Beruflich Dokumente
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Study on experimental and theoretical vibrational spectra, physico‐chemical
properties of Anti AIDS Drug: Ascorbic acid‐ Iron metal complex
Arvind Singh Tomara, S.K.Vijayb, Mahendra Ananyasc and Y.P.Singhd
a
Department of Physics, S.V.Polytechnic College, Bhopal (MP), INDIA,
b
Department of Physics, Govt. Geetanjali Girls P.G.College, Bhopal (MP), INDIA
c
Sadhu Vaswani PG College, Bairargh, Bhopal (MP), INDIA
d
Department of Physics, Govt. Polytechnic College, Sagar (MP), INDIA
470001.E‐mail: Y_P_S_2k@Yahoo.com
Received May2, 2011; accepted June 5, 2011
______________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
A combined experimental and theoretical study on molecular, vibrational structure,
physic‐chemical properties of metal complex of Ascorbic acid with Fe(III) have been reported.
The Fourier transform infrared spectra of was recorded in the solid phase, in the region of 3500–
400 cm‐1. Assuming Cs point symmetry, vibrational assignments for the observed frequencies
have been proposed and energies of this molecule have also been calculated by means of
quantum chemical calculations using PM3, density functional theory and Hartree–Fock method
with 6‐311++G** basis sets. An assignment of normal modes of vibration to the observed
frequencies has been based on these calculations. The theoretical wavenumbers showed very
good agreement with the experimental values. A detailed interpretation of the infrared also is
reported. The theoretical FT‐IR spectra of the title molecule have also been constructed.
Also,Lipniski’s rule of five and various molecular descriptors were discussed and compared. An
important aim has been to combine information from various vibrations of a single molecule
with their Fe(III) metal complex.
Keywords
Ascorbic acid, Fe(III), Metal complex, FTIR Spectra, Anti AIDS drug, Hartree‐Fock, DFT, PM3,
Molecular descriptors, Lipniski’s rule of five.
______________________________________________________________________________
1.0 INTRODUCTION intensive natural therapies that boost the
immune system and stop disease
AIDS is a word that elicits intense progression, are effective in treating
fear, l oathing, and/or sorrow anywhere on immune deficiency, to overcome infection,
earth. A new plague. And it’s real. Millions and to restore white blood cell counts to
have died from it. Millions are still sick and healthy levels.
dying from it. It is not a death sentence1. Ascorbic acid, also known as
Proper nutrition, in combination with Vitamin C, is probably the safest nutritional
____________________ supplement. In fact there is no toxic dose. It
*Corresponding author: Y_P_S_2k@yahoo.com is proven safe in huge quantities.
33
Intravenously it has been in marks the end of the acute phase of
quantities of 200 grams per day with no primary HIV infection5. Ascorbate
side effects2. Studies shows infusions of diminishes HIV viral protein production in
vitamin C on AIDS patients have no adverse infected cells and reverse transcriptase
effects. There is only mild side effect of stability in extracellular virions. It has been
diarrhea if taken too much orally. Some found to improve symptomatology and
AIDS patients have taken enormous slow the decline of or even improve killer T‐
quantities of vitamin C orally and no side cell activity and T‐helper/T‐suppressor
effects. Almost all animals on earth produce ratios6‐12.
their own vitamin C, at concentrations
between 30 and 300 times as much as we
need3. 3.0 Experimental Work
2.0 About Ascorbic Acid and its
Mechanism of Action The compound L‐Ascorbic acid (L‐AA)
was purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich
Ascorbic acid is a sugar Chemical Company with a purity ≥ 99%.
acid with antioxidant properties. Its This is a white solid at room temperature. It
appearance is white to light‐yellow crystals was used as such without further
or powder, and it is water‐soluble. It purification for recording the spectra
oxidizes easily, but prevents the destruction Iron and Ascorbic acid drug solution
of various cells ‐ hence the term were mixed in 1:1 molar ratio. The solution
antioxidant. One form of ascorbic acid is was transferred in a beaker and kept over
commonly known as vitamin C. Vitamin C, water bath for an appropriate time so that
an essential nutrient found mainly in fruits the volume was reduced to one fourth or
and vegetables. The body requires it to less of the initial volume. The mixture was
form and maintain bones, blood vessels, kept standing overnight. Precipitate so
and skin. Like other vitamins, ascorbic acid obtain was filtered, washed and dried over
is an organic compound. Ascorbic acid is a P4O10.
water‐soluble vitamin, one that cannot be I.R. Spectrum has been recorded
stored by the body except in insignificant using KBr disc in solid phase in the range
amounts. It must be replenished daily4. 400‐4000cm‐1 on Perkin‐Elmer
Preliminary clinical evidence is that spectrometer Model 397.
massive doses of ascorbic acid (50‐200 Preparation of KBr Pallets: A small
grams per 24 hours) can suppress the amount of finally grounded solid sample
symptoms of the AIDS disease and can was intimately mixed with about 100 times
markedly reduce the tendency for or more than its weight of Potassium
secondary infections. HIV operates by bromide powder. The finely ground mixture
entering immune system cells known as was than pressed under very high pressure
CD4+ T‐cells (hereafter referred to simply as in a press (about 10/cm2) to form a small
T‐cells) and replicating within these host pallet ( about 1‐2 mm thick and 1cm in
cells. During this first stage of infection, the diameter).
viral load increases sharply, while there is a The accuracy of the measurements
corresponding dip in the number of T‐cells was estimated to be within 3cm‐1 and the
in the blood. However, after about 6 resolution was better than 2cm‐1 through
months, the immune system mounts an the entire spectra.
effective response: the viral load decreases,
and the number of T‐cells rises again. This
34
4.0 Results and Discussions Bond length of C1‐C4 and C2‐C3 in
the lactone ring are calculated to be 1.483 Å
4.1 Molecular Geometry
and 1.463 Å respectively. Bond length of C2‐
The optimized geometrical C3 is shorter, as compared to C1‐C4
structures for the Ascorbic acid molecule probably due to attachment of O atom at
calculated at the AM1, HF and B3LYP/6‐ the site of C3 atom. The C3‐O3 and C4‐O3
31++G** levels of theory level along with bond length in the lactone ring are
the experimental parameters are collected computed as 1.369 Å and
in Table‐1.
Table 1. Optimized bond distances (in Angstrom Å), bond angles and torsion angles
(in degrees °)of Ascorbic acid and its Fe(III) metal complex
0
Bond length ( A )
Bond Experimental PM3 HF DFT
Ascorbic Ascorbic Ascorbic Ascorbic Ascorbic Ascorbic Ascorbic Ascorbic
acid acid ‐Fe(III) acid acid ‐Fe(III) acid acid ‐Fe(III) acid acid ‐
Fe(III)
C1‐C2 1.328 1.327 1.328 1.389 1.342 1.347 1.331 1.330
C2‐C3 1.463 1.459 1.499 1.501 1.483 1.438 1.460 1.472
C3‐O3 1.369 1.371 1.401 1.389 1.376 1.382 1.361 1.366
C4‐O3 1.446 1.517 1.492 4.501 1.438 1.492 1.450 1.092
C1‐O4 1.372 1.380 1.395 1.401 1.388 1.394 1.365 1.402
C3‐02 1.216 1.267 1.276 1.357 1.229 1.257 1.221 1.259
O1‐H1 0.976 1.092 1.003 1.125 0.867 1.029 .0994 1.058
04‐H8 0.975 1.008 0.827 1.164 1.005 1.159 1.002 1.128
C4‐H2 1.096 1.149 1.142 1.351 1.284 1.364 1.053 1.192
O6‐Fe ‐‐‐ 1.988 ‐‐‐ 1.827 ‐‐ 2.046 ‐‐ 1.975
1.446 Å. In this case also bond length C3‐O3 is experimental ones and they are the bases for
shorter probably due to attachment of O atom thereafter discussion.
at the site of C3 atom. The bond length C2‐O1 is
1.355 Å which is shorter as compared to other
C‐O bonds in lactone ring. This could be due to 4.2 Vibrational Assignments of Ascorbic acid
O1H1 bond. For HF and DFT methods, all the
four computed O‐H bond lengths are found to
be in correspondence with experimental values. According to the theoretical calculations,
The bond angles for DFT–B3LYP method Ascorbic acid has a planar structure of Cs point
are slightly better than HF method when group symmetry. It contains 20 atoms so that it
compared to experimental results. Based on has 54 normal modes. The calculated normal
above comparison although there are some modes are distributed among 37 a΄ and 17 a΄΄
differences between the theoretical values and species of Cs symmetry group. 19 vibrations will
the experimental values, the optimized be bend stretching and 35 vibrations will be
structural parameters can well reproduce the
35
H8
O4 O‐H Modes
H1
For Ascorbic acid molecule four bond
H6 H5 H2
C1 O1 stretching modes are expected. These modes
C6
O6 C4 C2 are 3525, 3400, 3365 and 3200 cm‐1 . These
C5
values are in accordance to the modes reported
Fe III H3
O by Hvoslef and Klaeboe14 and Panikar et al15.
O3 C3
Bands 3525, 3400 and 3365 cm‐1 are strong but
H4 O2 mode 3200 cm‐1 is weak. The weak mode may
be due to O‐H bonding formed by the spatial
Ascorbic Acid-Fe(III)complex arrangement of molecules in the lattice crystal
and in aqueous solution. The two C‐OH
scissoring modes are observed at 1470 and
Fig 1: Structure of Ascorbic Acid 1375 cm‐1 . Bichara et al 16 observed four C‐OH
scissoring modes. OH torsion mode is observed
H8 at lower wavenumber region and it is 880 cm‐1.
O4
The computed values match satisfactorily with
H1
H5 observed values and are shown in table 2.
H6 H2
C1 O1 CH Modes
C6
O6
C5
C4 C2 Aromatic compounds commonly exhibit
H
weak bands in the region 3100‐2700 cm‐1 due to
O H3
O3 C3 C‐H stretching vibrations. The bands 3020 and
H4
2890 cm‐1 can be assigned to the C‐H stretching
O2 modes. These modes are in accordance with
previously reported molecules 14,15. The C‐CH
Ascorbic Acid scissoring modes are assigned at 1470 and 1375
cm‐1 . The theoretically computed C‐H
Fig 2: Structure of Ascorbic Acid‐Fe(III) vibrations, shown in table 2, shows good
complex agreement with recorded spectrum as well as
the literature data. The CCC bending bands
be bend stretching and 35 vibrations will be always occur below 600 cm‐1 band17. In the
angle bending. present work, a weak band at 590 cm‐1 assigned
The computed fundamental frequencies to CCC in‐plane bending and a supplementary
and the proposed vibrational assignments are band assigned at 402 cm‐1 to CCC out‐of‐plane
collected in table 3. The experimentally bending. These assignments are in line with the
observed FTIR frequencies for the neutral assignments proposed by the above literature.
molecule are also included in the Table ‐3. The
normal mode assignments were made eith the C=O Modes
help of Spartan’10 software. Vibrational
frequencies calculated at 6–311++G** basis The absorptions are sensitive for both
level were scaled by 0.97, and those calculated the carbon and oxygen atoms. Both have same
at HF level were scaled by 0.92 . amplitudes while vibrations. These type of
vibrations normally occur in the region 1780 –
The calculated frequencies are slightly 1680 cm‐1. In the present study, the C=O
higher than the observed values and this is due stretching vibration is assigned at 1754 and
to the fact that the experimental values are an 1674 cm‐1. The C=O in‐plane bending vibration
anharmonic frequencies while the calculated is usually found at 680 cm‐1. The C=O out of
values are harmonic frequencies. plane bending vibration is at 540 cm‐1.
36
According to the literature18‐21, this assigned
value is in the expected range. 4.3 Vibrational Assignments of Ascorbic
Acid‐ Fe (III) Complex
CH2 Modes
The CH2 group normal modes which
were observed are: a wagging mode, a Ascorbic acid‐Fe(III) complex has a
scissoring mode, a twisting mode and a rocking planar structure of Cs point group symmetry.
mode. The observed frequency 1545 cm‐1 with Similarly to ascorbic acid case, this molecule
weak intensity in the IR range corresponds to also contains 20 atoms so that it has 54 normal
CH2 wagging mode. The CH2 scissoring mode is modes. The calculated normal modes are
observed at 1430 cm‐1 with weak intensity in distributed among 37 a΄ and 17 a΄΄ species of Cs
the IR spectra range. From the present IR symmetry group. 19 vibrations will be bend
spectral study the IR bands are seen at 1545, stretching and 35 vibrations will be angle
1430, 1140 and 730 cm‐1 are correlated to the bending.
CH2 wagging, scissoring, twisting and rocking
modes with corresponding computed
frequencies shown in table 2.
Table 2: Optimized bond angles (in degree) of Ascorbic acid and it’s Fe(III) metal complex.
0
Bond Angle ( A )
Bond Experimental PM3 PM3 HF HF DFT DFT
Angle (6‐ (6‐
311++G**) 311++G**)
Ascorbic Ascorbic Ascorbic Ascorbic Ascorbic Ascorbic Ascorbic Ascorbic
acid acid – acid acid ‐ acid acid ‐ acid acid ‐Fe(III)
Fe(III) Fe(III) Fe(III)
C4‐C1‐C2 111.51 111.57 111.64 111.86 111.94 111.83 111.48 111.99
C1‐C2‐C3 107.15 108.67 107.46 108.09 107.92 107.99 107.31 108.24
C3‐O3‐C4 110.01 110.89 110.46 111.06 110.15 110.82 110.17 110.72
O4‐C1‐C2 123.88 138.94 123.57 1.38.27 124.05 137.54 123.58 138.49
C1‐C2‐O1 126.78 128.27 126.99 128.37 126.38 128.37 126.57 128.92
O2‐C3‐O3 124.82 130.08 124.18 124.98 124.51 124.92 124.99 130.18
O3‐C4‐C5 106.68 108.37 106.95 108.37 106.97 108.35 106.72 108.72
H1‐O1‐C2 106.07 107.38 106.18 107.54 106.19 107.81 106.11 107.67
H4‐O5‐C5 106.31 106.94 106.13 107.09 106.82 107.05 106.44 107.04
Fe‐O6‐H6 ‐‐‐ 112.67 ‐‐‐ 112.83 ‐‐‐ 113.06 ‐‐‐ 112.91
37
Fig 3: Experimental I. R. Spectra of Ascorbic acid
Figure 4: IR Spectrum (Theoretical ‐ DFT) of Ascorbic acid
The observed FTIR frequencies for Vibrational frequencies calculated at 6–
various modes of vibrations are presented in 311++G** basis level were scaled by 0.95, and
Table 4. Comparison of the frequencies those calculated at HF level were scaled by
calculated at PM3, HF and DFT with the 0.91.
experimental values are shown in Table 4.
Table 3: Principal Experimental and Calculated IR Signals (cm‐1) and their Assignments in Ascorbic
Acid
SN Assignment −1
Frequencies (in cm )
Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid ‐ Fe(III) Complex
Experim semi‐ DFT HF Semi‐ DFT HF
ental empirical B3LYP (6‐311++G*) Experime empirical B3LYP 6‐311++G*)
(PM3) (6‐ ntal (PM3) (6‐
311++G**) 311++G**)
1 OH str 3525 3488 3512 3505 3500 3450 ‐‐ 3500
2 OH str 3400 3473 3490 3500 3470 3450 ‐‐ 3400
3 OH str 3446 3475 3450 3380 3440 ‐‐ 3390
4 OH str 3200 3291 3300 3320 3300 ‐‐ 3280
38
5 CH str 3020 2843 3005 2980 3020 2770 ‐‐ 3005
6 CH str 2890 2754 2900 2863 2850 2840 ‐‐ 2862
7 C=O str 1754 1731 1700 1712 1754 1764 1750 1768
8 C=C str 1674 1544 1689 1460 1674 1610 1690 1605
9 CH2 wag 1545 1505 1500 1510 1555 1535 1582
CH ip bend
10 C‐OH scis 1470 1384 1400 1390 1455 1490 1485
11 CH2 scis 1430 1489 1440 1418 1468 1433 1409
OH ip bend
12 C‐CH sci 1375 1367 1344 1350 1366 1380 1350 1368
13 CH2 twist 1140 1165 1148 1153 1145 1182 1151 1172
14 C‐O str 1124 1150 1144 1140 1144 1130
15 OH tor 880 838 894 872 865 800 872 847
16 CH2 rock 730 710 721 715 741 771 733 748
17 C=O def 680 702 689 693 676 652 670 672
18 CCC ip 590 615 603 580 599 610 595 587
bend
19 CCC op 402 419 413 418 432 440 429 448
bend
29 O‐Fe str ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ ‐‐ 523 471 501 497
str = stretching, wag = wagging, scis = scissoring, twist = twisting, tor = torsion, rock = rocking, def = deformation, ip bend = in plane bending,
op bend = out‐of‐plane bending, op def = out‐of‐plane deformation, ip def = in‐plane‐ deformation, ang bend = angle bending, twist = twisting
4.5 Normal modes related to Ascorbic Acid ‐ Fe due to C=O at 1754 cm‐1is observed at the same
(III) complex position for both the molecules, thus confirming
the involvement of the OH group with Fe(III)
A comparison of FTIR spectra of metal complex. Similarly, bands due to C‐O, C‐H,
Ascorbic acid with its Fe(III) metal complex CN and CCC in plane bending for this complex
shows that the band at 3525 cm‐1 due to –OH matches well with the value of Perphenazine.
group of Perphenazine is shifted to 3500 cm‐1 O‐Fe stretching vibration was assigned at 523
in the spectrum of its Fe(III) metal complex. cm‐1. Theoretical DFT modes have not been
Band at 3020 cm‐1 for CH stretching is same for observed and other theoretically computed
both the candidate molecules. Also, the band modes are shown in the table 4.
Fig 5: Experimental I. R. Spectra of Ascorbic acid – Fe(III) metal complex
39
Figure 6: IR Spectrum (Theoretical ‐ DFT) of Ascorbic acid‐ Fe (III) metal complex
5.0 Molecular Descriptors has led to new strategies for finding
mathematical meaningful relationships
The purpose of molecular descriptor is between the molecular structure and biological
to calculate the properties of molecules that activities, physico‐chemical, toxicological, and
serve as numerical characterizations of environmental properties of chemicals22‐23.
molecules in other calculations. They are very Values of different constitutional
important in the fields of quantitative descriptors are shown in table 6. Values of
structure‐activity relationships (QSARs) and different constitutional descriptors are shown in
quantitative structure‐property relationships table 7. Values for Geometric descriptors are
(QSPRs), where they are the independent shown in table 8 and values for Physicochemical
chemical information used to predict the descriptors are shown in table 9. Values for
properties of interest. The remarkable progress these descriptors arte within the range are very
during the last few years in chemoinformatics useful for development of oral drugs.
Table 5: Molecular Properties of Ascorbic acid and Fe(III) Metal Complex
S.N. Property Value
Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid ‐ Fe(III) Co
1. Energy 5185.01KJ/mol 161.63 KJ/mol
2. Dipole Moment 5.5 debye 3.78 debye
3. Weight 176.124 amu 199.973amu
02
4. Area 179.36 A 174.38A02
5. Volume 150.85 A03 144.19 A03
Table 6: Constitutional Descriptors of Ascorbic acid and Fe(III) Metal Complex
S.N. Property Value
Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid ‐ Fe(III) Co
1. No.of rings 1 1
40
2. No. of aromatic rings 0 0
3. Functional Groups
(a) alcohol 2 1
(b) ether 1 1
4. No. of Hydrogen Bond 6 6
Acceptors
5. No. of Hydrogen Bond 4 3
Donors
6. No. of positive charged 0 0
groups
7. No. of negative charged 0 0
groups
8. No. of rotable Bonds 0 0
9. No. of rigid bonds 20 20
Table 7: Electrostatic Descriptors of Ascorbic acid and Fe(III) Metal Complex
S.N. Property Value
Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid ‐ Fe(III) Comp
1. Maximum partial 0.3566 0.3724
charge
2. Minimum partial ‐ 0.44318 ‐ 0.5367
charge
3. Total positive charge 1.9548 1.8924
4. Total negative charge ‐ 2.282 ‐2.3271
5. Charge polarization 0.35304 0.3849
6. Energy – HOMO ‐ 9.62 eV ‐ 5.43 eV
7. Energy – LUMO ‐ 0.42 eV ‐ 0.17 eV
8. Dipole moment 5.5 debye 3.78 debye
9. Polarizability 14.089 13.702
10. Parachor (in cm3) 310.3 315.9
Table 8: Geometrical Descriptors of Ascorbic acid and Fe(III) Metal Complex
S.N. Property Value
Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid ‐ Fe(III) Comp
1. tPSA 107.22 96.22
2. Van der Waals surface area 161.8857 183.310
3. Van der Waals Volume 41.823 145.20
4. Polar surface area (PSA) 88.43 78.45
5. Hydrophobic surface area 41.82269 41.8226
41
Table 9: Physicochemical Descriptors of Ascorbic acid and Fe(III) Metal Complex
S.N. Property Value
Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid ‐ Fe(III) Comp
1. Log P ‐ 1.781 ‐ 1.5930
2. Log D 7.4 ‐ 1.781 ‐ 1.5930
3. Log S ‐ 0.1719 ‐ 0.7045
4. Boiling point 174.61 115.29
5. Melting point 136.72 115.29
6. Water salvation free ‐ 17.48 ‐ 12.77
energy
7. Refractivity 36.04 cm3 27.31 cm3
6.0 Lipniski Rule of Five are more likely if the compound meets the
following criteria:
Lipinski's rule‐of‐five analysis helped to
raise awareness about properties and structural • Molecular mass greater than 500 Da
features that make molecules more or less • High lipophilicity (expressed as cLogP
drug‐like. The guidelines were quickly adopted greater than 5)
by the pharmaceutical industry as it helped • More than 5 hydrogen bond donors
apply ADME considerations early in preclinical • More than 10 hydrogen bond acceptors
development and could help avoid costly late‐
stage preclinical and clinical failures. The It’s values are given in table 10. A close
guidelines24 predict that poor absorption or study of our molecules fulfils all requirements;
permeation of a orally administered compound hence candidate drug molecules can be used
and further developed as oral drug.
Table 10: Lipinski rule‐of‐5 for Ascorbic acid and Fe(III) Metal Complex
S.N. Property Value
Ascorbic Ascorbic acid ‐ Fe(III) Complex
acid
1. Weight 176.124 199.973 amu
amu
2. Hydrogen Bond Donors 4 3
3. Hydrogen Bond Acceptors 6 6
4. Partition Coefficient Log P ‐ 1.781 ‐ 1.5930
7.0 Conclusion
42
Attempts have been made in the
present work for the proper frequency
assignments for the Ascorbic acid and it’s Fe 7.0 References
(III) complex from the FT‐IR spectra. Any
discrepancy noted between the observed and
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