Beruflich Dokumente
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WPO-100-1A&1B
Advanced diagnostics for detection and
root cause analysis of problems in power
transformers
© ABB Inc.
April 19, 2011 | Slide 1
WCS-100-1A & 1B
Advanced diagnostics for detection and root cause
analysis of problems in power transformers
St. Louis, MO
© ABB Inc.
April 19, 2011 | Slide 2
Your safety is important to us
Please be aware of these emergency procedures
© ABB Inc.
April 19, 2011 | Slide 3
Your safety is important to us
Convention Center exits in case of an emergency
© ABB Inc.
April 19, 2011 | Slide 4
Advanced diagnostics for detection and root cause
analysis of problems in power transformers
What is DFR?
DFR- Cases
What is SFRA?
FRA- Cases
Why Dielectric Frequency Response?
Traditional Power Factor Testing
Power
factor
1 mHz 60 Hz 1 kHz
Frequency (Hz)
Dielectric Frequency Response
Power
factor
1 mHz 50 Hz 1 kHz
Frequency (Hz)
Dielectric Response of Power Transformers
Off-line diagnostics
Oil and cellulose insulation system
Dielectric properties are strongly affected by
moisture and ageing.
Purpose of measurement
Diagnostic test of insulation system
Moisture content
Oil Conductivity
Diagnose defects in system
Diagnose high PF or tan
Contamination
Carbon Tracking
Resistance in core ground circuit
Quality control test of Factory and/or Field
processing
Why Dielectric Response?
Important to know the moisture level
Moisture and acids accelerates ageing
High moisture level can lead to bubble formation
Uncertain area
Big Errors at Low Temperatures
Cable diagnostics
XLPE cables
Oil/paper cables
DFR-
Measurements
Equipment Setup
DFR-Instrument
CHL
Hi
U Hi Hi Lo
CL
I Lo Lo CH
G Ground
Guard
Earth connection
Two winding transformer
Lo
Ground
DC Noise
Ground currents
Dissimilar metals
Industrial processes
DC Noise
Problems
Solution
DFR-
Analysis
Dielectric Response of a Power Transformer
OIL BOARD
Dielectric Response - Insulation Oil
soil
Dielectric Response of Moisture Content
0.5%
2.0%
4.0%
DR of Oil Impregnated Pressboard, Temperature Dependence
10 ºC
30 ºC
50 ºC
70 ºC
Dielectric Response of a Power Transformer
OIL BOARD
Measurement considerations
Winding configurations
XV HV XV HV
H0 H0
D2 D1 D1 D2
Core Core
HV LV HV LV HV HV
Reg Reg
Stick
Oil Barrier
Y 1-Y
Simplified geometry for modelling:
Stick Oil 1-X The X-Y model
Relative proportion of barriers, X
Barrier X
Relative proportion of Sticks, Y
Influence of Geometry
-7
10
RE 10/10
IM 10/10
-8 RE 10/50
10
IM 10/50
RE 50/10
+
+
+
Capacitance & Loss
+
-9
IM 50/10
10 RE 50/50
IM 50/50
-10
10
-11 x
x
10 x
x
-12
10 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency [Hz]
Influence of the insulation design on the dielectric response.
The notation in the legend is such that "RE 10/10" means
(real) capacitive part, X=10% and Y=10% etc.
The X-Y model - Tool for Analysis
Simplified geometry
Y 1-Y
Barrier X
Model
Wet transformer
Materials characteristics
3
10
Dry transformer
2
10
1
10
LOG EPS
0
10
-2
10
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4
10 10 10 10 10 10
LOG FREQUENCY
The X-Y model - Tool for Analysis
•% moisture,
•X & Y for the XY-model
•Oil conductivity
•Temperature (ºC)
•DFR measurements data
•Amount of contamiantion
•High Core ground resistance
•
•
DFR- Cases
Preventive Auto issue Contamination
HV UST XV
Core
HV UST TV
XV HV TV
XV to ground
HV to ground
TV to ground
XV HV TV
Case #1 – New Transformer – HV UST XV
Case #1 – Temperature influence
HV: 525 kV
XV: 15 kV
MVA: 236 MVA
Coolant: Mineral oil
Case #3: Unit Gassing in Operation
90 250
80 Hydrogen (H2)
Methane (CH4)
200
70
Acetylene (C2H2)
Ethane (C2H6)
60
Ethylene (C2H4)
40
100
30
20
50
10
0 0
07-Aug-06 09-Aug-06 11-Aug-06 13-Aug-06 15-Aug-06 17-Aug-06 19-Aug-06 21-Aug-06 23-Aug-06
Date
Case #3: Winding Configuration
Test Set-up
-CHL
-CL
Core
-CH
XV HV
XV HV
Case #3: Unit Gassing in Operation -HV to XV
A B
Case #3: Unit Gassing in Operation -HV to Ground
Case #3: Unit Gassing in Operation
A B
Summary
Determine moisture of the insulation
Abnormal DGA
Zs
U out ( f )
FRA(dB) 20 log10
U in ( f )
Magnitude in dB
1) Short-circuited turns
2) Hoop Buckling
Example: Short-circuited turns
Phase A has clear short-circuit behavior
(reduction of the inductance).
The other two phases have normal open
circuit measurement behavior.
Magnitude [dB]
Frequency [MHz]
Example: Short-circuited turns
Example: Hoop Buckling
- Internal
winding (usually LV)
collapses
- Reason:
Suspect Unit
Clear shift left
(LV winding)
at critical
frequency
Example: Hoop Buckling
Clear deformation
in winding
When should we perform FRA?
When should we perform FRA?
After manufacturing
Fingerprint measurement
Create first reference
In case of troubles:
SFRA-
Measurements
What is FRA ? What the devices look like?
FRA-100 produced
by Phenix
AC Voltage
(Swept frequency or time pulse) Transformer
Under
Test
FRA Device
Measurement procedure (setup installation)
Typical test connection (Avoid loops in GND connections)
Reference
Source Signal Cable Signal Cable
Phase
Bushing
Neutral Response
Swept Frequency
Response
Source and Cable Shield Ground
Reference
Cable Shield
Grounds
Small scale in
vertical axis:
Measurement procedure (list of test)
Which measurements do we want to do?
}
HV self-winding
(open circuit)
- Look for available reference data:
(A) Open circuit: (HV and LV windings)
-(open
LV Fingerprint
self-winding
circuit)
measurements (i.e., from same unit)
- Data from twin / sister units
}
HV self-winding
(short circuit)
- Prepare a list of (B) Short
the circuit: (HV
configurations youand LVtowindings)
want test
LV self-winding
(short circuit)
Capacitive
(C) Capacitive inter-winding: (Between HV and LV
windings)
Inductive
(D) Inductive inter-winding : (Between HV and LV
windings)
Measurement procedure
Why open circuit measurements?
We can see:
Winding short-circuits
Broken delta winding
Core related problems (circulating currents, bad joints, …)
SFRA-
Analysis
Analysis:
-Baseline Measurements
-Sister units
-Phase to Phase
Typical results: Large transformer
“LV sc”
“HV sc”
“LV oc”
“HV oc”
Typical results: Open- vs. short circuit
Configuration –- Self-Winding (Open
Configuration (Short circuit)
circuit)
50 50
Open-circuit test: Y vs. Delta
H3-H0 Y1-Y3
test test
Voltage response
Voltage response
Core influence
Typical results: Areas of influences (Approx.)
Winding influence
Typical results: Areas of influences (Approx.)
Cable shields
NOT grounded
Cable shields
grounded
With Oil
Without Oil
Tap Position influence in FRA signatures
Position 1
Position 17 Position 9
Noise from Instrumentation!
Short circuit test
0.1 dB or less
Short-circuit test: 0.1dB criterion
The short-circuit inductance is proportional to the cross-
section area A of the main channel:
0 N 2 A
HV Lsc
A h
LV
demagnetization
Case # 2
Shorted turns
Case # 2 Shorted turns
Phase B
HV open circuit
Phase A & C
Case # 2 Shorted turns – Which winding (HV or LV)..??
LV open circuit
Case # 2 Shorted turns – Which winding (HV or LV)..??
HV short circuit
(i.e., HV measured and
LV short circuited)
Case # 2 Shorted turns - lesson learned
Both
HV and XV open circuit tests indicate that
phase B has shorted turns
HVshort circuit test indicates that HV winding has
shorted turn
HV short deviation at low frequency also indicates
that HV B-phase has extra losses
Case # 3
Earthed tertiary
Case # 4 Earthed tertiary
253/13.2 kV, 100 MVA (YNyn0yn0+dd)
© ABB Inc.
April 19, 2011 | Slide 115
© ABB Group
April 19, 2011 | Slide 116