Coordinates: 12°58′S 38°31′W

Northeast Region, Brazil

The Northeast Region of Brazil (Portuguese: Região Nordeste do Brasil) is
one of the five official and political regions of the country according to the
Northeast Region
Região Nordeste
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. For the socio-geographic area
see Nordeste (socio-geographic division). Of Brazil's twenty-six states, it Region
comprises nine: Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba,
Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe and Bahia, along with the Fernando de
Noronha archipelago (formerly a separate territory, now part of Pernambuco).

Chiefly known as Nordeste ("Northeast") in Brazil, this region was the first
to be discovered and colonized by the Portuguese and other European
peoples, playing a crucial role inthe country's history. Nordeste's dialects and
rich culture, including its folklore, cuisines, music and literature, became the
most easily distinguishable across the country
. To this day, Nordeste is widely
recognized for its history and culture, as well as for its beautiful natural sights
and its hot weather.

Nordeste stretches from the Atlantic seaboard in the northeast and southeast,
northwest and west to the Amazon Basin and south through the Espinhaço Location of Northeast Region in Brazil
highlands in southernBahia. It encloses the São Francisco River and drainage Coordinates: 12°58′S 38°31′W
basin, which were instrumental in the exploration, settlement and economic Country Brazil
development of the region. The region lies entirely within the earth's tropical
Largest cities Recife (by metro
zone and encompasses Caatinga, Atlantic Forest and part of the Cerrado pop.)
ecoregions. The climate is hot and semi-arid, varying from xeric in Caatinga, Salvador (by city
to mesic in Cerrado and hydric in the Atlantic Forest. proper)
Fortaleza (by pop.
The Northeast Region represents 18% of Brazilian territory, has a population density)
of 53.6 million people, 28% of the total population of the country, and States Alagoas, Bahia,
contributes 13.4% (2011) of Brazil's GDP. Nearly three quarters of the Ceará, Maranhão,
population live in urban areas clustered along the Atlantic coast and about 15
Paraíba,
Pernambuco, Piauí,
million people live in the hinterland. It is an impoverished region: 58% of the Rio Grande do
population lives in poverty, defined as less than $2/day.[1] Norte and Sergipe

Each of the states' capitals are also its largest cities, and they include Recife,
Area
Salvador, Fortaleza and São Luís, all lying on the Atlantic coast, each with a
• Region 1,558,196 km2
(601,623 sq mi)
population above a million inhabitants.[2]
Area rank 3rd
Nordeste has nine international airports,[Note 1] and the region has the second Population (2005 census)
largest number of passengers (roughly 20%) in Brazil. • Region 53,081,950
• Rank 2nd
• Density 34/km2 (88/sq mi)
• Density rank 3rd
Contents • Urban 71.5%

Geography and climate GDP

Zona da Mata ("Forest Zone") • Year 2014 estimate
Agreste • Total R$805,099,000,000
Sertão ("Backlands") (3rd)
Meio-Norte ("Midnorth") • Per capita 14.329,13 (5th)
 Hydrology HDI
Geology and topography • Year 2010
• Category 0.659 – medium
Conservation and biodiversity
(5th)
Summary of threats
• Life expectancy 69 years (5th)
Protected areas in Brazil
• Infant mortality 36.9 per 1,000 (1st)
History • Literacy 79.3% (5th)
Cangaceiros
Time zone UTC-03 (BRT)
Political subdivisions
• Summer (DST) UTC-02 (BRST)
Economy
Tourism and recreation
Infrastructure
Educational institutions
International airports
Oil refineries
Seaports
Petrochemical plant
Railroads
Mines
Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs
Demographics
Urban areas and rural areas
Ethnic groups
Ethnic composition of Northeast Brazil compared to other
regions
Religion
Culture
Celebrities
In popular culture
See also
Notes
References
External links

Geography and climate

Zona da Mata ("Forest Zone")

The Zona da Mata comprises the rainforest zones of Nordeste (part of the Atlantic Forest or Mata Atlântica) in the humid eastern
coast, where the region's largest capital cities are also located. The forest area was much larger before suffering from centuries of
deforestation and exploration. For many years, sugar cane cultivation in this region was the mainstay of Brazil's economy, being
superseded only when coffee production developed in the late 19th century. The sugar cane is cultivated on large estates and the
owners of these had and maintain tremendous political influence.

Agreste
Since the escarpment does not generate any further rainfall on its slopes from the lifting of the trade winds, annual rainfall decreases
steadily inland. After a relatively short distance, there is no longer enough rainfall to support tropical rainforest, especially since the
rainfall is extremely erratic from year to year. This transitional zone is known as the agreste and because it is located on the steep
escarpment, was not generally used whilst flatter land was abundant. Today, with irrigation water available, however, the agreste, as
its name suggest, is a major farming region. Despite containing no major city, it
contains well developed medium large cities such as Caruaru, Campina Grande and
Arapiraca.

Sertão ("Backlands")
In Portuguese, the word sertão (Portuguese pronunciation: [sehˈtɐ̃w̃], meaning
"backcountry" or "outback") first referred to the vast hinterlands of Asia and South
America that Lusitanian explorers encountered. In Brazil, the geographical term
referred to backlands away from the Atlantic coastal regions where the Portuguese
first settled in South America in the early sixteenth century
.

Geographically, the Sertão consists mainly of low uplands that form part of the
Brazilian Highlands. Most parts of the sertão are between 200 and 500 meters above
sea level, with higher elevations found on the eastern edge in the Planalto da
Geoclimatic subregions of Brazilian
Borborema, where it merges into a sub-humid region known as agreste, in the Serra Northeast:
da Ibiapaba in western Ceará and in the Serro do Periquito of centralPernambuco. In 1 • Meio-Norte
the north, the Sertão extends to the northern coastal plains of Rio Grande do Norte 2 • Sertão
state, whilst in the south it fades out in the northern fringe ofMinas Gerais. 3 • Agreste
4 • Zona da Mata
Because the Sertão lies close to the equator, temperatures remain nearly uniform
throughout the year and are typically tropical, often extremely hot in the west.
However, the sertão is distinctive in its low rainfall compared to other areas of Brazil. Because of the relatively cool temperatures in
the South Atlantic Ocean, the intertropical convergence zone remains north of the region for most of the year, so that most of the year
is very dry.

Although annual rainfall averages between 500 and 800 millimeters over most of the sertão and 1300 millimeters on the northern
coast at Fortaleza, it is confined to a short rainy season. This season extends from January to April in the west, but in the eastern
sertão it generally occurs from March to June. However, rainfall is extremely erratic and in some years the rains are minimal, leading
to catastrophic drought.

Meio-Norte ("Midnorth")
Meio-Norte is a transition area between the high rainfalls region of Amazon Rainforest and the semi arid region of Sertão (hot and
drought) covering the state ofMaranhão and half of Piaui.

Hydrology
The Northeast region comprises the drainage basins of theSão Francisco, Canindé, and Parnaíba Rivers.

Geology and topography

Geographically, Nordeste consists chiefly of an eroded continental craton with many low hills and small ranges. The highest peaks
are around 1,850 metres (6,070 ft) in Bahia, while further north there are no peaks above 1,123 metres (3,684 ft). On its northern and
western side, the plateaus fall steadily to the coast and into the basin of the Tocantins River in Maranhão, but on the eastern side it
falls off quite sharply to the coast except in the valley of the São Francisco river. The steep slopes and long cliffs of the eastern
coastline are known as "The Great Escarpment".

The escarpment serves an extremely important climatic function. Because for most of the year Nordeste is out of reach of the
Intertropical Convergence Zone, the easterly trade winds blow across the region, giving abundant rainfall to the coast but producing
clear, dry conditions inland where the escarpment blocks moisture flow. This gives rise to four distinct regions, the zona da mata on
the coast, the agreste on the escarpment, sertão beyond and the Mid north.

Conservation and biodiversity

Summary of threats
Deforestation
Degradation of Mangroves and Restingas
Poaching and Animal Trading
Infrastructure
Dams
Mining
Tourism Development
Introduction of Alien Species

Protected areas in Brazil

Brazil is characterized by a complex system of conservation units. As a matter of fact, 2,61% of the national territory is covered by
strict protected areas and 5,52% by areas dedicated to sustainable development, for a total of 8,13% of the national territory.
However, this figure is slightly overestimated, since many areas of environmental protection (APAs) include one or more
conservation units dedicated to indirect use.

The conservation units managed by Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovaveis (IBAMA) cover
approximately 45 million hectares and include about 256 conservation units of direct or indirect use which include Environmental
protection areas, Biological reserves, Ecological stations, National forests, Areas of relevant ecological interest, National parks,
several Private natural heritage reserves, and Wildlife sanctuaries. There are also several conservation units that are managed by the
Brazilian states, and cover about 22 million hectares. Moreover
, there are wetlands protected as Ramsar sites:

Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentado Mamirauá

Área de Proteção Ambiental da Baixada Maranhense
Área de Proteção Ambiental da Serra de Baturité
Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe
Área de Proteção Ambiental das Reentrâncias Maranhenses
Parque Estadual Marinho do Parcel de Manuel Luiz
Parque Nacional do Araguaia
Parque Nacional do Pantanal Matogrossense
Reseva Particular do Patrimônio Natural do SESC Pantanal
and Biosphere Reserves:

Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica

Reserva da Biosfera do Cerrado
Reserva da Biosfera do Pantanal
Main Categories of Protected Areas

Environment protection area: it is a rather large area characterized by a considerable population density and with abiotic, biotic,
aesthetic, or cultural features of great importance, above all for the quality of life and well-ness of man. Protecting biological
diversity, regulating the settlement processes, and ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources are among its main aims.

Wildlife refuge: this protected area aims at protecting the natural environments ensuring the conditions for the survival and
reproduction of species or communities belonging to the local flora and to resident or migratory fauna.
Biological reserve: it aims at strictly safeguarding the natural aspects within its borders, avoiding direct human interference or
environmental changes, through measures to recover altered ecosystems and management actions necessary to recover or maintain
the natural balance, biological diversity, and natural ecological processes.

Ecological station: it aims at safeguarding nature and carrying out scientific research activities.

National park: it aims at preserving natural ecosystems of great beauty and ecological importance, giving the opportunity to carry
out scientific research activities or developing environmental education and interpretation activities, as well as promoting recreational
activities at direct contact with nature and ecological tourism.

Area of relevant ecological interest: not very large area, with a scarce population density and extraordinary natural features of great
importance at a regional and local level.

Sustainable development reserve: natural area including traditional populations whose existence is based on sustainable systems of
exploitation of the natural resources which have been developed generation after generation and adapted to local ecological
conditions. They play an essential role in the protection of nature and maintenance of biological diversity
.

Source: Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovaveis (IBAMA), Ministério do Meio Ambiente

History
Main articles: Colonial Brazil, History of Brazil

Nordeste was primarily inhabited by indigenous peoples, mostly speaking languages

of the Tupi–Guarani family, who, before the colonial era, helped Europeans with the
extraction of brazilwood from the coastal rainforest (or mata atlântica) in exchange
for spices. But as colonization and commercial interest intensified in the region the
number of Indians became drastically reduced due to the constant battles with the
owners of the large sugar mills. Conflicts arose because the settlers had displaced the
native inhabitants and then tried to enslave them as labor in the fields. The
Portuguese colonials then considered the idea of importing black African slaves to
use as manual labor. To this day culture in Northeast Brazil remains fully permeated
by this African influence. View of a sugar-producing farm
(engenho) in colonial Pernambuco by
Nordeste was the first area of discovery in Brazil, when roughly 1,500 Portuguese Dutch painter Frans Post (17th
century).
arrived on April 22, 1500, under the command of Pedro Álvares Cabral at Porto
Seguro, in the state of Bahia.

The coast of Nordeste was the stage for the first economic activity of the country,
namely the extraction and export of pau Brasil, or brazilwood. Brazilwood was
highly valued in Europe where it was used to make violin bows (especially the Pau
de Pernambuco variety) and for the red dye it produced. Countries like France,
which disagreed with the Treaty of Tordesillas (a papal bull decreed by the Spanish-
born Pope Alexander VI in 1493 which sought to divide South America between the
Spanish and the Portuguese), launched many attacks on the coast to steal the wood.

Olinda with Recife in the background.
Olinda was declared aUNESCO
World Heritage site in 1982.
French colonists not only tried to settle in present-day Rio de Janeiro, from 1555 to
1567 (the so-called France Antarctique episode), but also in present-day São Luís,
from 1612 to 1614 (the so-called France Equinoxiale). The Dutch, also opposed to
the Treaty of Tordesillas, plundered Nordeste's coast, sacked Bahia in 1604, and
even temporarily captured Salvador. From 1630 to 1654 the Dutch set up more
permanently in Nordeste and controlled a long stretch of coast that was most accessible to Europe without, however, penetrating the
interior. But the colonists of the Dutch West India Company in Brazil were in a constant siege despite the presence in Recife of the
great John Maurice of Nassauas governor.

Slave resistance began during the colonial era, in the 17th century, and eventually
led to the formation of quilombos, or settlements of runaway and free-born African
slaves. The Quilombo dos Palmares, the largest and most well-known of these
settlements, was founded around 1600 in the Serra da Barriga hills, in the present
state of Alagoas. Palmares, at the height of its power, was an independent, self-
sustaining republic, hosting a population of over 30,000 free African men, women
and children. There were over 200 buildings in the community, a church, four
smithies, and a council house. Although Palmares managed to defend itself from the
Dutch military and the Portuguese colonials for several decades, it was finally taken
The Historic centre of Salvador,
and destroyed and its leader Zumbi dos Palmares was captured and beheaded. His
Bahia, was declared a UNESCO
head was then displayed in a public plaza in Recife. World Heritage site in 1985.

Besides being Brazil’s main sea port, Brazil's center of the African slave trade, a
center of the sugar industry, and the seat of the first Catholic bishop of Brazil (in 1552) the city of Salvador was also the first general
seat of government in Brazil as it is strategically located in the center of the eastern coast of the country. The government in Salvador
sought to centralize power in an effort to support the various captaincies, geographical subdivisions that preceded the present states of
Brazil, which at this time were in a state of crisis. Salvador remained the colonial capital until 1763 when it was succeeded by Rio de
Janeiro, the new economic power center of that era.

Cangaceiros
Independent armed groups emerged in the Brazilian Northeast, which used guerrilla tactics to fight and were wanting to avenge
crimes against family members or friends as well as fight for food and ammunition to their members, and often working for landlords
who evicted the workers of the estates that reacted against exploitation in the county
.

They were formed by people of humble origin, usually from the field, under the leadership of a chief who imposed their own concept
of morality, honor, justice and piety.[3]

Gangs were pursuing isolated goals, sometimes even fighting among themselves, and had its heyday between 1922 and 1930, when
terror spread throughout the semi-arid Northeast and were chased by troops from seven states; Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco,
Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte andCeará, the officials even using airplanes in repeated, unsuccessful, search attempts.

In the struggle to capture the leader of the most

feared of these bands, Virgolino Ferreira da Silva,
Lampião, the Brazilian government went on to
publish wanted posters promising 50,000,000 réis to
whoever brought in Lampião "dead or alive."

Deeply knowledgeable of thecaatinga, the gangs had

support from local farmers, politicians, peasants and Legal bill printed by ths State of
priests, not only for fear of the bandits, but for need Bahia Government (Brazil),
of their services. The rank of Captain Virgolino announcing a reward for the
capture of the outlaw Lampião,
Ferreira, for example, was given by Father Cícero do
1930.
Juazeiro.
Lampião
Besides Lampião, other bandits and outlaws have
also become myths in the Northeast, outlaws like Antônio Silvino Corisco, o Diabo Louro, (the
Blond Devil). The entry of women into banditry happened in 1930 when Maria Bonita became fellow Cangaceiro and followed
Lampião's gang. Although the highwaymen took momentum in the early 1920s, the existence of armed groups in the Northeast
comes from colonial times.

And one of the first of outlaws ever heard was The Cabeleira, in the second half of the 18th century, was active in rural areas close to
Recife. According to scholars, one of the factors that contributed to the proliferation of gangs was the great drought that decimated
the Northeast in 1877: extreme poverty and hunger caused thousands in the Sertão, (hinterland), with no prospect of survival, to
depart for plunder, paving the way for the world ofcangaceiros.

Banditry is at the origin in the very form of colonization in the Brazilian Northeast, where, financed by the Crown, the pioneers
invaded the Sertão, fell forests, landmarks and paid the gunmen and bandits to eliminate the native populations to react to the
occupation of their land.

The private armies maintained by the Northeastern colonels who owned the land since the Captaincies also differed on almost
nothing, its methods, the bands of outlaws. The highwaymen was one of the most turbulent and contradictory times in Brazilian
history and still comes up in a heated controversy: that the outlaws would have been righteous if they didn't become bloodthirsty
bandits.

The end of the cangaceiros took place in 1938, when Lampião's gang was slaughtered, on the banks of the São Francisco River in
Angicos, Alagoas. Corisco, o Diabo Louro, survived until 1940, but almost without doing anything to keep the promise to "avenge
the death of Lampião."

Political subdivisions
[Note 2] their boundaries
The regions of Brazil do not have their own governmental or administrative bodies, but they are well defined.
and constituent states are part of the recognized geopolitical structure of the country. The Northeast Region is composed of nine
states, with 1793 municipalities[Note 3] and two special municipalities, Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago and Fernando de
Noronha Archipelago; there are no unincorporated areas. Brazilian states are divided into Mesoregions, and Mesoregions into
Microregions, each region representing a group of municipalities. These regions were created by the Brazilian Institute of Geography
and Statistics for statistical purposes and do not, therefore, constitute an administrative area. Municipalities are analogous to counties
in states of the United States; a city is the urban area of the municipality
, and always has the same name as the municipality
.

A municipality may include cities other than the one which gives it its name. The largest state of the Northeast region in terms of
area, population and economic output is Bahia; its capital Salvador is the lar
gest city of Nordeste.

GDP
GDP per
Population HDI (R$x1000)
State Symbol Area km2 Municipalities
2014
capita
2014 IBGE 2010
2014 (R$)
IBGE[4]
Alagoas AL 27,768 102 3,327,551 0.631 40,975,000 12.335,44

Bahia BA 564,693 417 15,150,143 0.660 223,930,000 14.803,95

Ceará CE 148,826 184 8,867,448 0.682 126,054,000 14.255,05

Maranhão MA 331,983 217 6,861,924 0.639 76,842,000 11.216,37

Paraíba PB 56,440 223 3,950,359 0.658 52,936,000 13.422,42

Pernambuco PE 98,312 185 9,297,861 0.673 155,143,000 16.722,05

Piauí PI 251,529 223 3,198,185 0.646 37,723,000 11.808,08

Rio Grande do
RN 52,797 167 3,419,550 0.684 54,023,000 15.849,33
Norte
Sergipe SE 21,910 75 2,227,294 0.665 37,472,000 16.882,71

Northeast NE 1,558,196 1,793 56,300,315 0.659 805,099,000 14.329,13

 Metropolitan area Population (2010 census)[5]
Recife 3,690,547
Fortaleza 3,615,767
Salvador 3,573,973
Natal 1,351,004
São Luís 1,331,181
João Pessoa 1,198,576
Maceió 1,156,364 Recife is the largest metropolitan
area of the Northeast Region, and
Teresina 1,150,959
the third largest city of the region.
Aracaju 835,816

Economy
Northeastern Brazil’s economy is based on coffee, sugar cane, livestock,
manufacturing and textiles, as well as forest products. Its economy is mainly based
on the production of sugar, cocoa and cotton; as well as the extensive cattle
breeding. Some time ago, at São Francisco River Valley (between States of Bahia
and Pernambuco), fruits for export started being produced, too. At the seaside and
the continental platform of the Region, the main activity is the exploitation of oil,
which is later processed in the State of Bahia, and natural gas in Maranhão. Major
industries (clothing, food, small machinery) are in the main metropolitan areas of
Ceará is the fourth largest textile
Nordeste.
industrial center of Brazil.[6] It is
Official reclamation activities have spurred the construction of numerous dams and located in Fortaleza, the second
largest metropolitan region of
hydroelectric projects, especially on the São Francisco River. In the 1960s a violent
Nordeste.
dictatorship in Brazil created a resilient state of poverty in the region.[7]
fort.[8] The São Francisco River is
Development of tourism is a concerted, ongoing ef
responsible for the regional production ofenergy and it also bathes the states ofBahia, Sergipe, Alagoas and Pernambuco. Nordeste is
rich in natural beauties with itsbeaches of clear, warm water. Beyond tourism, Nordeste also develops its industrial sector. Every day,
important investors from many countries come to this region to search for new opportunities. The governments try to motivate the
inflow of new investment money, based on the needs of its states.[9]

Sugarcane is the main agricultural product of the region, produced mainly by Alagoas, Pernambuco and Paraíba. It is also important
to highlight the soybean (Bahia, Maranhão and Piauí), cotton (Bahia, Maranhão, Ceará, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte), rice
(Maranhão), tobacco (Alagoas and Bahia) and cashew trees (Piauí, Paraíba and Ceará), as well as fine grapes, mango, melon, acerola
and other fruits for domestic consumption and export (Pernambuco, Bahia and Rio Grande do Norte). Also noteworthy are the
plantations of Cacau in Ilhéus and Itabuna, coffee plantations in the Planalto da Conquista, Vitória da Conquista region and beans in
Irecê, in the state of Bahia.

In the region cattle are raised mainly. The largest cattle herds are in Bahia (10,229,459 heads), followed by Maranhão (5,592,007),
Ceará (2,105,441), Pernambuco (1,861,570) and Piauí (1,560,552). In the hinterland, producers often suffer losses due to constant
droughts. There are also creations of goats, which are more resistant, swine, sheep and birds.

Tourism and recreation

See Also: List of beaches#Brazil, List of national parks of Brazil, Brazil#Economy#Tourism

Tourism has grown significantly in the Region in the last decades, showing the high potential of each State.
 Besides the capitals, most coastal
cities of the Northeast Region have
many natural beauties, such as the
Abrolhos Marine National Park,
Itacaré, Comandatuba Island,
Costa do Sauípe, Canasvieiras and
Porto Seguro, in the State of
Bahia; the Marine National Park of
Camaçari, in Bahia, has the largest Castelao Stadium in Fortaleza.
Fernando de Noronha, Porto de
integrated industrial complex in the
Galinhas beach in the State of
southern hemisphere with plants of
Brazilian multinational companies Pernambuco; tropical paradises,
such as Braskem.[10] such as Canoa Quebrada and Jericoacoara, on the coast of Ceará, as well as the
places to practice free flight, as Quixadá and Sobral; and Lençóis Maranhenses,
embellishing the coast of Maranhão State, among many others. In the interior area,
National Parks of Serra da Capivara and Sete Cidades, both in the State of Piauí; João Pessoa, in the State of Paraíba; Chapada
Diamantina, in the State of Bahia; and many other attractions.

The economy is based on tourism (in coastal or historical cities) or agriculture. The tourist industry is based largely on the beaches,
which attract thousands of tourists per year, not only from other regions of Brazil but also many from Europe (especially Italy,
Portugal, Germany, France, United Kingdom and Spain), the United States, and Australia. There are two recognized nudist beaches
in Nordeste: Tambaba Beach north of Recife, Paraiba, andMassarandupio Beach 100 km north of Salvador, Bahia.

Infrastructure

Educational institutions
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco(UFPE)
Universidade Federal da Bahia(UFBA)
Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira
(UNILAB)
Universidade Federal do Ceará(UFC)
Universidade Federal da Paraíba(UFPB)
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte(UFRN)
Mossoró city in Rio Grande do Norte
Universidade Federal de Sergipe(UFS)
is one of the largest onshore
Universidade Federal de Alagoas(UFAL)
petroleum producers in Brazil.
Universidade Federal do Maranhão(UFMA)
Universidade Federal do Piauí(UFPI)
and many others.

International airports
AJU Santa Maria Airport (Sergipe), Aracaju, Sergipe
MCZ Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport, Maceio, Alagoas
PHB Parnaíba-Prefeito Dr. João Silva Filho International Airport Parnaiba, Piaui
SLZ Marechal Cunha Machado International Airport , Sao Luis, Maranhão
NAT Augusto Severo International Airport, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte
FOR Pinto Martins International Airport, Fortaleza, Ceará
JPA Presidente Castro Pinto International Airport, Joao Pessoa, Paraíba
REC Guararapes International Airport, Recife, Pernambuco
SSA Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport , Salvador, Bahia
Oil refineries
Lubnor (Petrobras), Fortaleza 82,000 bbl/d (13,000 m3/d)

Seaports
Mucuripe port, Ceará
Suape port, Ipojuca, Pernambuco
Port of Pecem, Ceará
Guararapes International Airportin
Recife
Petrochemical plant
Braskem, Camaçari, Bahia

Railroads
Planned for completion in 2013, a
new railway will link Suape to the
north-eastern interior. The federal
Mucuripe Port in Fortaleza
government began construction in
1990, but it was postponed due to
shortage of money and only resumed in 2006. A second branch will travel north to the port of Pecém, which is also being expanded.
There, the Ceará state government is setting up an institute to provide railroad travel for 12,000 workers a year, while Petrobras is
also building another refinery. Paulo Roberto Costa, its downstream director, envisages trains transporting soybeans, corn, and iron
ore from the interior to the ports, and returning with oil. Journey times to Europe and America will be three or four days less than
from south-eastern ports. The 1,728-km line will one day carry 30 million tonnes of car
go a year.

The North-South railway and the Carajás railray in Maranhão are important logistics corridors, transporting the iron ore from the
Serra dos Carajás in Pará and draining the agricultural production (soybeans, corn, cotton) of southern Maranhão, Tocantins, Goiás
and Mato Groso, to the ports of Itaqui and Ponta da Madeira, in São Luís. Other products are also transported, such as cellulose and
fuels.[11]

Mines

Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs

Brazil counts on hydroelectricity for more than 80% of its electricity
.

Alagoas

Xingó Hydroelectric Power Plant3162

Bahia

Apollonius Sales (Moxoto) Hydroelectric Power Plant400

Paulo Afonso Complex Hydroelectric Power Plant1417.2
Paulo Afonso IV Hydroelectric Power Plant2642.4
Sobradinho Hydroelectric Power Plant1050
Maranhão

Boa Esperanca (Castelo Branco) Hydroelectric Power Plant237.4

Estreito Hydroelectric Plant- 1.087
Pernambuco

Luiz Gonzaga (Itaparica) Hydroelectric Power Plant1479.6

In 2018, in Maranhão, natural gas exploration in the Parnaíba Basin has the capacity to produce 8.4 million m³ of gas per day,
exploited by Eneva, with the implementation of 153 km of gas pipelines, at the cost of R $ 9 billion. Such production is destined for
the production of electric energy in the Parnaíba Power Station, with 1.4 GW of capacity. The thermal power stations has important
composition in the generation of energy in the region, with other examples being the Campina Grande Power Starion, the Pecém
Power Station and the Jorge Lacerda Power Station, among others.[12]

In 2017, due to low levels of reservoirs,wind energy accounted for 50% of the electric power generation in the region, with the states
of Rio Grande do Norte, with 3,722 MW and 137 parks; Bahia, with 2,594 MW and 100 parks; Ceará, with 1,950 MW and 75 parks;
Piauí, with 1,443 MW and 52 parks; Pernambuco, with 781 MW and 34 parks; Maranhão, with 220 MW and 8 parks; and Paraíba,
with 157 MW and 15 parks.[13]

New investments, seeking to diversify the northeastern energy matrix and promote energy security, allowed in 2017 the start-up of
the Solar Lapa Park (BA), with 158 MW, Solar Ituverava Park (BA), with 254 MW, and the Solar Park Nova Olinda (PI), with 292
MW, considered the largest solar parks in Latin America. In 2018, the Solar Parque Horizonte (BA) was inaugurated, with 103
MW.[14]

Demographics

Urban areas and rural areas

Nordeste's major cities are almost all on the Atlantic coast. Some exceptions can be seen,
however, like Petrolina-Juazeiro conurbation Bahia/Pernambuco (population over 500,000)
on the São Francisco River and Teresina-Timon conurbation Piaui (population nearly
1,000,000) on the Parnaiba River.

Good rural areas are scarce and generally they are all near the coast, or in the west of
Rendeira woman from Ceará
Maranhão, and are mainly used for exportation products. In the semi-arid areas of the
Northeast Region, rural areas do exist, but rain is scarce in the region; rural areas in
the interior are generally based on subsistence agriculture. Fazendas (large farms)
are common in the interior, where cattle-rasing and the cultivation of tropical fruit is
often practiced. Also, in the areas where water is scarce local politicians often use
the promise of irrigation projects as a bargaining chip to win elections.

Ethnic groups
Northeast Brazilians are a result of the mixing of European, Africans and Native
Americans. The African ancestry is significant particularly in the coastal areas, and
The Maracatu, a cultural aspect
especially in Bahia, Pernambuco and Maranhão. The Native American ancestry is
resulted from the mix between
also present in all states, though more significant in Ceará and Maranhão. Northeast Amerindians, Portuguese and
Brazilians also have a significant degree of European ancestry, the most important in Africans in Northeast Brazil.
the region, according to genetic studies.

Ethnic composition of Northeast Brazil compared to other regions

The composition of the Northeast of Brazil compared to other regions of Brazil according to autosomal genetic studies focused on the
Brazilian population (which has been found to be a complex melting pot of European, African and Native Americans components):
A 2015 autosomal genetic study, which also analysed data of 25 studies of 38
different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62%
of the heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native
American (17%). The European contribution is highest in Southern Brazil (77%),
the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the
highest in Northern Brazil (32%).[15]

Region[15] European African Native American

Local health care training by the
North Region 51% 16% 32%
Olinda local administration
Northeast Region 58% 27% 15%
Central-West Region 64% 24% 12%
Southeast Region 67% 23% 10%
South Region 77% 12% 11%

An autosomal study from 2013, with nearly 1300 samples from all of the Brazilian regions, found a pred. degree of European
ancestry combined with African and Native American contributions, in varying degrees. 'Following an increasing North to South
gradient, European ancestry was the most prevalent in all urban populations (with values up to 74%). The populations in the North
consisted of a significant proportion of Native American ancestry that was about two times higher than the African contribution.
Conversely, in Nordeste, Center-West and Southeast, African ancestry was the second most prevalent. At an intrapopulation level, all
urban populations were highly admixed, and most of the variation in ancestry proportions was observed between individuals within
each population rather than among population'.[16]

Region[17] European African Native American

North Region 51% 17% 32%

Northeast Region 56% 28% 16%
Central-West Region 58% 26% 16%
Southeast Region 61% 27% 12%
South Region 74% 15% 11%

A 2011 autosomal DNA study, with nearly 1000 samples from all over the country ("whites", "pardos" and "blacks"), found a major
European contribution, followed by a high African contribution and an important Native American component.[18] The study showed
that Brazilians from different regions are more homogeneous than previously thought by some based on the census alone. "Brazilian
[19]
homogeneity is, therefore, a lot greater between Brazilian regions than within Brazilian regions."

Region[18] European African Native American

Northern Brazil 68.80% 10.50% 18.50%

Northeast of Brazil 60.10% 29.30% 8.90%
Southeast Brazil 74.20% 17.30% 7.30%
Southern Brazil 79.50% 10.30% 9.40%

According to an autosomal DNA study from 2010, a new portrayal of each ethnicity contribution to the DNA of Brazilians, obtained
with samples from the five regions of the country, has indicated that, on average, European ancestors are responsible for nearly 80%
of the genetic heritage of the population. The variation between the regions is small, with the possible exception of the South, where
the European contribution reaches nearly 90%. The results, published by the scientific American Journal of Human Biology by a
team of the Catholic University of Brasília, show that, in Brazil, physical indicators such as colour of skin, eyes and hair have little to
do with the genetic ancestry of each person, which has been shown in previous studies (regardless of census classification).[20]
Ancestry informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be useful to estimate individual and population biogeographical
ancestry. Brazilian population is characterized by a genetic background of three parental populations (European, African, and
Brazilian Native Amerindians) with a wide degree and diverse patterns of admixture. In this work we analyzed the information
content of 28 ancestry-informative SNPs into multiplexed panels using three parental population sources (African, Amerindian, and
European) to infer the genetic admixture in an urban sample of the five Brazilian geopolitical regions. The SNPs assigned apart the
parental populations from each other and thus can be applied for ancestry estimation in a three hybrid admixed population. Data was
used to infer genetic ancestry in Brazilians with an admixture model. Pairwise estimates of F(st) among the five Brazilian geopolitical
regions suggested little genetic differentiation only between the South and the remaining regions. Estimates of ancestry results are
consistent with the heterogeneous genetic profile of Brazilian population, with a major contribution of European ancestry (0.771)
followed by African (0.143) and Amerindian contributions (0.085). The described multiplexed SNP panels can be useful tool for
bioanthropological studies but it can be mainly valuable to control for spurious results in genetic association studies in admixed
populations."[17]

Region[17] European African Native American

Northern Brazil 71.10% 18.20% 10.70%

Northeast of Brazil 77.40% 13.60% 8.90%
West-Central Brazil 65.90% 18.70% 11.80%
Southeast Region, Brazil 79.90% 14.10% 6.10%
Southern Brazil 87.70% 7.70% 5.20%

An autosomal DNA study from 2009 found a similar profile "all the Brazilian samples (regions) lie more closely to the European
[21]
group than to the African populations or to the Mestizos from Mexico."

Region[21] European African Native American

Northern Brazil 60.6% 21.3% 18.1%

Northeast of Brazil 66.7% 23.3% 10.0%
West-Central Brazil 66.3% 21.7% 12.0%
Southeast Region, Brazil 60.7% 32.0% 7.3%
Southern Brazil 81.5% 9.3% 9.2%

According to another autosomal DNA study from 2008, by the University of Brasília (UnB), European ancestry dominates in the
whole of Brazil (in all regions), accounting for 65.90% of heritage of the population, followed by the African contribution (24.80%)
and the Native American (9.3%); the European ancestry being the dominant ancestry in all regions including the Northeast of
Brazil.[22]

A study from 1965, "Methods of Analysis of a Hybrid Population" (Human Biology, vol 37, number 1), led by the geneticists D. F.
Roberts e R. W. Hiorns, found out the average the Northeastern Brazilian to be predominantly European in ancestry (65%), with
[23]
minor but important African and Native American contributions (25% and 9%).

Religion
Nordeste has the largest percentage of Roman Catholics ofany region of the country.

Culture
Nordeste has a rich culture, with its unique constructions in the old centers of Salvador, Recife and Olinda, dance (frevo and
maracatu), music (axé and forró) and unique cuisine. Dishes particular to the region include carne de sol, farofa, acarajé, vatapá,
paçoca, canjica, pamonha, quibebe, bolo de fubá cozido, sururu de capote and many others. Salvador was the first Braziliancapital.
 The festival of São João (Saint
John), one of the festas juninas, is
especially popular in Nordeste,
particularly in Caruaru in the state
of Pernambuco and Campina
Grande in the state of Paraíba. The
festival takes place once a year in
June. As Nordeste is mostly arid or
Carnival in Olinda. Festa Junina celebration in Mossoró.
semi-arid the Nordestinos give
thanks to Saint John for the rainfall
that typical falls this time of year, which greatly helps the farmers with their crops. And
because this time of year also coincides with the corn harvest many regional dishes
containing corn, such as canjica, pamonha, and milho verde, have become part of the
cultural tradition.

The Bumba-Meu-Boi festival is also popular, especially in the state of Maranhão. During
the Bumba-Meu-Bói festival in the city of São Luis do Maranhão and its environs there are
many different groups, with elaborate costumes and different styles of music, which are Cordel literature is a literary
genre very popular in the
called sotaques: sotaque de orquestra, as the names implies, uses an orchestra of
Northeast of Brazil; according
saxophones, clarinets, flutes, banjos, drums, etc.; sotaque de zabumba employs primarily
to the poet Carlos Drummond
very large drums; and sotaque de matraca, a percussion instrument made of two pieces of de Andrade, it is one of the
wood that you carry in your hands and hit against each other. Some matracas are very large purest manifestations of the
and are carried around the neck. inventive spirit, the sense of
humour and the critical
Many major cities in Nordeste also hold an off-season carnaval (or "micareta"), such as the capacity of Brazilians from the
Carnatal in Natal or the Fortal in Fortaleza. Since its inception in 1991, Carnatal has become interior and of the humblest
the largest off-season carnaval in Brazil. The event takes place once a year, in December, backgrounds.[24]

and draws roughly one million participants. The Fortal takes place once every year as well
but in the month of July. Held in a stadium called Cidade Fortal, the Fortal is considered the
largest indoor off-season carnaval in Brazil.

Celebrities
The Northeast of Brazil is home to many notable Brazilians, including 6 former presidents:

Arts & Letters

Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, author of the most widely Portuguese Dictionary adopted and cited in Brazil;
Nelson Rodrigues, playwright, author of play Vestido de Noiva (The Wedding Dress)
Luís da Câmara Cascudo, folklorist
Jorge Amado, wrote stories of life in state of Bahia
Zé Ramalho, musician
José de Alencar, writer from the 19th century,
Rachel de Queiroz, writer; the first woman to become part of the Academia Brasileira de Letras;
Ferreira Gullar, poet, one of the founders ofNeoconcretismo;
João Cabral de Melo Neto, writer and poet, whose body of work is a solid reference to the hardships of the local
people endures;
Gonçalves Dias, poet;
Ariano Suassuna, playwright, which work has been focus of a recent revival, via TV and Cinema adaptations;
Luiz Gonzaga, musician, author of many successes, including "Asa Branca", with Humbertoeixeira;
T
Gilberto Gil, musician
Alceu Valença, musician
Djavan, musician
 Raul Seixas, musician
Caetano Veloso, musician
Dorival Caymmi, musician
Sílvio Romero, folklorist
Graciliano Ramos, writer
Castro Alves, poet
Geraldo Vandré, musician during the mid-60's, author of many songs against the then dictatorship imposed in the
country.
Hermeto Pascoal, musician, creator of a revolutionary style and approach to Music, born in Arapiraca, Alagoas;
Daniela Mercury, musician
Clarice Lispector, writer
Aluísio de Azevedo, writer, precursor of the modern, urban literature;
Science & Math

Mário Schenberg, physicist, electrical engineer, art critic and writer;

José Leite Lopes, theoretical physicist in the field of quantum field theory and particle physics;
Leopoldo Nachbin, mathematician who is best known forNachbin's theorem;
Paulo Ribenboim, mathematician;
Fernando de Mendonça, electronic engineer, founder of Brazil's National Institute for Space Research;
Casimiro Montenegro Filho, founder of the Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica(ITA);
Carlos Paz de Araújo, scientist and inventor, he holds nearly 600 patents in the area of nanotechnology;
Maurício Peixoto, mathematician, he pioneered the studies onstructural stability, and he is the author of the
Peixoto's theorem;
Milton Santos, geographer
Medicine

Pirajá da Silva, physician responsible for the identification of the cycle of the Schistosomiasis;
Nise da Silveira, Psychiatry that founded the Museum of Images of the Unconscious and introduced Jungian
psychology in Brazil;
Business & Economics

José Ermírio de Moraes, entrepreneur, founder of the Votorantim Group, the Votorantim Group is one of the largest
industrial conglomerates in Latin America,
Norberto Odebrecht, entrepreneur from the Building Industry;
Assis Chateaubriand, media conglomerate owner, founded the first television network of Latin America
Celso Furtado, economist, who while in exile was guest teacher in the University of Sorbonne, in Paris, France;
Politics & Law

Clóvis Beviláqua, jurist, author of the Brazilian Civil Code of 1916;

Luíza Erundina, first female mayor of São Paulo;
Pontes de Miranda, jurist;
Teixeira de Freitas, jurist, author of a Brazilian Civil Code .
Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, former Brazilian president
Epitácio Pessoa, former Brazilian president
Floriano Peixoto, former Brazilian president
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, former Brazilian president
José Sarney, former Brazilian president
Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, first president of the Brazilian Republic;
Entertainment

Glauber Rocha, motion picture director, born in Bahia;

Martha Vasconcellos, Miss Universe in 1968
Martha Rocha, Miss Brazil
Adriana Lima, international model
Sports
 Juninho Pernambucano, male footballer, all-time leading scorer fromfree kicks
Marta, female football player, five-time FIFA Women's World Player of the Year
Oscar Schmidt, basketball player; member of theNaismith and FIBA Halls of Fame
Scholars & Educators

Ruy Barbosa, intellectuals;

Anísio Teixeira, educator
Gilberto Freyre, sociologist, author of work about the structure of Brazil's Social Relations, the "Casa Grande &
Senzala", a source of the origins of the intrincate Social & Ethnics in the Country;
Spiritual, Religious & Cultural Figures

Nísia Floresta, pioneer of feminism in Brasil;

Padre Cícero, spiritual leader of the whole Region, widely worshipped inNordeste
Zumbi, a freedom fighter, leader of Brazil's most important Quilombo, the "Quilombo of Palmares";
Virgulino Ferreira da Silva(Lampião), bandit leader of a Cangaço band of marauders and outlaws, who defied the
authorities of Brazilian Northeast in the 1920s and 1930s.

In popular culture
Northeast Brazil and especially Fortaleza are where the espionage hero Cono 7Q grows up in the spy novel Performance
Anomalies,[25] by Victor Robert Lee.[26]

See also
Nordeste (socio-geographic division)

Brazil socio-geographic division

Zero Hunger: Political Culture and Antipoverty Policy in Northeast Brazil

Notes
1. AJU Santa Maria Airport (Sergipe), Aracaju, Sergipe;MCZ Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport, Maceió,
Alagoas; PHB Parnaíba-Prefeito Dr. João Silva Filho International Airport Parnaíba, Piauí;SLZ Marechal Cunha
Machado International Airport, São Luís, Maranhão;NAT Augusto Severo International Airport, Natal, Rio Grande do
Norte; FOR Pinto Martins International Airport, Fortaleza, Ceará;JPA Presidente Castro Pinto International Airport,
João Pessoa, Paraíba,REC Guararapes International Airport, Recife, Pernambuco;SSA Deputado Luís Eduardo
Magalhães International Airport, Salvador
, Bahia
2. by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística(IBGE), an agency of the Brazilian federal administration
3. The 1988 Brazilian Constitution treats the municipalities as parts of the Federation and not simply dependent
subdivisions of the states.

References
1. Garmany, Jeff (2011). "Situating Fortaleza: Urban space and uneven development in northeastern Brazil". Cities.
Elsevier. 28 (1): 45–52. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2010.08.004(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cities.2010.08.004)
.
2. Ranking das maiores regiões metropolitanas do Brasil(http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2010/12/confira-o-ranking-d
as-maiores-regioes-metropolitanas.html)
3. Paulo Gil Soares, in Vida, paix~ao e mortes de Corisco, o Diabo Louro
4. Produto Interno Bruto - PIB e participação das Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - 2014
(http://saladeimpr
ensa.ibge.gov.br/noticias?view=noticia&id=1&busca=1&idnoticia=3315)
5. "Brazil: Metropolitan Areas"(http://www.citypopulation.de/php/brazil-metro.php). citypopulation.de. Retrieved
1 February 2015.
 6. Ceará retoma o posto de 4º maior produtor têxtil nacional | Profissão Moda. O seu portal de moda
(http://www.profis
saomoda.com.br/materia/3186/ceara_retoma_o_posto_de_4_maior_produtor_textil_nacional.html) Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20110822162941/http://www .profissaomoda.com.br/materia/3186/ceara_retoma_o_posto_de_
4_maior_produtor_textil_nacional.html)2011-08-22 at the Wayback Machine.
7. http://www.infoescola.com/geografia/industria-da-seca/
8. Exploring Brazil's Northeast(http://gosouthamerica.about.com/cs/southamerica/a/BraNEastXplr1.htm)
9. ImoveisNordeste.com (http://www.brazilnortheast.com/nordeste.php)
10. Polo Industrial de Camaçari(http://www.coficpolo.com.br/2009/interna.php?cod=39&pagina=2) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20160312185213/http://www .coficpolo.com.br/2009/interna.php?cod=39&pagina=2)2016-03-12
at the Wayback Machine.
11. REDAÇÃO. "Portos e Navios - Cresce a movimentação de grãos no Centro-Norte; VLI já movimentou mais de cinco
milhões de toneladas este ano"(https://www.portosenavios.com.br/noticias/navegacao-e-marinha/41609-cresce-a-m
ovimentacao-de-graos-no-centro-norte-vli-ja-movimentou-mais-de-cinco-milhoes-de-toneladas-este-ano)
(in
Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-05-06.
12. "Maranhão é pioneiro na exploração de gás natural | O Imparcial"(https://oimparcial.com.br/noticias/2017/06/maran
hao-e-pioneiro-na-exploracao-de-gas-natural/)
. O Imparcial (in Portuguese). 2017-06-06. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
13. Energia, Agência de Notícias Ambiente."Energia eólica é responsável por 50% do abastecimento do Nordeste"
(htt
ps://www.ambienteenergia.com.br/index.php/2017/08/energia-eolica-e-responsavel-por-50-abastecimento-nordeste/
32444). Ambiente Energia (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-05-06.
14. "Conheça os maiores parques solares do Brasil - Sharenergy"(http://sharenergy.com.br/conheca-os-maiores-parqu
es-solares-do-brasil/). Sharenergy (in Portuguese). 2017-12-20. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
15. "Meta-analysis of Brazilian genetic admixture and comparison with other Latin America countries".
American Journal
of Human Biology. 27 (5): 674–680. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22714 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajhb.22714).
16. http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?
uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0075145&representation=PDF
17. Lins, T. C.; Vieira, R. G.; Abreu, B. S.; Grattapaglia, D.; Pereira, R. W
. (March–April 2009). "Genetic composition of
Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs". American Journal of
Human Biology. 22 (2): 187–192. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20976 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajhb.20976). PMID 19639555
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19639555).
18. Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy
,
Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre iana; V Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho;
Moraes, Manoel Odorico; de Moraes, Maria Elisabete Amaral; de Moraes, Milene Raiol; Ojopi, Élida B.; Perini,
Jamila A.; Racciopi, Clarice; Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Ândrea Kely Campos; Rios-Santos, Fabrício; Romano-Silva, Marco
A.; Sortica, Vinicius A.; Suarez-Kurtz, Guilherme (2011). Harpending, Henry, ed. "The Genomic Ancestry of
Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil is More Uniform Than Expected"(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040205). PLoS ONE. 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...6E7063P(http://adsabs.harvard.e
du/abs/2011PLoSO...6E7063P). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017063(https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.001706
3). PMC 3040205 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040205). PMID 21359226 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/pubmed/21359226).
19. Nossa herança europeia —(http://cienciahoje.uol.com.br/noticias/2011/02/nossa-heranca-europeia/?searchterm=Pe
na) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110927160218/http://cienciahoje.uol.com.br/noticias/2011/02/nossa-her
anca-europeia/?searchterm=Pena)2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine.
20. DNA de brasileiro é 80% europeu, indica estudo(http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u633465.shtml)
21. Forensic Science International: Genetics. Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian
population (inglés) (http://www.alvaro.com.br/pdf/trabalhoCientifico/ARTIGO_BRASIL_LILIAN.pdf)Archived (https://
www.webcitation.org/5xmleMZgv?url=http://www.alvaro.com.br/pdf/trabalhoCientifico/ARTIGO_BRASIL_LILIAN.pdf)
2011-04-08 at WebCite basandos en estudios del IBGE de 2008. Se presentaron muestras de 12.886 individuos de
distintas etnias, por regiones, provenían en un 8,26% del Norte, 23,86% del Nordeste, 4,79% del Centro-Oeste,
10,32% del Sudeste y 52,77% del Sur.
22. the impact of migrations in the constitution of Latin American populations
(http://repositorio.unb.br/bitstream/10482/5
542/1/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf)
23. BVGF - A Obra / OpЩsculos(http://prossiga.bvgf.fgf.org.br/portugues/obra/opusculos/brasileiro_nacional.html)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20020423215610/http://prossiga.bvgf.fgf.org.br/portugues/obra/opusculos/bra
sileiro_nacional.html) 2002-04-23 at the Wayback Machine.
24. http://www.bibliotecadigital.ufmg.br/dspace/bitstream/1843/BUOS-
8FMH5A/1/entre_fanaticos_e_her_is___gabriel_braga.pdf
25. Lee, Victor Robert (2012-08-29).Performance Anomalies(https://www.amazon.com/Performance-Anomalies-Victor-
Robert-Lee/dp/1938409213). Mercury Frontline LLC.ISBN 9781938409219.
26. Diplomat, James Pach, The."Interview: Victor Robert Lee" (http://thediplomat.com/2015/11/interview-victor-robert-le
e/). The Diplomat. Retrieved 2017-06-08.

External links
Brazilian Tourism Portal
Photos of the Northeast Region of Brazil
discover Bahia in your language with expats

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Region,_Brazil&oldid=870056758

"

This page was last edited on 22 November 2018, at 03:00(UTC).

Text is available under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of theWikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.