipes (CAPs). LP Turbine has 8 double flow stages.

13
The Turbine has a hydraulic turning gear in the form of a two-stage oil Turbine
with a provision of a manual barring gear. The Turbine is also equipped with HP &
LP bypass systems for easy startup and shutdown of 60% capacity. Makeup water
is added in the condenser.
Exhaust steam from LP Turbine comes to the condenser where it is
condensed by circulating water. High vacuum is maintained in the Condenser by a
three-stage Ejector. Condenser parameters are 0.1033 ata and 46.1 OC. 2x100%
Condensate Extraction Pumps pump the main condensate water through Ejectors,
Gland steam condenser, Drain Cooler, Low-Pressure Heaters 1,2,3 to the
Deaerator. A spray and tray type Deaerator removes dissolved oxygen. Feed water
from Deaerator is pumped by 3x50% variable speed hydro coupling equipped
Boiler Feed Pumps through high-pressure heaters 5&6 to the feed water regulating
station in the Boiler. Auxiliary cooling water system takes care of the cooling
water needs of major equipments of the unit.

14
SWITCHYARD AN
INTRODUCTION

15
 The switchyard is to transmit power generated by from 7 Nos. of 210 MW
units ( 3Units in stage 1 and 4 units in stage 2). The transmission voltage are 230
kV and 400kV.. Thermal Power Station II switchyard is one of the biggest
switchyard in the Southern Grid. 230kV system is connected to TNEB grid and
Pondichery Electricity system. 400kV system is connected to Southern Electricity
grid through Power Grid Corporation Limited lines. The total share of power from
central generating stations such NLC, Ramagundam, MAPS, Kaigaetc is fed to
Pondichery Electricity System through the 2 Nos. of 230kV feeders from the
Thermal Power station –II 230kV yard. The 230kV and 400kV system in
switchyard are interconnected through 400kV/230kV interconnecting transformers.

The bus arrangements in switchyard is 2 Main bus and 1 transfer bus system.
There are 3 system buses in 230kV and 400kV yard namely First Bus, Second Bus
and Transfer Bus. Each bay is meant for each equipment to connect with any one
bus. The bay consists of first Bus isolator (89A), Second bus isolator (89B), Line
isolator (89C), Transfer Bus Isolator (89 D, Breaker, current Transformer,
Capacitance Voltage Transformer, Lightening arresters, Breaker earth bus side
(89E1), Breaker earth line side (89 E2), Line earth (89E3) etc. Each bay has
respective control panel and relay panel in control room. Wave Traps are provided
in transmission lines except mining feeders.

16
COMPONENTS OF SWITCHYARD
The various elements of a switchyard are:

1.Bus bars & Conductors:

These are the normal current carrying parts. The conductor system
is at higher voltage with respect to earth and is installed on insulators. The
conductors are able to carry the normal current continuously with temperature rise
within specified limits and withstand specified short circuit current for a specified
short time. They have low resistance. The conductors of bus bar systems are of
either rigid type or strain type.
In the rigid type, aluminium pipes are used for bus bar and also for making
connections among various equipments. The bus bars and connections are
supported on pedestal insulators. This leads to a low level type of switchyard
wherein equipment as well as the bus bars are spread out. Since the bus bars are
rigid the clearances remain constant. But as the bus bars are not very high from the
ground maintenance is easy. Due to large diameter of pipes the corona loss is
substantially less.

The strain bus bars are an overhead system of wires strung between two supporting
structures and supported by strain type insulators. In the strain type bus bar system
ACSR (aluminium conductors with steel reinforcement) are used to form bus bars.
Bundle conductors are used where bus bars with high current rating or to limit
corona are required.

17
2.Circuit breakers:

 A circuit breaker is a switching and current interrupting device. It serves

two basic purposes.
 Switching during normal operating conditions for the purpose of operation
and maintenance.
 Switching during abnormal conditions such as short circuits and
interrupting fault currents.

There are several types of faults and abnormal conditions. The fault current can
damage the equipments if allowed to flow for a longer duration. The circuit
breaker in association with the protection relay system opens and clears the
fault. Circuit breaker
connected in one phase is called a pole. Each phase of 230 kV and 400 kV
circuit breaker comprises of two interrupter units mounted on insulators. The
interrupters closes a set of fixed and moving contacts . This moving contact is
drawn apart by means of links of
the operating mechanism. The operating mechanism of the circuit breaker gives
the necessary energy for opening and closing of circuit breaker. These circuit
breakers are mounted on individual structures.
3. Isolators:
Isolators are used for disconnecting of the circuit under no load
conditions. Since it is operated under no load condition it does not have any
making or breaking capacity. The Isolators are also used for the transfer of load
from one bus to another and also to isolate equipment for maintenance. The
location of the isolator affects the maintenance also. To prevent mal operation of
isolators it is interlocked with circuit breakers and earth switches. Isolators
normally used in switchyards are normally three pole isolators. The type of the
isolator – whether vertical or horizontal influence the layout of the switchyard to a
great extent. The horizontal break type occupies more space than the vertical type.
18
4.Current Transformers:
The current transformers are used to measure current and are
connected in series with the circuit. The high value primary current is stepped
down to a lower value for measurement & protection The location of the current
transformer with respect to the breaker affects the protection scheme as well as the
layout.
5.Capacitor Voltage Transformers:
The voltage transformers used are of capacitor type and are
connected in parallel to the circuit on the feeder side. The high system voltage is
stepped down to a lower value for measurement and protection. In addition, CVT’s
are also used for Power Line Carrier Communication purpose.
6. Earth Switches:
Earthing switch is connected between the line and the earth.
Normally it is kept open. They are provided to discharge the voltage trapped on the
line capacitance to earth so that while taking maintenance works the safety of the
maintenance personnel is ensured. Normally they are mounted on the frame of
isolators. The earth switches are manually or power operated locally.
7.Surge Arrestors:
High voltage power systems experience over voltages that
originate from the system instability due to fault conditions, switching operations
and lightning discharges. The duration of the over voltage varies from
microseconds to seconds, depending on the type of surges. The magnitude of the
over voltages vary from 1.15 to 4 times the normal operating voltages. Under these
conditions the insulation of the power system equipments could undergo stresses
that could lead to failure. Hence power system equipments are to be protected from
such over voltages at the time of occurrence. This is done by the use of protective
devices called Lightning arrestors or surge arrestors. This is connected in parallel
to the system / equipment to be protected.

19
These devices offer high impedance to normal operating voltage of the system and
when an over voltage appears in the system the impedance of the device gets
reduced. Thus the surge arrestors protect the system from unwanted over voltages.

8.Lightning Protection system:

A switchyard has to be shielded against direct
lightning strokes. It is done either by provision of overhead earth wires or spikes.
This is essential due to the serious consequences and damage to the equipments.
The choice between the two methods depends mostly on the economic aspect. The
spikes method involves taller structures. The spikes and the earth wire have to be
suitably placed so as to provide coverage to the entire switchyard equipment.
Generally an angle of shield of about 45 degrees for the area between the ground
wires is considered. Besides direct strokes the switchyard equipments has also to
be protected against travelling waves due to lightning strokes on the line entering
the switchyard. The equipment used for this purpose is the lightning arrestor.

9.Insulators:
The operating performance of the switchyard depends on
insulators. All current carrying parts are supported on insulators. The insulators
provide adequate clearances from live points and have sufficient mechanical
strength to withstand external loads. They are subjected to normal operating
voltage and transient over voltages. Porcelain is widely used for insulators. The
atmospheric dust sticks to the insulator surface forming a conducting layer . The
leakage currents flow from the live conductor to the earth through such surface
layers. The leakage properties of insulators are characterized by the length of the
leakage path. So the insulators are given adequate creepage distance.

20
10.Carrier Equipment:
The communication and data transmission from one
switchyard to another is carried out by means of power line carrier communication
system. This system utilizes high frequency signals in the range of 50 to 500 kHz.
The high frequency data is transmitted through the power line conductors. PLCC is
used for voice communication, telemetry, network monitoring, supervisory control
and data acquisition and protection. The equipments are installed at each end of the
transmission line.

11.Earthing System:
Provision of adequate earthing system in the switch
yard is very important for the safety of the operating personnel as well as for
proper system operation and performance of the protection devices. The function
of the earthing system is to provide a grounding mat below the ground surface in
and around the switchyard which have uniformly zero potential with respect to the
ground and lowest earth resistance to ensure that
• All non current carrying parts connected to the earthing system are
uniformly at zero potential with respect to ground.
• The floor on which the operation and maintenance staff moves is
at ground potential.
• During any earth fault in the switchyard , the potential of structures tanks
and other non current carrying parts does not rise to unsafe value.

21
SWITCHYARD LAYOUT

22
SPECIFICATIONS

230KV SYSTEM LAYOUT:

There are 22 bays in 230kV switchyard as follows
1. 3 Nos. of Generator bays for stage 1 units.
2. 2Nos of Station Transformers bays for Station Transformer (ST1 and ST2) of
capacity 50MVA each. The station Transformers are feeding supply to
Stage1 Station Auxiliaries.
3. 2Nos of Station Transformers bays for Station Transformer ( ST3 and ST4) of
capacity 30 MVA each. The station Transformers are feeding supply to
Stage 2 Station Auxiliaries.
4. 2 Nos. of Mining feeders bays ( Mining Feeder 1 and Mining Feeder 2)
to feed supply to Mines 1 and Mines 1A
5. 2Nos. of Mining feeders bays ( Mining Feeder 3 and Mining Feeder 4)
to feed supply to Mines 2
6. 2 Nos. of Tie line (Tie Line 1 and Tie Line 2 ) feeder bays are inter linking
Thermal Power station 1 and Thermal Power Station 2
7. STCMS-1&STCMS-2 bays are to inter linking the STCMS Thermal
Station
8. Kadalangudy bay is to connect the TNEB substation at Kadalangudy
9. Pondy feeder bay is to connect Villianur sub station in Pondichery.
10.Bhahoor feeder bay is to connect Bhahoorsub station in Pondichery.
11.Inter connecting Transformer 1 and Interconnecting Transformer 2 bays are
to interconnect 400kV system through 2 Auto Transformers of each of
capacity 250 MVA

23
 230KV SW ITCHYARD
LAYO UT

BUS 1
M AIN E A R TH
BUS-1

M AIN

CVT A
BUS-2

BUS 2
TRANSFER E A R TH
BUS
TR A N S FE
BUS R
CVT B

PDY(VILLIANUR
S T-3 S T-4

C2A
C1B

C2B
C1A
230/6.6 230/6.6
PDY(BAHOOR)

BUS COUPLER

TIRUVARUR
KV KV

STCMS-1

STCMS-2
S T-1 S T -2
)

230/6.6 G T-2 230/6.6 G T -3

G T-1
TIE 1

TIE 2
MF3

MF2

MF1

15/230
MF4

15/230 KV KV 15/230
KV KV
KV

TO IC T-1 TO IC T-2

400KV SW ITCHYARD LAYOUT

TIE TS-1 EXP

SLM II
TRY I

SLM I

ICT II

ICT I
MDS

BUS I CVT

LINE CVT

BUS I
89A

89E1
89B

52B

BUS II
89E2
89E3
89C

TRANSFER
BUS

TIE TS-1 TRICHY I SALEM II SALEM I M ADRAS BUS BUS

ICT II ICT I
EXP TRANSFER CO UPLER

G T-4
G T-6 G T-5
G T-7
89 A,B,C BUS I ,II, LINE BUS II CVT
ISO LATO R

52B CIRCUIT
BREAKER

24
400KV SYSTEM LAYOUT:

There are 13 bays in 400kV switchyard as follows

1. 4 Nos. of Generator bays for stage 2 units.
2. 5 No’s of Transmission line bays namely (Madras, Salem-1, Salem-2,
Trichy–1 and TS-1 Expansion to TSII)
3. 2 No’s of inter connecting Transformers of capacity 250 MVA
4. 1 No Bus coupler bay
5. 1 No of Bus Transfer Bay.

25
SWITCHYARD OPERATION

OPERATION OF ISOLATORS:
All the bus isolators and transfer bus isolators are motor operated. The motor
operating mechanism (MOM) is provided in a cabinet and fixed in isolator
structure. The operations of isolators are done electrically at ‘Remote’ and at
‘Local’. Provision also exists for operation manually at local. All the above
operations are carried out from the M.O.M cabinet.
The M.O.M cabinet is equipped mainly with the following item.
• Main solenoid coil ‘MSC’.
• Key interlock of main isolator (Manual) with contactor ‘KIMC’
• Main push button ‘MPB’
• Control and power fuses
• Toggle switches for lamp and heater
• Thermostat
• Strip type heater
• Over load relay
• Opening and closing auxiliary contacts
• Local/Remote selector switch ‘SLR’
• 3 pole selector switch ‘TPS’
• 415 V 3 motor with gear assembly etc.

In MOM cabinet 415 v 3 supply for operation of motor, 240 V 1 supply for
heater, lamp and 3 pin socket and 220 V D.C supply for control circuits are
derived from the AC and DC distribution panels at ‘0’ meter level in control
room.

26
Two numbers of toggle switches are provided one for the heater and the other for
the Lamp and 3-pin socket. The heater is thermostatically controlled. The lamp is
controlled by the door switch ‘DS’. The 220v D.C supply is controlled by a 4 pole
selector switch‘sw.
The operation of isolator is interlocked with the respective earth switches by means
Of key interlock earth contact ‘KIE’. Incase of earth switches provided in the
same Isolator structure namely main bus II isolator and line isolator and by means
of Auxiliary contact incase of the isolator. The operation of isolator are also
interlocked With the manual operation by means of operating handle, through the
key interlock Of main isolator (manual) contact KIMC.
The operation of isolator are done electrically both at ‘Remote’ and at ‘Local’
Positions by putting on the Local/Remote selector switch ‘SLR’ suitably.
Normally this switch is set for ‘Remote’ operation. Only in case of failure of
remote operation or For testing purposes after maintenance works, the selector
switch ‘SLR’ is put in‘local’Position and by pressing the push button PBO/PBC,
the isolators are opened or closed.
In normal open position of isolator a green lamp is illuminated in the control panel,
When the interlock conditions are satisfied then, a closing impulse is given from
control room by means of control switch ‘CS’ and left. The control switch being a
fly back Switch, it will return back to the ‘Normal’ position after giving a
closing/opening impulse. On energisation of closing coil the circuit is maintained
through the closing of auxiliary Contact ‘CC’. Through another set of contacts
‘CC’ the motor gets supply and operates to close the isolator through the gear
assembly. When the isolator is fully closed, the limit Switch ‘LSC’ operates thus
cutting of the control supply to closing coil. On de-energisation of the closing coil
the contactors ‘CC’ open out thus cutting off the power supply to the motor from
operation of the isolator. A red lamp comes up in the control panel to indicate
closing of the isolator.

27
For opening of isolator, an operating impulse is given by means of control switch
‘CS’ and the circuit is maintained through the closing of auxiliary contact ‘OC’.
On getting power supply through another set of contacts ‘OC’ the motor starts
opening the isolator. After fully opened , the supply is cut off by action limit
switch ‘LS’.A green lamp comes up into control panel to indicate the opening of
isolator.
On satisfying the interlock conditions, press the push button ‘MPB’ and energies
main Solenoid coil ‘MSC’. The plunger shaft of the solenoid coil normally rests in
the grove of the castle key interlock shaft (KIMC). On energisation of solenoid
‘MSC’ the Plunger shaft is lifted up thus releasing the castle key interlock shaft
for operation from the electrical .The castle key ‘KIMC’ now is turned in
anticlockwise direction to release the mechanical stopper, fixed in the key interlock
shaft. Now the mechanical interlock is also released. In its normal position,
insertion of operating handle for manual operation is prevented by this mechanical
stopper. On getting released, the operating and the isolator is opened/closed by the
operation of this handle. Once the main solenoid coil is energized and the castle
key is turned the electrical operation of isolator from Remote/Local cannot be done
due to the opening of the auxiliary contact ‘KIMC’.
After the manual operation, the castle key is put back in position and turned in
clockwise direction and left. Now the mechanical and electrical interlocks are re-
inserted.
Incase of failure of control circuit, the main solenoid coil MSC is lifted up by hand
and the castle key ‘KIMC’ is operated to release the mechanical interlock. Then
by inserting the operating handle, the manual operation is carried out.
NOTE:
In absence of power supply to motors, do not operate the isolator by
giving closing/opening impulse through control switches. Because by the operation
of control switch, the closing/opening coils of motor get energized and remain in
energized condition till the operation of limit switches.
28
Under this condition when the power supply is resumed, the isolator starts
closing/opening automatically which is not desirable. The coils will also get
damaged if they are in energized condition for a long time. In such cases, the
control supply to the isolator may be switched off once (in control panels) to de-
energies the coils and the switched ‘ON’.
OPERATION OF EARTH SWITCHES:
All the earth switches are operated. But they are linked with the isolators by
both electrical and mechanical interlocks. The electrical interlocks are provided in
the motor operating mechanism (MOM) cabinet of II bus isolator 89B for earth
switch 89E1 and in MOM. Cabinet of line isolator 89C for earth switches 89E2
and 89E3.The mechanical interlocks are provided individually in all the earth
switch cabinets.
In MOM cabinet earth solenoid coil ‘ESC’ castle key ‘KIE’ and earth push
button ‘EPB’ are provided one below the other on right hand side of the cabinet.
The plunger shaft of the earth solenoid coil rests in the groove in the castle key
shaft thus preventing the turning of the castle key. Once the earth push button EPB
is pressed, the earth solenoid coil ESC gets energized and the plunger shaft is lifted
up, thus allowing the castle key shaft to turn. By turning in anti-clockwise direction
the castle key can be removed from its position for further operation of earth
switch. Thus the electrical interlock operates, without being able to turn and
remove the castle key when solenoid coil is in de-energized condition.
In the earth switch cabinet earth solenoid coil ‘ESC’,castle key ‘KIE’ and
earth pushbutton ‘EPB’ are provided one below the other. The shaft end of the
castle key rests in the groove of the circular disc, fixed centrally to the operating
pipe of the earth switch. In this position the closing of earth switch is prevented
mechanically. Further the end of the castle key shaft is split up into two with a
groove in between, to permit the circular disc rotate freely when operated. To
release this mechanical interlock, the earth solenoid coil is to be energized by
pressing the earth push button EPB.
29
On energisation of coil ESC, the plunger shaft is lifted up, thus permitting the
castle key to turn about. The castle key removed from the MOM cabinet has to be
inserted in ‘KIE’ position and turned on clockwise direction. Getting released
from the electrical interlock again the mechanical interlock is also released now. In
this position the circular disc fixed to the operating pipe can move freely in
between the castle key shaft end.
By using operating handle, the earth switch has to be closed. Provision
is available to lock the handle in both the opening and closing positions of ES for
safety concerned.
By opening the earth switches manually and retracting the above
procedure, the electrical and mechanical interlocks can be re-inserted to facilitate
the operation of isolator.
Once the castle key ‘KIE’ is turned on anticlockwise direction and
removed in MOM cabinet, the operations of isolators either electrically or
manually is prevented by opening of the auxiliary contact ‘KIE’ unless the castle
key is inserted back and turned to the clockwise direction, no operation of isolator
could be done.
CHANGING OVER THE FEEDER TO THE TRANSFER BUS FROM
MAIN BUS CONDITION:

1. The line is fed by its own breaker with concerned bus and line isolator and
breaker closed.
2. Ensure that the earth switches on transfer bus and on both sides of the
transfer bus breaker are open.
3. Close the I bus or II bus isolators of transfer bus corresponding to which bus,
the feeder is connected.
4. But the feeder transfer switch ‘PTS’ in intermediate position ‘I’ from the
normal position ‘N’ in control panel. Close the transfer bus line isolator
89TRC.
5. Put the transfer switch ‘PTS’, in ‘T’ position from the intermediate position.
Provide a nameplate ‘Transfer bus in service’ on the transfer breaker control
switch in control panel.
30
CHANGING OVER FROM THE TRANSFER BUS BREAKER TO ITS
OWN BREAKER:

Ensure that all the earth switches,bus isolator 89A/89B and line isolator 89C
are open. Close the I or II bus isolator of the feeder according to which bus
the feeder is connected. Close the line isolator. Put the transfer switch ‘PTS’
in intermediate position ‘I’. Close the feeder breaker 52 after putting the
synchronizing selector switch ‘SSS’ in manual position and parallel with the
transfer breaker, and see that for normal load sharing.

Remove the nameplate ‘Transfer bus in service’. If normal, hand trip the
transfer breaker and open out its isolator 89TRA/89TRB and transfer bus
line isolator 89TRC.

Open the transfer bus isolator of the feeder 89D.Put the transfer switch
‘PTS’ in normal position ‘N’.

31
INTERLOCKS BETWEEN BREAKER, BUS ISOLATORS AND EARTH
SWITCHES:
230KV LINES:
1. I bus isolator 89A can be closed/opened only if
a. Breaker is open.
b. Earth switch on breaker side 89E at II bus isolator is open and
c. The other i.e. II bus isolator 89B is open.

2. II bus isolator 89B can be closed/opened only if II

a. Breaker is open.
b. Earth switch on breaker side 89E1 at bus II isolator is open and
c. The other i.e. I bus isolator is open.

3. The 220KV line isolator 89C can be closed/opened only if its own breaker
and earth switches 89E2 and 89E3 on both sides of the line isolator are open.
Only electrical interlock has been provided for this.

4. Earth switch 89E2 on the breaker side of the isolator can be closed/opened
only if the line isolator is open through electrical interlock only.

5. Earth switch 89E3 on the line side of line isolator can be closed/opened only
if the line isolator and bypass isolator of line are open and the line shall be
dead through the electrical auxiliary contact U/V.

6. The transfer bus isolator of line 89D can be closed/opened only if the
transfer bus breaker 52TR, the earth switch on transfer bus side of the
transfer bus line isolator TRE3 and all the other transfer bus isolator of lines
are open.
32
IMPLEMENTATION OF
SCADA

33
BLOCK DIAGRAM

34
OPERATION:
Switch yard as said earlier, it acts as a interface between the generating
power station and the distributing grid. The generated powers are distributed to the
various areas through grids. In switch yard two buses are present. Bus 1 supplies
certain set of areas and bus 2 for some other areas.
For this process of transmission and distribution the generated powers of the
isolator, generator breakers play a vital role. if bus 1 has to be chosen for
distributing the generated power then isolator 89A(bus 1 isolator) has to be in close
condition. Similarly for all other elements.
In our project two Scada modules are placed for the operation and
monitoring of switchyard. One module is placed at the control room which serves
as the transmitter and another at the switch yard field which acts as a receiver.
Commands for opening and closing of the isolator, breakers are given in the
mimic panel. Mimic panel is nothing but a VB based set up at the PC present in the
control room. Thus the commands are given just by clicking the respective icon on
the mimic panel.
An Event manager which is a LCD display is used to display the status of
the operation. SCADA module at the control room receives the signal and
transmits it to the SCADA module at the switchyard.
Status of real power,reactive power from the field serves as the input to the
microcontroller .After receiving the signal the signal the processor checks for the
interlock conditions. If the interlock conditions are satisfied then respective port
pin will be activated.
This in turn triggers the respective relay coil. Once the relay is activated to
the specified command then the isolator arm starts moving from its position
towards the limiting switch.

35
 Isolator which is a motor operated device consists of two limiting switches,
one for opening and another for closing. For example the isolator 89A has to be
closed then the relay contact is moved. Then the isolator arm starts moving from
limiting switch 1(open) to limiting switch 2. The same process is followed for all
other equipment.
Suppose if the interlock conditions are not satisfied then a command
“ACCESS IS DENIED” will be displayed in the event manager. This ensures the
safety operation of the switch yard. The position of the earth switches is also
monitored.

36
SCADA AN OVERVIEW

37
Scada Standard Overview
In this section you will learn about Scada wireless networking standard,
Scada Protocol Stack:

STRUCTURE OF SCADA PROTOCOL STACK

In order to adopt WSN technology for use in real-life applications an association of
industry companies. Scada alliance has specified a full protocol suit that provides
efficient high level communication in wireless sensor networks.
Scada low stack layers (PHY and MAC) are equal to those in IEEE 802.15.4 while
high stack layers are designed to support extended networking functionality and to
provide simple interface between network and end user applications.

38
Main Scada extensions compared to IEEE 802.15.4

1. Full support of complex network topologies: tree and mesh

2. Reliable communication within entire network (beyond transmission range of
a single node).
3. Unified networking interface for end user applications.
4. Public application profiles for interoperability between devices from different
vendors.

Network topologies:
In order to enable efficient data exchange in large-scale networks Scada standard
utilizes topologies enabled by data IEEE 802.15.4 transfer models and extends
them by specifying tree and mesh network topologies.

Often in order to deliver data from one end of the network to another, a
packet shall be forwarded several times by intermediate routers. Such routing
procedure requires intelligent route discovery mechanism that depends on the
network topology. However for all topologies routing is built in NWK layer and
does not require any additional effort on user application level.

39
 SCADA TREE NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Tree Topology:
Parent-child relationship is directly used in tree topology to build a Scada network.
Such tree topology is based on top of IEEE 802.15.4 peer-to-peer data transfer
model and has following properties:

1. Routers are able to have child nodes.

2. Direct communication is possible only in terms of parent-child relation.
3. Hierarchical routing without alternative paths

In tree topology if a link fails, i.e., data cannot be transmitted along certain branch
anymore; there is no alternative link available without changing the network
structure.
40
SCADA MESH NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Mesh Topology:
One of the key features introduced in Scada is full mesh networking.
It completely utilizes functionality of IEEE 802.15.4 peer-to-peer data transfer
model and provides following features:
1. Routers are able to have child nodes.
2. Direct communication is possible between any FFD devices (coordinator and
router) within transmission range of each other.
3. An end devices can exchange data with its parent node only
4. Optimum and dynamic routing with alternative paths
Because in mesh topology routers can have alternative links for direct data
transmission a packet is transferred over the most suitable path in terms of
reliability and transmission time.

41
XBee specification:
Serial communications:
The XBee series 2 OEM RF modules interfaces to host device through a
logic level asynchronous serial port. Through its serial port, the module can
communicate with any logic and voltage compatible UART: or through a
level translator to any serial device.
UART data flow:
Devices that have a UART interface can connect directly to the pins of
the RF module as shown in the figure below.

42
SERIAL BUFFERS
Serial Receive Buffer
The XBee series 2 module maintain small buffer to collect received serial and
RF data. The serial receive buffer collects incoming serial characters and holds
them until they can be processed.The serial transmit buffer collects data that is
received via the RF link that will be transmitted out the UART.
Hardware Flow Control (CTS). When the serial receive buffer is 17 bytes away
from being full ,by default,the module de-asserts CTS(high) to signal to the host
device to stop sending data[refer to D7(DIO7 Configuration) parameter].
 If the module is receiving a continuous stream of RF data, any serial data
that arrives on the DIN pin is placed in the serial receive buffer. The data in
the serial receive buffer will be transmitted over-the-air when the module is
no longer receiving RF data in the network.
 When data is ready to be transmitted, the module may need to discover a
network address and/or a route in order to reach the destination node.
Discovery overhead may delay packet transmission. Refer to the Scada
network->Mesh routing sections for more information.
SERIAL TRANSMIT BUFFER:
When RF data is received, the data is moved into the serial transmit buffer
and is sent out the serial port. If the serial transmit buffer becomes full enough
such that all data in a received RF packet won’t fit in the serial transmit buffer, the
entire RF data packet is dropped. Hardware flow control (RTS). If RTS is enabled
for flow control (D6 (DIO6 configuration) parameter =1), data will not be sent out
the serial transmit buffer as long as RTS (pin 16) is de-asserted.
 If the RF data rate is set higher than the interface data rate of the module, the
module could receive data faster than it can send the data to the host.
 If the host does not allow the module to transmit data out from the serial
transmit buffer because of being held off by hardware flow control.

43
POWER SUPPLY MODULE

44
POWER SUPPLY MODULE:
 The power supply module consists of
1. +5v regulated power supply using positive voltage regulator IC 7805
2. +12v regulated power supply using positive voltage regulator IC 7812.
3. +1.5v to +18v variable regulated power supply using positive voltage
regulator IC LM317.
General description of the power supply circuit:
1. All the regulated power supply circuits are designed to deliver maximum
current of 500mA.
2. For better regulation the current rating of the transformer shall be twice this
value and the voltage shall be sufficiently higher. Hence, a 230v/15v
transformer with current rating of 1Ais used.
3. The bridge rectifier circuit is formed with four silicon power diodes of 1A
current rating.
4. An electrolytic capacitor c1 of 2200MFD/25V rating is provided at the
output of the rectifier circuit as filter.
5. 0.1MFD/100V capacitors are provided in the circuit to bypass the high
frequency components of the rectified voltage.
6. Regulator ICs 7805 and 7812 are provided with advantages like
The ripple voltage is of the order of few milli-volts.
Internal fold-back current limiting.
Thermal shut-down.
7. Capacitor c3 470MFD/25V is provided at the output of the regulator to
further smoothen output.

45
+5V REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:
+12V REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:

46

3)+1.5V to+18V VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY:

Voltage regulator are also available in circuit configuration that allow the user to
det the output voltage to a desired value. The LM317, for example, can be operated
with the output voltage regulated at any setting over the range of voltage from
1.2to 37v.
Resistors R1 and R2 set the output to any desired voltage over the
agdjustment range(1.2 to 18v). The output voltage desired can be calculated using
Vo=Vref (1+R2/R1)+IadjR2
With typical values of
Vref=1.25V and Iadj= 100µA.
This variable power supply is used as test supply.

LIST OF COMPONENTS:
1. Transformer 230v/15v@1A
2. Diodes IN 4007
3. Fixed regulators IC7805, IC 7812
4. Variable regulator ICLM317
5. LEDs(Blue,White,Red) 3mm
6. Resistors 220Ω,1K,3.3K & 8.2K(¼w)
7. Variable Resistor 10K(¼ w)
8. Capacitor 0.1µF/100V
9. Capacitor 470µF/25V
10.Capacitor 2200µF/25V

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 INTRODUCTION TO
MICROCONTROLLER

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SERIES:89SXX Family
TECHNOLOGY:CMOS

FEATURES OF 89SXX FAMILY:

 Programmable watchdog timer Compatible with MCS-51
TM Products
 8 Kbytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
 Endurance: 1,000 write/erase cycle
 2K bytes EEPROM
 4V to 6V operating range
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

 Three-Level Program Memory Lock

 256 x 8-Bit Internal RAM

 32 Programmable I/O Lines

 Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters

 Six Interrupt Sources

 SPI serial interface

 Interrupt recovery from power down

 Dual data pointer

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INTRODUCTION TO AT89C51

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with

8Kbytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM) and
2K bytes of EEPROM. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard
80C51 instruction set and pin out.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-
system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a
powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective
solution to many embedded control applications.
In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle
Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM
contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next
hardware reset.

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ARCHITECTURE OF MICROCONTROLLER

51
PIN DIAGRAM

AT89S51-PIN DIAGRAM

52
PIN DISCRIPTIONS
PORTS OF AT89S51:
The various ports of AT89C51 are as follows:
VCC - Supply Voltage(+5V)
GND - Ground
Port 0

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port each
pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be
used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the
multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and
data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code
bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program
verification. External pullups are required during program verification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins
they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,
Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of
the internal pullups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash
programming and program verification.
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins
they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,
Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of
the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from
external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses
16-bit addresses (MOVX@ DPTR).

53
 In this application it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During
accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2
emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the
high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and
verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullup’s. The Port 3
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins
they are pulled high by the internal pullup’s and can be used as inputs. As inputs,
Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of
the pullup’s. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the
AT89C51 as listed below:

AT89C51 Port3-Description
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator
is running resets the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address
during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input
(PROG) during Flash programming.
In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator
frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes.

54
Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data
Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR
location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC
instruction.
Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no
effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When
the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated
twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during
each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the
device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up
to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally
latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.
This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash
programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.

XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. A map of the on-chip
memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) space. Note that not all
of the addresses are occupied and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented
on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data,
and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect.
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OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTIC
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting
amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in
following figure.

AT89C51 Oscillator Connections.

Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the

device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while
XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure.

AT89S52 External Clock Driven Configuration.

There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since
the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but
minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be
observed.
56
IDLE MODE
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals
remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM
and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this ware inhibits
access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To
eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is
terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not
be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.
POWER DOWN MODE
In the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that
invokes power down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and
Special Function Registers retain their values until the power down mode is
terminated.
The only exit from power down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the
SFRs but does not change the onchip RAM. The reset should not be activated
before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long
enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.

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CONCLUSION

58
Using Scada

We are glad to complete this project work successfully and satisfactorly.

The 230KV/400KV SWITCHYARD OPERATION BY SCADA METHOD

has the following advantages

 Simple in design

 Low cost

 High in reliability

 Easy fault identification

This project has developed our knowledge in the areas of electronic circuits,
microcontroller and software, hardware design. We had a very good opportunity to
work at Neyveli Lignite corporation, which had given us an exposure to industrial
atmosphere.

APPLICATION AREAS:

REPLACEMENT FOR WIRED NETWORKS

Wireless sensor network is a less expensive, more flexible and highly

reliable alternative for existing wired monitoring and controlling solutions. WSN
systems are rapidly replacing wires in weather stations, light switches, HVAC
systems, and many other areas.

NEW OPPURTUNITIES:

There are applications that become realizable only with WSNs, because
using wires between devices were too expensive or impossible at all.

 Unattended areas

 Large scale networks with many nodes

 Increased reliability provided by rerouting possibility

 Mobility

59
BIBLOGRAPHY

The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded system. Mohammed Ali Mazidi and
Janice Gillispe Mazidi rafiquzzaman,

High voltage engineering MS Naidu V Kamaraju.

Principles Of Power System V.K.Metha.

WEBSITE REFERENCES

www.scada.org

www.microcontroller.com

www.industrial-embedded.com

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