Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Department Civil
Faculty FET
Reg. No 14ETCE001005
i
<Subject Title> ii
Declaration Sheet
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The assignment submitted herewith is a result of my own investigations and that I have
conformed to the guidelines against plagiarism as laid out in the Student Handbook. All
sections of the text and results, which have been obtained from other sources, are fully
referenced. I understand that cheating and plagiarism constitute a breach of University
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Student
iii
<Subject Title> iv
Question No. A1
Where k denotes the stiffness of the spring. Using this determine the displacements of nodes 1 and 2 of the
system shown in Figure B
We know that when the two springs are in parallel they can be replaced by a single spring. In Fig. (b) K K 1
and K2 are the stiffness’s of springs that are parallel. We can replace then with a single spring of stiffness,
i.e. Ks = K1 + K2shown in figure below.
Idealization:
Let the spring be considered as an assemblage of two elements. By assuming the system to be a one-
dimensional structure, we have only axial displacement at any point in the element. As there are three
nodes, the axial displacements of the nodes, namely, ∅1 , ∅2 and ∅3 will be taken as unknowns.
Displacement model:
In each of the elements, we assume a linear variation of axial displacement ∅ so that
(e) (e)
Where a and b are constants. If we consider the end displacements ∅1 (at x = 0) ∅2 (at X = l(e) )
are unknowns, we obtain
(e) (e)
(e) ( ∅2 −∅1 )
a = ∅1 and b =
l(e)
Where A(e) is the cross-sectional area of element e, l(e) is the length of element e, σ(e) is the stress in
element e, ∈(e) is the strain in element e, E (e) and is the Young's modulus of element e.
From the expression of ∅(x) we can write
d∅ (e) (e) 1
∈(e) = dx = ( ∅2 − ∅1 ) ∗ l(e)
And hence
<Subject Title> 6
Where 𝑃𝑖 denotes the force applied in the direction of displacement ∅𝑖
If the spring as a whole is in equilibrium under the load
𝑃𝐴
𝑝⃗ = {𝑃1 }
𝑃2
The principle of minimum potential energy gives
dI
=0
d ∅𝑖
Where [K] is called the assembled or global stiffness matrix = [K] = ∑2𝑒=1[K (e) ]
∅𝐴
⃗⃗ = {∅1 } is known as the vector of global displacements.
And ∅
∅2
For the given data the element stiffness matrix would be
1 −1
K (1) = 𝐾𝑠 [ ]
−1 1
1 −1
K (2) = 𝐾3 [ ]
−1 1
The overall stiffness matrix of the spring can be obtained by assembling the two elements
Stiffness matrices. Since there are three nodal displacement unknowns (∅𝐴 , ∅1 , ∅2 ),
the global stiffness matrix [K], will be of order three.
𝐾𝑠 −𝐾𝑠 0
[K] = [−𝐾𝑠 𝐾𝑠 + 𝐾3 −𝐾3 ]
0 −𝐾3 𝐾3
The overall or global load vector can be written as
∅𝐴 𝑃𝐴
⃗⃗ ∅
𝑃 = { 1} = { 0 }
∅2 𝑃
Where 𝑃𝐴 denotes the reaction at node A.
The overall equilibrium equations
<Subject Title> 7
𝐾𝑠 −𝐾𝑠 0 ∅𝐴 𝑃𝐴
[−𝐾𝑠 𝐾𝑠 + 𝐾3 −𝐾3 ] { ∅1 } = { 0 }
0 −𝐾3 𝐾3 ∅2 𝑃
And
𝐾𝑠 +𝐾3 𝑃
∅2 = ( )𝐾
𝐾3 𝑠
1 1
∅2 = ( +𝐾 )𝑃
𝐾3 𝑠
Conclusion
Displacement of node 1
𝑃
∅1 =
𝐾𝑠
Displacement of node 2
1 1
∅2 = ( + )𝑃
𝐾3 𝐾 𝑠
1. Geometry:
Very complex geometries can be used. This is probably the main reason why finite element methods
are used so frequently in industrial applications. Simulations of flow around cars and airplanes, oil
<Subject Title> 8
reservoir simulation where the computational domain has cracks, structural mechanics applications
where stress and strain are computed for
complicated devices, such as a car engine, are just a few examples.
<Subject Title> 9
developed, the FEM solutions are compared with the solutions by classical methods for standard problems.
A1.4 Conclusion:
Displacement of node 1
𝑃
∅1 =
𝐾𝑠
Displacement of node 2
1 1
∅2 = ( +𝐾 )𝑃
𝐾3 𝑠
Question No. B1
<Subject Title> 10
Solution
Step 1: Discretization
Equilibrium equations
𝑀1 𝑘 𝑘12 𝜃𝐴
[ ] = [ 11 ][ ]
𝑀2 𝑘21 𝑘22 𝜃𝐵
<Subject Title> 11
𝑘22 = [𝑘22 ]1 + [𝑘22 ]2 + [𝑘22 ]3
= 0 + 0.3333EI + 0.5EI
= 0.8333EI
<Subject Title> 12
75.496
=[ ]
151.03
For span BC
𝑀𝐵𝐶 −240 0.3333 0.1666 453.16 1
[ ]=[ ] + 𝐸𝐼 [ ][ ]
𝑀𝐶𝐵 240 0.1666 0.3333 −372.61 𝐸𝐼
−240 151.03 − 62.07 −240 88.96
=[ ]+[ ]=[ ]+[ ]
240 75.49 − 124.19 240 −48.7
−151.04
=[ ]
191.3
For span CD
𝑀𝐶𝐷 −5 0.5 0.25 −372.61 1
[ ] = [ ] + 𝐸𝐼 [ ][ ]
𝑀𝐷𝐶 5 0.25 0.5 0 𝐸𝐼
−5 −186.30
=[ ]+[ ]
5 −93.15
−191.3
=[ ]
−88.15
Question No. B2
<Subject Title> 13
YEILDING
Step 1 : discretization and kinematic Indeterminacy
𝜃𝐵 , 𝜃𝐶
𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
4 24 12
∆𝐴 = ∆𝐵 = ∆𝐶 =
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Step 2 : element stiffness matrices
𝑀1 𝐾 𝐾12 𝜃𝐵
{ } = [ 11 ]{ }
𝑀2 𝐾21 𝐾22 𝜃𝐶
Element 1
4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
[𝐾] = [ 𝐿 𝐿 ]
2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
𝐿 𝐿
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
𝐿 2 4
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
4 2 4
1 0.5
= 𝐸𝐼 [ ]
0.5 1
Element 2
4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
[𝐾] = [ 𝐿 𝐿 ]
2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
𝐿 𝐿
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
𝐿 2 4
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
6 2 4
0.66 0.33
= 𝐸𝐼 [ ]
0.33 0.66
Step 3: Assembly of global stiffness matrices
𝐾11 = (𝐾11 )1 + (𝐾11 )2
= 1𝐸𝐼 + 0.66𝐸𝐼 = 1.66𝐸𝐼
𝐾21 = (𝐾21 )1 + (𝐾21 )2
= 0 + 0.33𝐸𝐼 = 0.33𝐸𝐼
𝐾12 = (𝐾12 )1 + (𝐾12 )2
= 0 + 0.33𝐸𝐼 = 0.33𝐸𝐼
𝐾22 = (𝐾22 )1 + (𝐾22 )2
= 0 + 0.66𝐸𝐼 = 0.66𝐸𝐼
[𝐾] = 𝐸𝐼 [1.66 0.33]
0.33 0.66
Step 4: force vector
{𝑃} = {𝑃𝑁 } − {𝑃𝐹𝐸𝑀 }
𝑃 𝑃
= { 1𝑁 } − { 1𝐹𝐸𝑀 }
𝑃2𝑁 𝑃2𝐹𝐸𝑀
0 𝑀 + 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴
𝑃𝑁 = { } 𝑃𝐹𝐸𝑀 = { 𝐹𝐵𝐴 }
0 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵
Fixed end moments
<Subject Title> 14
−𝑃𝑙 4𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵 = + 𝜃𝐴 − 2 ∆
8 𝑙 𝑙
4𝐸𝐼 4 6𝐸𝐼 24
= −2.5 + − 2
4 𝐸𝐼 4 𝐸𝐼
= −2.5 + 4 − 9 = −7.5
𝑃𝑙 2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 = + 𝜃𝐵 − 2 ∆
8 𝑙 𝑙
2𝐸𝐼 24 6𝐸𝐼 24
= 2.5 + − 2
4 𝐸𝐼 4 𝐸𝐼
= 2.5 + 12 − 9 = 5.5
𝑤𝑙 2 4𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶 = − + 𝜃𝐵 − 2 ∆
12 𝑙 𝑙
2𝐸𝐼 24 6𝐸𝐼 12
= −12 + − 2
6 𝐸𝐼 6 𝐸𝐼
= −12 + 8 − 2 = −6
𝑤𝑙 2 4𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵 = + 𝜃𝐶 − 2 ∆
12 𝑙 𝑙
2𝐸𝐼 4 6𝐸𝐼 12
= 12 + − 2
6 𝐸𝐼 6 𝐸𝐼
= 12 + 1.33 − 2 = 11.33
𝑀 − 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶
𝑃𝐹𝐸𝑀 = { 𝐹𝐵𝐴 }
𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵
5.5 − 6 −0.5
={ }={ }
11.33 11.33
Step 5: solve for unknown
[𝐾]{∆} = {𝑃}
1.66 0.33 𝜃𝐵 0.5
𝐸𝐼 [ ]{ } = { }
0.33 0.66 𝐶𝜃 −11.33
<Subject Title> 15
−6 2.72 − 6.34
={ }+{ }
11.33 1.36 − 12.69
−9.62
={ }
0
Case 2:
𝜃𝐵 , 𝜃𝐶
𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
∆𝐴 = ∆𝐵 = ∆𝐶 = 0
𝜃𝐴 = 0
Step 2 : element stiffness matrices
𝑀1 𝐾 𝐾12 𝜃𝐵
{ } = [ 11 ]{ }
𝑀2 𝐾21 𝐾22 𝜃𝐶
Element 1
4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
[𝐾] = [ 𝐿 𝐿 ]
2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
𝐿 𝐿
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
𝐿 2 4
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
4 2 4
1 0.5
= 𝐸𝐼 [ ]
0.5 1
Element 2
4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼
[𝐾] = [ 𝐿 𝐿 ]
2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
𝐿 𝐿
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
𝐿 2 4
𝐸𝐼 4 2
= [ ]
6 2 4
0.66 0.33
= 𝐸𝐼 [ ]
0.33 0.66
Step 3: Assembly of global stiffness matrices
𝐾11 = (𝐾11 )1 + (𝐾11 )2
= 1𝐸𝐼 + 0.66𝐸𝐼 = 1.66𝐸𝐼
𝐾21 = (𝐾21 )1 + (𝐾21 )2
= 0 + 0.33𝐸𝐼 = 0.33𝐸𝐼
𝐾12 = (𝐾12 )1 + (𝐾12 )2
= 0 + 0.33𝐸𝐼 = 0.33𝐸𝐼
𝐾22 = (𝐾22 )1 + (𝐾22 )2
= 0 + 0.66𝐸𝐼 = 0.66𝐸𝐼
[𝐾] = 𝐸𝐼 [1.66 0.33]
0.33 0.66
Step 4: force vector
{𝑃} = {𝑃𝑁 } − {𝑃𝐹𝐸𝑀 }
<Subject Title> 16
𝑃1𝑁 𝑃
={ } − { 1𝐹𝐸𝑀 }
𝑃2𝑁 𝑃2𝐹𝐸𝑀
0 𝑀 − 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶
𝑃𝑁 = { } 𝑃𝐹𝐸𝑀 = { 𝐹𝐵𝐴 }
0 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵
Fixed end moments
2.5 − 12 −9.5
𝑃𝐹𝐸𝑀 = { }={ }
12 12
0 −9.5
={ }−{ }
0 12
{𝑃} = { 9.5 }
−12
Step 5: solve for unknown
[𝐾]{∆} = {𝑃}
1.66 0.33 𝜃𝐵 9.5
𝐸𝐼 [ ]{ } = { }
0.33 0.66 𝐶 𝜃 −12
1.66𝜃𝐵 + 0.33𝜃𝐶 = 10
0.33𝜃𝐵 + 0.66𝜃𝐶 = −12
𝜃𝐵 = 10.36𝑚𝑚
𝜃𝑐 = −23.36𝑚𝑚
𝜃𝐵 10.36 1
{ }={ }
𝜃𝐶 −23.36 𝐸𝐼
Step 6: member end moments
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀 4 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐴
{ } = { 𝐹𝐴𝐵 } + [ ] { }
𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴 2 4 𝑙 𝜃𝐵
−2.5 4 2 𝐸𝐼 0 1
={ }+[ ] { }
2.5 2 4 4 10.36 𝐸𝐼
−2.5 1 0.5 0
={ }+[ ]{ }
2.5 0.5 1 10.36
−2.5 0 + 5.18
={ }+{ }
2.5 0 + 10.36
2.68
={ }
12.86
𝑀 𝑀 4 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐵
{ 𝐵𝐶 } = { 𝐹𝐵𝐶 } + [ ] { }
𝑀𝐶𝐵 𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵 2 4 𝑙 𝜃𝐶
−12 4 2 𝐸𝐼 10.36 1
={ }+[ ] { }
12 2 4 6 −23.36 𝐸𝐼
−12 0.66 0.33 10.36
={ }+[ ]{ }
12 0.33 0.66 −23.36
−12 6.83 − 7.70
={ }+{ }
12 3.41 − 15.41
−12.87
={ }
0
<Subject Title> 17
Question No. B3
Question No. B4
Find Length:
From 1 to 4
2.166 m
From 1 to 2
2.5 m
From 1 to 3
<Subject Title> 18
Choosing of Co-Ordinate:
Member Node 1 Node 2 Node 1 Node 1 C S
Co-Ordinate Co-Ordinate 𝑋2 − 𝑋1 𝑌2 − 𝑌1
𝑙 𝑙
𝑋1 𝑌1 𝑋2 𝑌2
1 (2.5) A B 0 0 2.5 0 1 0
2 (3.3) A C 0 0 2.5 2.166 0.75 0.656
3 (2.166) A D 0 0 0 2.166 0 1
4 (2.5) D C 0 2.166 2.5 2.166 1 0
5 (3.3) D B 0 2.166 2.5 0 0.75 -0.656
6 (2.166) B C 2.5 0 2.5 2.166 0 1
C2 CS −C2 −CS
𝐴𝐸 CS S2 −CS −S2
[𝐾] =
𝑙
−C2 −CS C2 CS
2
[−CS −S CS S2 ]
At Element/Member No.1
C=1 S=0 1 2 6 5
1 0 −1 0 1
𝐴𝐸
[𝐾]1 = [ 0 0 0 0 ]2
2.5 −1 0 1 0 6
0 0 0 0 5
1 2 6 5
0.4 0 − 0.4 0 1
[𝐾]1 = 𝐴𝐸 [ 0 0 0 0 ]2
− 0.4 0 0.4 0 6
0 0 0 0 5
At Element/Member No.2
C = 0.75 S = 0.656
1 2 7 8
0.562 0.492 −0.562 −0.492 1
𝐴𝐸
[𝐾]2 = [ 0.492 0.430 −0.492 −0.430 ] 2
3.3 −0.562 −0.492 0.562 0.492 7
−0.492 −0.430 0.492 0.430 8
1 2 7 8
<Subject Title> 19
0.170 0.149 − 0.170 −0.149 1
[𝐾]2 = 𝐴𝐸 [ 0.149 0.130 −0.149 −0. 130 ] 2
− 0.170 −0.149 0.170 0.149 7
−0.149 −0.130 0.149 0.130 8
At Element/Member No.3
C=0 S=1
1 2 3 4
0 0 0 0 1
𝐴𝐸
[𝐾]3 = [ 0 1 0 −1 ] 2
2.166 0 0 0 0 3
0 −1 0 1 4
1 2 3 4
0 0 0 0 1
[𝐾]3 = 𝐴𝐸 [ 0 0.923 0 −0.923 ] 2
0 0 0 0 3
0 −0.923 0 0.923 4
At Element/Member No.4
C=1 S=0
3 4 7 8
1 0 −1 0 3
𝐴𝐸
[𝐾]4 = [ 0 0 0 0 ]4
2.5 −1 0 1 0 7
0 0 0 0 8
3 4 7 8
0.4 0 −0.4 0 3
[𝐾]4 = 𝐴𝐸 [ 0 0 0 −0.4 ] 4
−0.4 0 0.4 0 7
0 −0.4 0 0 8
At Element/Member No.5
C = 0.75 S = -0.656
3 4 6 5
<Subject Title> 20
0.562 −0.492 −0.562 0.492 3
𝐴𝐸 −0.492 0.430 0.492 −0.430 ] 4
[𝐾]5 = [
3.3 −0.562 0.492 0.562 −0.492 6
0.492 −0.430 −0.492 0.430 5
3 4 6 5
0.170 −0.149 − 0.170 0.149 3
[𝐾]5 = 𝐴𝐸 [ −0.149 0.130 0.149 −0. 130 ] 4
− 0.170 0.149 0.170 −0.149 6
0.149 −0.130 −0.149 0.130 5
At Element/Member No.6
C=0 S=1
6 5 7 8
0 0 0 0 6
𝐴𝐸
[𝐾]6 = [ 0 1 0 −1 ] 5
2.166 0 0 0 0 7
0 −1 0 1 8
6 5 7 8
0 0 0 0 6
[𝐾]6 = 𝐴𝐸 [ 0 0.923 0 −0.923 ] 5
0 0 0 0 7
0 −0.923 0 0.923 8
3) Assemble Global stiffness matrix:
[K] =
<Subject Title> 21
0.57 0.149 0 0 0 0.4 0.17 0.149
0.149 1.053 0 0.923 0 0 0.149 0.130
0 0 0.57 0.149 0.149 0.170 0.4 0
0 0.923 0.149 1.053 0.130 0.149 0 0
0 0 0.149 0.130 1.053 0.149 0 0.923
0.4 0 0.170 0.149 0.149 0.57 0 0
0.170 0.149 0.4 0 0 0 0.170 0.149
0.149 0.130 0 0 0.923 0 0.149 1.053
<Subject Title> 22