Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By
Otive Igbuzor, PhD
ActionAid International Nigeria
Plot 590 Cadastral Zone,
Central Business Area, Abuja, Nigeria.
Tel: 09/2348480 & 3
E-mail: Otive.Igbuzor@actionaid.org
otiveigbuzor@yahoo.co.uk
However, the reality of the world is that many countries are underdeveloped with
precarious development indices. More than 1.2 billion people or about 20 percent
of world population live survive on less that US $1 per day. Wealth is
concentrated in the hand of a few people. The UNDP in its 1998 report
documented that the three richest people in the world have assets that exceed
the combined Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the 48 least developed
countries. Similarly, the 1000 richest people in the world have personal wealth
greater than 500 million people in the least developed countries.i
Nigeria, which was one of the richest 50 countries in the early 1970s, has
retrogressed to become one of the 25 poorest countries at the threshold of the
twenty first century. It is ironic that Nigeria is the sixth largest exporter of oil and
at the same time host the third largest number of poor people after China and
India. Statistics show that the incidence of poverty using the rate of US $1 per
day increased from 28.1 percent in 1980 to 46.3 percent in 1985 and declined to
42.7 percent in 1992 but increased again to 65.6 percent in 1996. The incidence
increased to 69.2 percent in 1997. The 2004 report by the National Planning
Commission indicates that poverty has decreased to 54.4 percent. Nigeria fares
very poorly in all development indices. The average annual percentage growth of
GDP in Nigeria from 1990 -2000 was 2.4. This is very poor when compared to
Ghana (4.3) and Egypt (4.6). Poverty in Nigeria is in the midst of plenty.
Although there has been steady economic growth in the last few years, there are
doubts whether the benefits are evenly distributed especially to the poor and
excluded. Nigeria is among the 20 countries in the world with the widest gap
between the rich and the poor. The Gini index measures the extent to which the
distribution of income (or in some cases consumption expenditure) among
individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal
distribution. A Gini index of zero represents perfect equality while an index of
100 implies perfect inequality. Nigeria has one of the highest Gini index in the
world. The Gini index for Nigeria is 50.6. This compares poorly with other
2
countries such as India (37.8), Jamaica (37.9), Mauritania (37.3) and Rwanda
(28.9).
2. THE MDGs
In order to address the problem of poverty and promote sustainable
development, the United Nations Millennium Declaration was adopted in
September 2000 at the largest ever gathering of heads of heads of States
committing countries both rich and poor to do all they can to eradicate poverty,
promote human dignity and equality and achieve peace, democracy and
environmental stability. The goals include those dedicated to eradicating poverty,
achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and
empowering women, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health,
combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensuring environmental
sustainability and developing a global partnership for development.
The eight main targets, using 1990 as a baseline, are:
3
developing states, which have greater difficulty competing in the global
economy.
It is important to point out that there are limitations of utilizing the MDGs as a
framework for delivering or measuring development.ii First, they risk simplifying
what development is about, by restricting the goals to what is measurable. Many
aspects of development cannot be easily measured. Secondly, some of the goals
are very modest e.g. the goal to half the proportion of people living on less than
$1 a day by 2015 and the target to achieve a significant improvement in the lives
of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020. Finally, some of the targets do not
address the problems holistically. For instance, the MDG on education talks only
of a full course of primary schooling with no reference to secondary and tertiary
education.
The Nigeria Millennium Development Goals 2005 report is the second in the
series of annual reports on the MDGs in Nigeria. The report which addressed the
eight MDGs highlights the current status and trends of each of the MDGs, the
challenges and opportunities in attaining the goal, the promising initiatives that
are creating a supportive environment and priorities for development assistance.
The report concluded that:
There is high potential to attain some of the Millennium Development
Targets namely,
4
• Achieving universal primary education
• Ensuring environmental stability
• Developing a global partnership for development
Given the current policy environment and strong political will, there is also
the likelihood of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger.
However, based on available information, there is the need for sustained
efforts to ensure that the country meets the following goals by year 2015:
The details of the situation in Nigeria as captured in the 2005 MDG report with
regard to each of the goals is shown below:
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
(2015 target Halve proportion of people living on less than $1 a day, and
those suffering hunger): The current rate of reduction in poverty is too slow to
meet the targets set for 2015. if the current rate of poverty reduction is
maintained, poverty incidence would reduce to 43 percent as opposed to 21.4
percent by 2015.
2. Achieve Universal Basic Education
(2015 target Achieve universal primary completion): The efficiency of
primary education has improved over the years, as the primary six completion
rate increased steadily from 65 percent in 1998 to 83 percent in 2001. It
however declined in 2002 only to shoot up to 94 percent in 2003.
Literacy level in the country has steadily and gradually deteriorated,
especially within the 15 -24 years group. By 1999, the overall literacy rate had
declined to 64.1 percent from 71.9 percent in 1991. The trend was in the
same direction for male and female members of the 15-24 years age bracket.
Among the male, the rate declined from 81.35 percent in 1991 to 69.8 percent
in 1999. The decline among the female was from 62.49 percent to 59.3
percent during the same period.
3. Promote Gender equality
(2005/2015 target Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary
education enrolment by 2005, and achieve equity at all levels by 2015): At the
5
primary school level, enrolment has been consistently higher for boys (56
percent) than for girls (44 percent).
4. Reduce Child Mortality
(2015 target Reduce by two thirds the child mortality rate): Infant mortality
rate was 91 per 1000 live births in 1990 which later declined to 75 in 1999 but
became worse in 2003. It rose to 100 per 1000 live births in 2003.
5. Improve maternal health
(2015 target Reduce by three quarters the proportion of women dying in
childbirth): The 1999 multiple indicator cluster survey reported a maternal
mortality rate of 704 per 100,000 live births. The maternal mortality is more
than twice as high in the rural areas. The report did not give comparative
statistics.
6. Combat AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases
(2015 target Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of HIV-AIDS,
malaria and other major diseases): Since the identification of the first
HIV/AIDS case in mid 1980s, the HIV prevalence rate has continually been on
the increase from 1.8 to 5.8 percent in the period between 1991 and 2001. In
2003, the rate decreased to 5.0 percent and in 2005, it decreased to 4.4
percent.
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
(Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and
programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources
2015 target reduce by half the proportion of people without access to
clean drinking water and basic sanitation
By 2020 achieve a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million
slum dwellers): The country is endowed with abundant environmental
resources. However, high population growth rate and increasing demand for
these resources threaten environmental sustainability. The environmental
situation is challenged by myriad of problems, which impact negatively on the
utilization of the resources for development and poverty alleviation.
8. Develop a Global Partnership for Development
(Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and
programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources
2015 target reduce by half the proportion of people without access to
clean drinking water and basic sanitation
By 2020 achieve a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million
slum dwellers): The level of Official Development Assistance is increasing
but still very low. The problem of market access for products of developing
countries including Nigeria still persists.
A review of the Nigeria Millennium Development Goals 2005 report will reveal a
number of problems. We shall focus on only three of them. First, there is the
challenge of accurate, reliable, credible and believable statistics. The draft
of the first Nigeria MDG progress report prepared by NISER stated that at the
primary school level “by 2002, the gender ratio was 1:04 in favour of girls’ vi. This
was seriously criticized by CSOs as not reflecting reality. When the final report
6
came out, it stated that “at the primary school level, the gender ratio increased
from 0.76 in 1990 to 0.78 in 1995 and 0.96 in 2000”vii The statistics had changed.
In the past two and a half decade, statistics in Nigeria have always indicated
increasing levels of poverty over the past two and a half decades from 28.1% in
1980 to 65.6% in 1996 (MDG Report ,2004). In the early 2000s, there were many
estimates that poverty rate was above 70%. But President Obasanjo has always
insisted without any study that the poverty level was much lower. Expectedly,
when the NPC conducted a survey in 2004, the poverty level was put at 54.4%.
Before this report was released the 2004 MDG report stated that “it is unlikely
that the country will be able to meet most of the goals by 2015 especially the
goals related to eradicating extreme poverty and hunger”. After the release of the
report, the 2005 MDG report stated that “given the current policy environment
and strong political will, there is also the likelihood of eradicating extreme poverty
and hunger’ p.viii.
7
Promoting inclusive decentralization and community development
Promoting gender equity
Tracking social barriers
3. Enhancing Security
Formulating a modular approach to helping poor people manage
risk
Developing national programs to prevent, prepare for, and respond
to macro shocks-financial and natural
Designing national systems of social risk management that are also
pro-growth
Addressing civil conflict
Tackling the HIV/AIDS Epidemic
8
levels alternative economic policies that allow for much higher long-term public
investments in health, education and development.
One good initiative in Nigeria designed to meet the MDGs is the Oversight of
Public Expenditure in Nigeria (OPEN) set up to monitor the Debt Relief
Gain(DRG). Two issues make this initiative unique. The first is the leadership of
the process which has been participatory, open, transparent and all inclusive with
participation of private sector and civil society. The second and perhaps most
important is that systems have been put in place to track resources. This is
perhaps the model that should become the norm in every ministry, department
and agency at all levels of government.
9
As President Obasanjo said, “We must not continue to stress the pursuit
of a high growth rate in statistical terms and fail to reduce the social and
economic deprivation of a substantial number and group of our people.
We must not absolutely pursue wealth and growth at the expense of inner
well being, joy, satisfaction, fulfillment and contentment of human
beings.”xiv
• Structural Change: To achieve the MDGs in Nigeria, there is the need to
change the structure of the economy in such a way that the economy is
not dependent on only one product but diversified economy and
expanding the industrial sector.
• Distributive Equity: Deliberate efforts and policies must be put in place to
redistribute income. The MDGs will be meet if the poor and excluded in
society are empowered to meet their basic needs.
• Social and cultural Re-orientation: There is the need for social and cultural
re-orientation to meet some of the goals. For instance, the goals on
women and girls require a new kind of mindset to achieve them.
• Political Transformation: The political system and the way it engenders
commitment, participation and patriotism by the people contributes
immensely to national cohesion, peace and stability and development.
• Human Development: Development implies the fulfillment of basic human
needs including those for education and health.
• Urban Development: The growth of urbanization is definitely increasing
and there will probably be more people in urban areas than rural areas by
2015. There must be urban development process that is inclusive and not
based on dislocation of slum dwellers without alternatives.
• Employment: Employment is the surest way of achieving the MDGs
because individuals will receive income and will contribute to the
economy.
• Transformation of Power Relations: Whenever power is concentrated in
the hands of a few, they will utilise such powers to accumulate wealth. To
achieve the MDGs will require transformation of power relations and
challenge of patriarchy.
• Partnership with development partners: It has been documented that in
order to make adequate progress towards achieving the MDGs, Nigeria
will require additional external financing averaging about US $6.4 billion
annually between 2005 and 2008.xv Even if the resources in the country
are used effectively there will still be challenges in meeting the MDGs.
Meanwhile, Nigeria is seriously underaided. Nigeria receives only US $2
per capita in ODA compared to the average for Africa of US $28 per
capita. In addition, meeting the MDGs will require partnership between
government, the public sector and the private sector. In particular, it will
require transformists from the public sector, civil society, media and
private sector to build a critical movement of people advocating for and
implementing change.
CONCLUSION
10
The problem of development is a global challenge and the MDGs is a response
by world leaders. There are limitations to utilizing the MDGs as a framework for
delivering or measuring development. But they provide a platform to engage the
development process. The situation in Nigeria indicates that there are challenges
in meeting the goals by 2015. For Nigeria to meet the goals in 2015, there is the
need to formulate and implement policies that will promote transparency and
accountability; overcome institutional constraints; promote pro-poor growth; bring
about structural change; enhance distributive equity; engender social and cultural
re-orientation; engineer political transformation; promote human development;
practice inclusive urban development; generate employment and transform
power relations.
ENDNOTES
11
i
Shetty, Salil (2005), Millenium Declaration and Development Goals: Opportunities for Human Rights in International
Journal on Human Rights, Year 2, Number 2.
ii
Abani, C., Igbuzor, O. and Moru, J. ( 2005), Attaining the Millenium Development Goals in Nigeria: Indicative Progress
and a Call for Action. In Moru, J. (Ed), Another Nigeria is Possible: Proceedings of the First Nigeria Social Forum.
Abuja, Nigeria Social Forum.
iii
Millenium Development Goals Report 2004 p. iv
iv
Ibid p. v
v
Nigeria Millenium Development Goals 2005 Report.
vi
Millenium Development Goals 2004 Draft Report p.26
vii
Ibid p.23
viii
Nigeria Interim PRSP November, 2001
ix
World Bank (2001), World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty. N.Y., Oxford University Press Inc.
x
UNDP (2003), Human Development Report 2003-Millenium Development Goals: A Compact among Nations to end
Human Poverty. New York, Oxford University Press
xi
ActionAid International (2005), Changing Course: Alternative approaches to Achieve the Millenium Development
Goals and Fight HIV/AIDS
xii
National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) (2004). Abuja, National Planning Commission.
xiii
Kambhampati, U. S. (2004), Development and the Developing World. USA, Blackwell Publishing Inc.
xiv
Olusegun Obasnjo (2003) Quoted in NEEDS
xv
Country Partnership Strategy (2005). World Bank Group and Department for International Development (UK)