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Studies of these bacteria have had considerable scientific impact, which has not been restricted to
the discipline of molecular plant pathology. Work on Xcm provided the first demonstration for the
hypothesis that a gene-forgene pattern governs interactions between bacterial pathogens and plants
(Gabriel et al., 1986). Work on Xcv established the genetic basis of the triggering of disease resistance in
pepper, leading to the isolation of genes specifying avirulence on pepper cultivars containing the Bs1, Bs2
or Bs3 (for bacterial spot) resistance genes (Boch and Bonas, 2010; Minsavage et al., 1990). AvrBs3 is
the paradigm member of the large family of TAL type III effector proteins in Xanthomonas spp. It was
subsequently established that this effector is translocated to the nucleus of the plant cell, where it
influences gene expression by binding to plant promoters (Boch and Bonas, 2010).The ‘code’ governing
promoter recognition by the majority of effectors of this family has been determined (Fig. 6). The
knowledge of this code affords great potential for biotechnology, e.g. by engineering promoters with
boxes for TAL effectors to drive the expression of resistance genes or by allowing the generation of
custom-designed DNA-binding specificities.
Work on Xcc led to the identification of the genes involved in xanthan biosynthesis (Capage et
al., 1987; Vorhölter et al., 2008) and the rpf gene cluster, which acts to control the synthesis of
extracellular enzymes and xanthan, and contributes to virulence. Studies of the function of the Rpf gene
products led to the discovery of the cell–cell signalling system mediated by DSF, which was subsequently
identified as a cis-unsaturated fatty acid (Ryan and Dow, 2011). The rpf genes involved in DSF synthesis
and perception are conserved in all xanthomonads, including Xylella fastidiosa and Stenotrophomonas
spp., some strains of which are nosocomial human pathogens. Furthermore, DSF signalling controls
virulence in some, but not all, of these bacteria, although the precise role differs between organisms
(Ryan and Dow, 2011). RpfG, the regulatory protein involved in DSF signal transduction, contains a
histidine-aspartic acid-glycine-tyrosine-proline (HD-GYP) domain. Studies in Xcc were the first to
establish the regulatory function of an HD-GYP domain regulator and its enzymatic activity as a
phosphodiesterase degrading the second messenger cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (diGMP) (Ryan
et al., 2006). These observations have contributed to an understanding of cyclic di-GMP signalling in
many organisms, as the HD-GYP domain is widely conserved in bacteria, including plant, animal and
human pathogens.
Fig. 6 (A) Black rot disease symptoms on cabbage caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv.
campestris, showing the characteristic blackening of the leaf veins (image kindly provided by Sarah
Schatschneider and Karsten Niehaus, University of Bielefeld). (B) Domain architecture of the AvrBs3
effector showing the variations at positions 12 and 13 in the repeats and the nucleotides recognized in the
consensus UPA (upregulated by AvrBs3) box (see Boch and Bonas, 2010).
TERJEMAHAN
Figur 6. (A) Gejala penyakit busuk hitam pada kubis yang disebabkan oleh Xanthomonas
campestris pv. campestris, menunjukkan penghitaman khas urat daun (gambar yang disediakan oleh Sarah
Schatschneider dan Karsten Niehaus, Universitas Bielefeld). (B) Arsitektur domain dari efektor AvrBs3
yang menunjukkan variasi pada posisi 12 dan 13 dalam pengulangan dan nukleotida yang diakui dalam
kotak konsensus UPA (diregulasi oleh AvrBs3) (lihat Boch and Bonas, 2010).