www.oeclib.

in
Seminar
On
Distributed Systems

Submitted By:
Odisha Electronics Control Library
 CONTENT

 What is a Distributed System

 Types of Distributed Systems

 Examples of Distributed Systems

 Common Characteristics

 Basic Design Issues

 Advantages

 Disadvantages

 Conclusion
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1. WHAT IS A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM?

Definition: A distributed system is one in which components

located at networked computers communicate and coordinate
their actions only by passing messages. This definition leads
to the following characteristics of distributed systems:

 Concurrency of components
 Lack of a global ‘clock’

 Independent failures of components

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2. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

 Distributed Computing Systems.

 Distributed Information Systems.

 Distributed Pervasive Systems.

Distributed Computing Systems: The distributed

computing systems include the following:
 Cluster computing systems

 Grid computing systems

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Distributed Informative Systems: In the distributed
systems, the following forms are concentrated:
 Transaction processing systems

 Enterprise application integration

Distributed Pervasive Systems: Few examples of

distributed pervasive systems are as below:
 Home systems

 Electronic health care systems

 Sensor networks

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3. EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

 Local Area Network and Intranet

 Database Management System

 Automatic Teller Machine Network

 Internet/World-Wide Web

 Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing

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3.1 LOCAL AREA NETWORK
em ail s erv er Desktop
computers
print and other serv ers

Local area
Web serv er network

em ail s erv er
print
File serv er
other s erv ers
the res t of
the Internet
router/firewall
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3.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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3.3 AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINE NETWORK

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3.4 INTERNET

intranet %
%
% ISP

backbone

satellite link

desktop computer:
server:
network link:

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3.4.1 WORLD-WIDE-WEB

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3.4.2 WEB SERVERS AND WEB BROWSERS
http://www.google.comlsearch?q=lyu
www.google.com

Browsers
Web servers

www.uu.se Internet
http://www.uu.se/

www.w3c.org

File system of http://www.w3c.org/Protocols/Activity.html

www.w3c.org Protocols

Activity.html
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3.5 MOBILE AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING

Internet

Host intranet GSM/GPRS

Wireless LAN gateway Home intranet

Mobile
phone
Printer Laptop
Camera Host site
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4. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS

 What are we trying to achieve when we construct a distributed

system?
 Certain common characteristics can be used to assess
distributed systems
 Heterogeneity
 Openness
 Security
 Scalability
 Failure Handling
 Concurrency
 Transparency

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4.1 HETEROGENEITY
 Variety and differences in
 Networks
 Computer hardware
 Operating systems
 Programming languages
 Implementations by different developers
 Middleware as software layers to provide a programming abstraction
as well as masking the heterogeneity of the underlying networks,
hardware, OS, and programming languages (e.g., CORBA).
 Mobile Code to refer to code that can be sent from one computer to
another and run at the destination (e.g., Java applets and Java
virtual machine).

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4.2 OPENNESS
 Openness is concerned with extensions and
improvements of distributed systems.
 Detailed interfaces of components need to be published.

 New components have to be integrated with existing

components.
 Differences in data representation of interface types on
different processors (of different vendors) have to be
resolved.

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4.3 SECURITY
 In a distributed system, clients send requests to access
data managed by servers, resources in the networks:
 Doctors requesting records from hospitals
 Users purchase products through electronic commerce
 Security is required for:
 Concealing the contents of messages: security and privacy
 Identifying a remote user or other agent correctly (authentication)
 New challenges:
 Denial of service attack
 Security of mobile code

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4.4 SCALABILITY
 Adaptation of distributed systems to
 accommodate more users
 respond faster (this is the hard one)

 Usually done by adding more and/or faster processors.

 Components should not need to be changed when scale
of a system increases.
 Design components to be scalable!

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4.5 FAILURE HANDLING (FAULT TOLERANCE)

 Hardware, software and networks fail!

 Distributed systems must maintain availability even at
low levels of hardware/software/network reliability.
 Fault tolerance is achieved by
 recovery
 redundancy

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4.6 CONCURRENCY
 Components in distributed systems are executed in
concurrent processes.
 Components access and update shared resources (e.g.
variables, databases, device drivers).
 Integrity of the system may be violated if concurrent
updates are not coordinated.
 Lost updates
 Inconsistent analysis

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4.7 TRANSPARENCY
 Distributed systems should be perceived by users and
application programmers as a whole rather than as a
collection of cooperating components.
 Transparency has different aspects.
 These represent various properties that distributed
systems should have.

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5. BASIC DESIGN ISSUES
 General software engineering principles include
rigor and formality, separation of concerns,
modularity, abstraction, anticipation of change, …
 Specific issues for distributed systems:
 Naming
 Communication
 Software structure
 System architecture
 Workload allocation
 Consistency maintenance
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5.1 NAMING
 A name is resolved when translated into an interpretable form
for resource/object reference.
 Communication identifier (IP address + port number)
 Name resolution involves several translation steps

 Design considerations
 Choice of name space for each resource type
 Name service to resolve resource names to comm. id.

 Name services include naming context resolution, hierarchical

structure, resource protection

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5.2 COMMUNICATION
 Separated components communicate with sending processes
and receiving processes for data transfer and synchronization.
 Message passing: send and receive primitives
 synchronous or blocking
 asynchronous or non-blocking
 Abstractions defined: channels, sockets, ports.

 Communication patterns: client-server communication (e.g.,

RPC, function shipping) and group multicast

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5.3 SOFTWARE STRUCTURE
 Layers in centralized computer systems:

Applications

Middleware

Operating system

Computer and Network Hardware

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5.3 SOFTWARE STRUCTURE
 Layers and dependencies in distributed systems:

Applications

Open
Distributed programming services
support

Open system kernel services

Computer and network hardware
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5.4 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES
 Client-Server
 Peer-to-Peer

 Services provided by multiple servers

 Proxy servers and caches

 Mobile code and mobile agents

 Network computers

 Thin clients and mobile devices

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5.4.1 CLIENTS INVOKE INDIVIDUAL SERVERS

Client inv ocation inv ocation Serv er

res ult res ult

Serv er

Client
Key :
Proc es s: Computer:

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5.4.2 PEER-TO-PEER SYSTEMS
Peer 2

Peer 1
Application

Application

Sharable Peer 3
objects
Application

Peer 4

Application

Peers 5 .... N
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5.4.3 A SERVICE BY MULTIPLE SERVERS
Serv ic e

Serv er

Client

Serv er

Client
Serv er

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5.4.4 WEB PROXY SERVER

Client Web
serv er
Prox y
serv er

Client Web
serv er

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5.4.5 WEB APPLETS
a) client reques t results in the downloading of applet code

Client Web
serv er
Applet code

b) client interacts with the applet

Web
Client Applet serv er

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5.4.6 THIN CLIENTS AND COMPUTE SERVERS

Compute server
Network computer or PC

Thin network Application

Client Process

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6.ADVANTAGES
 Sharing Data : There is a provision in the environment where
user at one site may be able to access the data residing at
other sites.
 Autonomy : Because of sharing data by means of data
distribution each site is able to retain a degree of control over
data that are stored locally.
 Availability : If one site fails in a distributed system, the
remaining sites may be able to continue operating. Thus a
failure of a site doesn't necessarily imply the shutdown of the
System.

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7. DISADVANTAGES

 Software Development Cost

 Greater Potential for Bugs

 increased Processing Overhead

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REFERENCES
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com

 www.oeclib.in
THANKS