TABLE OF CONTENTS

BIL CONTENTS PAGE

1. Table of Contents

2. Introduction

3. Purposes/Objective

4. Equipment Used

5. Procedure Works

6. Result(Booking)

7. Analysis/Data Computation

8. Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION

Solar observation is the scientific endeavor of studying the Sun and its behavior and
relation to the Earth and the remainder of the Solar System. Deliberate solar observation
began thousands of years ago. That initial era of direct observation gave way to telescopes in
the 1600s followed by satellites in the twentieth century. Solar observation was used to
determine the true azimuth of baseline MMA 39. We observed thesun's position. We
computed for its azimuth through the astronomic triangle. We applied the correctionsdue to
parallax and refraction. We have also taken note of the latitude and north polar distance
(NPD) because these values are needed in the computation of the sun's azimuth. The
fieldwork was done on baseline (MMA 39). The fieldwork helped to us to become familiar
with the procedures of astronomicobservations and azimuth determination.

Among all the celestial bodies, the sun is the most prominent body that can be observed
easily and accurately. Thus, the sun observation provides surveyors a convenient method for
determination of astronomic azimuth. In the hour-angle method, a horizontal angle from a
line to the sun is measured. Knowing accurate time of the observation and geographic
position of the observation station, the sun's azimuth is computed using the relations of
astronomical triangle. This azimuth and horizontal angle are combined to yield the line's
azimuth as explained in Lesson 26.

The sun is observed through the telescope fitted with either an eyepiece sun glass or an
objective lens filter. For total stations, an objective lens filter is mandatory (to protect EDMI
components). It is to be noted that the sun's image is large in diameter-approximately 32 min
of arc-making accurate pointing on the center impractical. Thus, in lieu of pointing the centre,
observation to the sun are usually taken with the edges tangential to both the horizontal and
vertical cross hairs. It is usually achieved by allowing sun's trailing edge to move onto the
vertical cross hair or the leading edge is pointed by moving the vertical cross hair forward,
until it becomes tangent to the sun's image.

Azimuth determination from solar observations has been around and practiced by
surveyors and navigators for centuries. While some technologies such as GPS have made
azimuth determination from observing celestial bodies less common, others such as electronic
theodolites with powerful onboard computers and timing devices have made solar and stellar
observations more convenient and accurate. Although at this time no instrument manufacturer
has an onboard solar ephemeris and reduction programs whereby the observer would point to
a reference mark and the Sun/star and read the azimuth of the line instantly, the technology,
however, is here now to achieve this.

Solar observation are necessary to determine datum for a Cadastral Survey. Apart from
that, it is used to determine the true bearing before starting the Cadastral Survey. It is
necessary to check previous bearings in the Certified Plan. True Bearings are used when we
want to re-fix the damaged or lost boundary stones.

PURPOSES/OBJECTIVE

The purpose or objective of this practical activity are:

i. To expose students on how to compute an observation weather based on the sun in

giving the bearing of the line which refers to true north.
ii. To apply the concept of solar observation.
iii. To understand on how to read the observations properly and accurately.
iv. To understand on how to book and compute the booking based on the step of the
solar observation calculation given.
v. To prepare student to get use to the situation on the real work.
 EQUIPMENT USED

INSTRUMENT FUNCTION

1.Total Station -To find the angle and measured the

distance

2.Tripod -Used as a platform for supporting the

weight and maintaining the stability of the
total station.

3.Sunglass -To protect the eyes from ultraviolet radiation

(UV) and blue light which can cause
several serious eye problem when observing
the sun
 FIELD WORK PROCEDURE

The field work involved in the determination of azimuth of a line from sun observation
consists of following steps:

1. Carry out temporary adjustment of a theodolite at the observation station with face
left condition.
2. Open the lower plate main screw and swing the telescope to bisect the reference
object. Fix the lower plate main screw and bisect accurately using the lower plate
tangent screw. Note down the horizontal circle reading.
3. Swing the telescope by opening the upper plate main screw. Bring the image of
the sun into the upper left quadrant of the diaphragm (Figure 1a). Close the upper
plate main screw and then bring the vertical hair tangent to right limb of the sun
using the upper plate tangent screw. As soon as the lower limb of the sun makes
contact with the horizontal hair, the chronometer time is recorded. Note down the
horizontal (as well as vertical, if altitude of the sun is required to be observed)
circle readings.
4. Next, bring the image of the sun into lower right quadrant using the upper and
vertical plate tangent screws. The vertical hair is kept in tangent to left limb of the
sun using by the upper plate tangent screw. As soon as the upper limb of the sun
makes contact with the horizontal hair, the chronometer time is recorded (Figure
1b). Note down the horizontal (as well as vertical, if altitude of the sun is required
to be observed) circle readings.
5. Open the upper plate main screw and swing back the telescope to the reference
object. Close the upper plate main screw and bisect the reference object. Note
down the horizontal circle reading.
6. Change the face left of the instrument into the face right condition and repeat step
2 with the instrument in face right condition.
7. Swing the telescope by opening the upper plate main screw. Bring the image of
the sun into the upper right quadrant of the diaphragm (Figure 1c). Close the
upper plate main screw and then bring the vertical hair tangent to left limb of the
sun using the upper plate tangent screw. As soon as the lower limb of the sun
makes contact with the horizontal hair, the chronometer time is recorded. Note
down the horizontal (as well as vertical, if altitude of the sun is required to be
observed) circle readings.
8. Next, bring the image of the sun into lower left quadrant using the upper and
vertical plate tangent screws. The vertical hair is kept in tangent to right limb of
the sun using the upper plate tangent screw. As soon as the upper limb of the sun
makes contact with the horizontal hair, the chronometer time is recorded (Figure
1d). Note down the horizontal (as well as vertical, if altitude of the sun is required
to be observed) circle readings.
9. Repeat step 5.
10. Thus, a set of observation is to be taken. It consists of four instants of time and
four horizontal circle readings (and four vertical circle readings). An azimuth of
the line AZL should be computed for each pointing on the sun. For any field
observation, it may consist of one or more sets, but a minimum of three sets is
recommended.
RESULT (BOOKING)
ANALYSIS / COMPUTATION DATA
 CONCLUSION

Throughout conducting the observation, the problems that been face during the solar
observation is that observation cannot be carried out perfectly due to bad weather such as cloudy,
rainy or even haze. Beside that, the factor in finding the azimuth value between two sets of
observations must not exceed the limits is due to the incorrect reading of the theodolite or EDM or
even incorrect in centering the bubble of the equipment.

From this activity i can say that, theres are quite a lot observation that been make throughout this
semester. Between all the observed result, i managed to compute 2 closed observation with the limit
does not exceed 10” and even 2 closed observations with the limit exceed 1’. As for the rest of the
observations i managed to compute a second class survey.