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Boudiaf M, Cherroun L, Benbrika M. Real-time diagnosis of three-phase induction machine using Arduino-Uno card based on park’s circle
method. Diagnostyka. 2018;19(3):63-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29354/diag/90641
ISSN 1641-6414
DIAGNOSTYKA, 2018, Vol. 19, No. 3 e-ISSN 2449-5220
DOI: 10.29354/diag/90641
Abstract
The main role of diagnosis is the real-time detection of the different types of faults on the physical
system. Induction motors are nowadays used more frequently than any other electric motor in various
kinds of electric drives. Incipient fault diagnosis is very important because if the fault is undetected,
small motor failure can lead to serious motor failure. The objective of this work is the study and the
realization of a diagnosis based on signal processing by the Park method of a wound rotor induction
machine (in real-time). We have chosen for the realization of this diagnostic strategy the Arduino-UNO
board and the ACS-720 current sensor as a signal acquisition system. The results obtained in practice
show that this method of diagnosis is a very powerful and very sensitive technique for signaling and
identifying the different types of faults and achieving the desired objectives.
Keywords: Circle of Park method, Induction Machine, Arduino-Uno microcontroller board, Real
time acquisition.
card, the ACS720 current sensors and programming The fault can be shouted on the windings, the
by MATLAB. The effectiveness of the MATLAB- electric power source and the mechanical load.
Arduino interface is presented to increase the real-
time performances and robustness of the designed 4. DIAGNOSTIC BY THE PARK METHOD
diagnostic systems.
This method is based on the Park
2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION transformation, through the transformation of a
three-phase induction machine to a two-phase
A typical diagnosis system shown in Figure 1 induction machine, along the two axes d and q.
consists of a sensor assembly which provides the From this transformation, we obtain the Park
fault signal (generated by the test system) to a vectors of the tensions, fluxes and currents [12, 13].
signal processing unit (acquisition unit), which This technique uses the two components of the
further sends its result to be analyzed by expert stator current isd and isq. As a function of mains
systems (Microcomputer), where the corresponding phase variable (is1, is2, is3), the Park’s vector
fault is ultimately detected (by diagnostic components (Isd, Isq) are [13, 14]:
algorithm) [5, 6, 7, 8]. I sd is1
Microcomputer I P i
sq
dqo s 2
(1)
I so
is 3
The Park transformation matrix is given by:
2 4
cos( ) cos( ) cos( )
3 3
2 2 4 (2)
P
Park Circle
Fault dqo sin( ) sin( ) sin( )
Diagnostic 3 3 3
algorithm 1 1 1
2 2 2
α=ωt being the angular displacement. By using
Application Acquisition the above transformation the orthogonal
System of three- Acquisition components of the Park's current vector can be
(Motor) phase card computed from the symmetrical three-phased
currents current system, having the components: is1, is2 and
is3:
Fig. 1. Diagram of the diagnostic system
2 2 4
I sd [is1 cos( ) is 2 cos( ) is 3 cos( ) (3)
3. STRUCTURE OF TEST SYSTEM 3 3 3
2 2 4
The test system is an induction machine I sq [is1 sin( ) is 2 sin( ) is 3 sin( ) (4)
3 3 3
consisting of the stator and the rotor. The stator
consists of three windings distributed in space and When the induction machine, if healthy, its
separated by an electrical angle of 120 °, the same three-phased stator current system is perfectly
applies to the rotor whether it is a squirrel cage or symmetric:
formed of three short-circuit windings. This
is1 2 I s sin( )
induction machine causes a mechanical load and is
2
powered by a three-phase voltage source (see figure is 2 2 I s sin( ) (5)
2) [9, 10, 11]. 3
4
is 3 2 I s sin( )
3
If the reference is fixed in the stator of the
machine the above equation becomes:
2 1 1
isd is1 is 2 is 3 (6)
3 6 6
1 1
isq is 2 is 3 (7)
2 2
In the case of the faultless motor, the curve Isq =
f (Isd) has a circular shape centered at the origin (0,
0) and of diameter equal to the amplitude of the
stator current corresponding to the operating state
of the motor (as shown in Fig. 3).
Fig. 2. System application (induction
machine)
DIAGNOSTYKA, Vol. 19, No. 3 (2018) 65
Boudiaf M, Cherroun L, Benbrika M.: Real-time diagnosis of three-phase induction machine using…
1.5
1 A3 A2 A1 A0 GND 5V
Arduino-UNO card
0.5
Isq (A)
0
Microcomputer
-0.5
-1 Stator connection
fault
-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Isd (A) Current sensors
Fig. 3. Park circle without fault application Voltage
disturbance
In the event of a fault on the induction motor,
Load
Char Induction Machine
the circular curve changes in shape and thickness Cha
because of the presence of the harmonics created by ge
rge Tacho-
the fault. The strategy of this method is to compare generator
the two circular curves in the two cases of the Mechanical
motor with and without fault during its operation disturbance Rotor connection
(as shown in Fig. 4). fault
Fig. 5. Synoptic diagram of the studied diagnostic
1.5 system
facq = ftr =
100Kbps 38400 bps
Arduino- Micro-
Uno computer
fs =(38400/10/4) Hz
is current
Fig. 7. Acquisition system
6. REAL-TIME ANALYSIS
fcap =50 Hz
fs ≈20fcap
The methodology contains the monitoring
processes of different components of the induction
motor. This system uses the Arduino-uno board for Fig. 9. Real-time analysis
data acquisition. On acquisition chain, there are
three tasks: measurement by sensor, acquisition by Vcc (5Volts)
Arduino and real-time analysis on PC in interfacing Multi-offset
with MATLAB software (Fig. 8). Through the bit Measured Current
Current (A) sensor
capacity of the ARDUINO A/D converter (10 bits)
and the max voltage (5Volts) of the analog inputs
for the arduino board, a wide acquisition range GND
Add-offset
from 0 to 1023 in hexadecimal is obtained.
Note, the acquisition frequency of the A/D Fig. 10. Offset of the sensor
converter (facq) equals 100Kbps and sampling 3
3 5
4
2
1
0
0
-1 -1
-2
-2
-3
-3
15.5 15.52 15.54 15.56 15.58 15.6 15.62 15.64 15.66 15.68 15.7 -4
Time (Sec)
-5
Fig. 12. Stator currents variation 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (Sec)
60 70 80 90
1
0.5
Isq (A)
0.5
0
Isq (A)
0
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Isd (A) -1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Fig. 13. Practical result of Park circle without
Isd (A)
fault application
Fig. 16. Park circle deformation
7.2 With fault application
Figures 14 through 25 show the diagnostic 7.2.2 Stator connection fault
performance by the Park method on the system The results of figures 17, 18 and 19 represent
under study. In this study, we used Real-Time the dynamic and electrical behavior of the system
digital acquisition and processing (Arduino-Matlab during the appearance of a bad stator contact at
interfacing). The four types of defects are applied 15Ω. After the instant of the fault at (30s), we
as previously mentioned. notice: a negligible variation on the speed of
rotation (Fig. 17), a considerable disequilibrium on
7.2.1 Rotor connection fault the stator currents (Fig.18) with a deformation or
In figs. 14, 15 and 16, the diagnosis of a bad opening of a Park circle (Fig. 19).
contact fault is obtained in a rotor phase of order
15Ω: Fluctuations in the speed and amplitude of the
3000
Fault application
application of the defect to (30s) and the 2000
1500
width.
1000
3000
500
2500
Fault application
0
2000
Speed (Tr/min)
-500
1500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (Sec)
1000
Fig. 17. Rotor speed variation
500
5 2.5
4
Fault application 2
3
Currents is123 (A)
1.5
2
1
1
0.5
Isq (A)
0
-1 0
-2 -0.5
-3
-1
-4
-1.5
-5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
-2
Time (Sec)
-2.5
Fig. 18. Stator currents variation -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Isd (A)
1.5
Fig. 22. Park circle deformation
1
7.2.4 Voltage disturbance
0.5 Figs. 23, 24 and 25 show the effect of the drop
in the stator power supply voltage at 70%. Such as
Isq (A)
-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2500
3000 1500
2500 1000
2000
Fault application 500
Speed (Tr/min)
1500 0
-500
1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (sec)
500
Fig. 23. Rotor speed variation
0
5
-500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 4
Time (Sec) Fault application
3
Fig. 20. Rotor speed variation
Currents is123 (A)
1
5
0
4
Fault application -1
3
-2
Currents is123 (A)
2
-3
1
-4
0
-5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
-1
Time (Sec)
-2
Fig. 24. Stator currents variation
-3
-4
-5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time (Sec)
Fig. 21. Stator currents variation
DIAGNOSTYKA, Vol. 19, No. 3 (2018) 69
Boudiaf M, Cherroun L, Benbrika M.: Real-time diagnosis of three-phase induction machine using…
1.5
APPENDIX
A) The acquisition program by Arduino:
1 int out0 = 0;
int out1 = 0;
0.5 int out2 = 0;
int out3 = 0;
Isq (A)
0
void setup() {
Serial.begin(38400);
-0.5 // Or: 9600bps, 57600 bps.
}
-1
void loop() {
-1.5
out0 = analogRead(A0);
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 out1 = analogRead(A1);
Isd (A) out2 = analogRead(A2);
Fig. 25. Park circle deformation out2 = analogRead(A3);
Serial.print(out0);
Serial.print(out1);
7.3 Quantitative description of results Serial.print(out2);
Serial.println(out3);
}
Using the fault signature of the PARK circle,
there is a specific transient deformation for each B) The diagram of acquisition and diagnosis on
type of fault. If there are identical cases, we can Matlab :
differentiate by two other signatures (rotational * Deleting the behavior of the serial port
speed and stator electric currents), such that: (COM14)
- On the signature of the circle of PARK: The * Creating serial objects (S) attached to the
deformation of the circle, the opening of the circle serial port (COM14)
and change of equilibrium state (the variation of the * Opening the serial port
diameter);
- On speed signature: signal distortion and
change of equilibrium state;
* Declaration of measurement parameters: tmax
- On the signature of the stator current: signal and rate
distortion, change of equilibrium state (the * Preparation and declaration of the figure
variation of the amplitude) and the disequilibrium parameters
of the phases.
8. CONCLUSION
Initialization of the acquisition
and calculation loop
This paper described about the stator currents
signature analysis in induction motor by Park
method. From the results of this work, it can be
concluded that there is a specific Park circle Execution of the chronometric
structure for each type of faults. The latter is more loop (while)
sensitive to rotor faults than stator faults. Voltage
defects and load disturbance can be separated by
the steady state change path in Park and by the * Reading of the serial port (acquisition of
increase and decrease of the rotational speed. It can signals u1(i), u2(i) and u3(i))
also be said that this diagnostic method is a very * Eliminations of additive and multiplicative
simple to implement, very powerful and very
offsets on signals (u1(i), u2(i) and u3(i))
sensitive strategy for signaling and identifying the
* Calculates Park components (Ud and Uq)
different types of faults. Examination of the results
* The drawing of the figure
obtained with the combination of application
* Analysis and diagnosis of the physical system
processes (Arduino - sensors in Matlab interfacing)
* i = i+1
shows that the quality of signal acquisition
performance ensures the desired goal. As a future
perspective, the acoustic diagnosis of electrical
machines will be proposed using the ARDUINO-
Uno board. No
If t > tmax
Yes
Mohamed BOUDIAF
received his Electrical
Engineering Diploma in 2004
and Magister degree in 2007
from the Electrical
Engineering Institute of The
Ibn Khaldoun University,
Tiaret, Algeria. From 2009 to
2017, He joined at the
Electrical Department, Ziane
Achour University Djelfa. He received his Ph.D in June
2014 from the Electrical Engineering Department of The
University of Sciences and Technology of Oran (USTO),
Oran, Algeria. His research interests include power
system analysis and FACTS devices.
Lakhmissi CHERROUN
received the state engineer
degree in 2006, the magister
in 2009 and the Phd degree in
2014, all in automatic and
control from the department
of automatic, university of
Biskra-Algeria. He is
currently an associate
professor at electrical
engineering department, university of Djelfa. His
research interests include robotics, intelligent systems
and diagnostics.