History 40A Exam #1 Study Guide

Exam #1 (Foner Ch1-3)

Potential Key Terms (please define: who, what, when, where, why):

Columbian Exchange:
Is the exchange of goods, people and diseases made after Christopher Columbus
came to the new world (north America), made in the 15th and 16th century. It is
significant because An exchange of plants , human population, diseases, and
technology was made between the old work and Africa and the new world. Many
people also died because of diseases.

Bartolomé de Las Casas:

is one of the first Spanish people who came to the new world in the 1500s who
thought that the way the Spanish were treating the Indians was unfair and wanted
to give rights to native Americas. He gave the image of black legend to the Spanish
for being brutal.

Black Legend:
Is an image formed by Las Casas that shows how brutal the Spanish were to native
Americans and that native Americans where humans that deserved rights. The black
legend was used later for the English people as a reason to show the world how
different they are from the Spanish while spreading Christianity and by trying to be
fair with native Americans.

Indentured servants:
Are settlers in the new world who became servants for 5-7 years in. exchange for
land that is the basis of liberty. They are similar to servants however they can get
their freedom after a limited amount of time.

Borderland

Virginia Company:
Is an English company that operated in the beginning of the 1600s and took people
to the new world in north America to find gold. They formed James town, the first
settlers in the new world. Their hopes were diminished because they couldn’t find
gold and ceased operation in 1624 however the colony was later which would later
expand and be the basis of the current united states

Enclosure movement:
It is the movement made in the beginning of the 1600s due to worsening economy
in England when richer farmers bought farms from the poorer farmers which forced
the poorer farmers to either movie the city or migrate. It helped in the migration of
people to north America.
John Smith:
Is a sailor that sailed on the ship owned by the Virginia company to find gold in the
new world. He later became the leader at james town and helped in keeping the
colony together in the time where disease, native Americas was killing many of the
people in. the colony.

Joint-stock company

Cash crop, tobacco

Puritans
Are a group of people who came to the new world in thousands and believed that
the church of England is the one true church. They were significant because They
came to north America search for liberty and came in huge numbers where they
would later form the basis of life in north America.

John Winthrop
A puritan who was one of the leaders who formed the community in Massachusetts.
He named the city as the city upon a hill, he is significant because of his beliefs since
wanted by creating the city upon a hill to make the puritans an example in America
for the people on how to live.

Roger Williams:
He is a puritan who was banished from Massachusetts of his beliefs that religion and
state should be separated. He is significant because later founded the colony of
Rhode island with his beliefs of religious freedom and the separation of religion and
state.

Pilgrims:
Are a group of religion people mostly from lower class who came to north America
on the mayflower ship fleeing from religious persecution by kind james of England.
They are significant because they formed the mayflower compact, the first
democratic government document in north America.

Captivity narratives: kidnaping of Europeans by native Americans

Pequot War:

English Liberty:

Metacom:
Also known as king Philip was the leader of Wampanoag native American tribe. He
wanted to stop the expansion of the English people into the native American land
and made an effort in a war known as king Philips war. He is significant because his
war that was made against the southern England people and that the war was the
last major effort by native Americans to drive English settlers out.
King Philip’s War. Is the war made by king ^^^^
Mercantilism
Navigation Act
Is an act passed by English parliament to put the idea of mercantilism into action
aimed primarily at the Dutch which required all trade between England and the
colonies to be carried in English or colonial vessels. It is significant because it
affected the colonies by forcing them to get and sell their goods from the British only
which caused resentment in the colonies.

Yamasee uprising: is known for making the Yamasee war in south Carolina between
native Americans and the European settlers there. The war is significant because
although south Carolina colony won, thir colony changed from proprietary to crown
colony and the yamassa moved south.

Plantation
Bacon’s Rebellion: is the rebellion of virginia Stettlers against the colonial
government because of the native Americas attacks on their land and the lack of the
support by the government lead by Nathaniel bacon. It is significant because
although the colonial capital was burned the rebellion failed after the death of
bacon. However the Virginia government in fear of other rebellions started to
respond to the requests of the people.

Glorious Revolution: it is revolution that overthrew King James II of England by a

union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III,
English Bill of Rights. It is significant because it showed that the people had the right
to change their leader if they found that their leader was not listening to them and
doing what they need.

Salem witch trials :

The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused
of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. More
than 200 people were accused, nineteen of whom were found guilty and executed by
hanging. It is significant because it revealed the influence that religion had on
everyday life.

Potential Questions:

Compare and contrast European values and ways of life with those of the Indians.
Consider addressing religion, views about ownership of land, gender relations, and
notions of freedom.

Indians and European values and ways of life was different.

Religion ( Christianity, spirits (puritans, pilgrims ) .. ownership of land ( land own,
the land is the people (king Philips) ). Gender ( Indian women do housework and
and farming, European only housework (leisure against their method) . Thus
European thought they were savages because of too free, no laws, no religion, men
work less

Indian and European values and ways of life differed in religion, the idea of owning
land, gender relations and notions of freedom. First, the religion, Europeans
believed in Catholicism, but the Indians believed in spirits. They believed that there
were spirits in animals, plants, trees, water, wind, etc. Therefore, Europeans wanted
to change the Indians religion to Catholicism when they arrived to the New World.
Second, Indians didn’t have the idea of owning land. They owned the right to use the
land, but not the land itself. They used it for resources, farming and hunting, not for
an economic commodity. However, Europeans believed that land was a commodity
to buy and sell for economic purposes. Gender relations, Indian women took
responsibility not only for household duties, but also farming work while Indian
men went fishing and hunting which Europeans believed were activities of leisure.
European women just took care of household work, while men would work and
provide all of the income. Finally, The Europeans believed that Indians were savages
and barbaric because they were “too free”. The Indians did not have a lot of rules
and laws. The Europeans believed in personal independence but Indians were more
generous and helped each other more.

How would European settlers explain their superiority to Native Americans and
justify both the conquest of Native lands and terminating their freedom?

Indians had no government or laws which made Europeans think that they were
savages and did not have anything to protect their freedom. Thus with unfair
trading (Columbia exchange ) and forcing the native Americans to become
Christians ( king Philips) or if they go against them they would either die or get
enslaved ( king philips).

The Europeans thought that the Native Americans were savages and nomads
without settled communities, because of the way they live their lives. European
thought they were superiority over the Natives Americans because the Europeans
had established governments, laws, and economic system. The Native Americans
believe that no one owns the land, the land was used for hunting and growing crops,
so with that the Europeans saw it as an economic opportunity. Europeans never
really seen the Native Americans as free people because they had no established
governments and fixed laws, so Europeans thought how can you be free if you do
not have any these.

Or
The Europeans strolled into the new land of America and used their technology and
strength by numbers to take over the Indians world. The iron edge blades and the
gunpowder-powered guns were to much for any Indian and the Europeans would
often capture the king of a certain community and take over the community. The
Indians were also believed to be “barbaric savages” because of the lack of
government between them and in some tribes they would often take their captures
for sacrifice. The Europeans capturedthe Aztec and the Inca Empires with the help
of weapons and their new brought diseases that the Indians were more susceptible
with getting affected. The plan of the Europeans was the introduce Christianity to
guarantee freedom, sometimes with force or intimidation to make the Indians
become Christians.

For English settlers, land was the basis of independence and liberty. Explain the
reasoning behind that concept and how it differed from the Indians’ conception of
land.
To the English, the concept of owning land was very important. In most colonies, the
ownership of land determined the voting rights of the owners. Land made the
owners rich and powerful. The more land that the English owned gave them more
rights and influence in the government. In contrast, the Indians didn’t believe in the
right to own land.

Trading, Columbia exchange land, right to vote . indentured servants

Although, the Indians did purchase the rights to hunt and farm in certain areas, the
Indians did not own the physical land itself. The Indians believed that everything,
living and non-living had a spirit. This is probably why they could not understand
how they could own such things. Indians were generous and were willing to share
the land to use together. The English however, were ready to take the land because
they believed that the Indians were not using it properly.

The English believed that, unlike the Spanish, their motives for colonization were
pure, and that the growth of empire and freedom would always go hand and hand.
How did the expansion of the British empire affect the freedoms of Native
Americans, the Irish, and even many English citizens?

The textbook states, “Prejudice by itself did not create American slavery,”
Examine the economic forces, events, and laws that shaped the experiences of
enslaved people.

he economic forces that caused slavery to be abundant was that there was no laws
against slavery at the very beginning. Having slaves were very profitable because of
the free labor and the profit gained from the selling slaves. Due to the oppurtinites
that showed to the british people in new England, they found that is cheaper for
them to get slaves.

Tobacco Virginia company.

Indentured slaves.
The war of king philips and yamasse uprising

The market for sugar was growing and many planters choose slaves to help with
the need to produce more sugar. In 1705, the House of Burgesses enacted a slave
code.

The new law made slaves property. Black people were treated differently in the law
than white people. It did not matter if they were free or slaves. In the law they did
not allow black people to own guns, hit a white man, or employ a white man.

How did King Philip’s War, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the Salem witch trials illustrate a
widespread crisis in British North America in the late seventeenth century?

The government in the late 17th century started to listen less to its people and force
their laws and believes on the people living in north America for both Indians and
British people which made the people turn against the government and fight back
King Philip (land- not care, no use for native Americans)
Bacon’s rebellion (native American land- government not care)
Witch craft ( mistake of colony for killing people worship devil – religion force)
The social structure of the eighteenth-century colonies was growing more open for
some but not others. Consider the statement with respect to men and women,
whites and blacks, and rich and poor.

The social structure of the 18thcentury colonies was growing in favor of some
groups more than others. The groups that benefitted were men over women, whites
over blacks, and the rich over the poor. The men were superior to women following
the tradition lead on by Europeans. The whites were superior to the blacks and
blacks had almost no rights because of slavery and the belief that they have no
socialstatus. The rich are always superior to the poor and at this time in the colonies
there were an abundance of poor people opposed to the rich and land owners.