Vocs From 169 Writing Samples

1- As computers are being used more and more in education, there will be soon no role for
teachers in the classroom. (Education)

Presence of teacher
- The presence of teacher is essential for students because the human contact influences
them in positive ways.
Ease sth (v)- ease(n)easiness(n)=/unease(n)-easy(adj)=/uneasy(adj)-easily(adv)

- Computers have eased both teaching and learning
Started to fade
- Some people believe the role of teachers started to fade because computers have been
helping some students to progress in their studies quicker than when compared whit an
original classroom.
Acquisition of sth (n)-acquire (v)-capture (v)-def: the process of getting sth.

- The acquisition of huge amounts of data has helped our research enormously.
- As computers are becoming a common tool for reaching, teacher should be more aware
of their role as guides in the acquisition of knowledge.
The human interaction

- No matter how complex computers become, there will be no replacement for the
human interaction.
Meet someone’s expectations-def: be as good as expected

- In schools, Computers play an important roles to meet students’ expectations.
Building social relationship

- Being in the class has beneficial advantages for students. Indeed building social
relationship with other learners creates positive impact on students learning capability.
The advent of sth-def: the introduction of new technology

- The advent of internet resulted in a wide range of educational sources.
Some useful structures

- Communication equipment - Satisfy human curiosity
- Special networking websites - Artificial intelligence
- Automation - Distance learning
- Become widely available - Grasping of new knowledge
2- In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between
finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.
University
Attend university- joining the University- starting their tertiary education- have a break for
one year
Advantages
Develop communication- attain maturity- develop professional attitude- survive in real
world on his own basis any place- prior travel and work experience- understand the
working pressure- complete the task in schedule- be exposed to diverse cultures
Disadvantages
Incline towards bad habits such as smoking, alcohol consumption, drug addiction and so
on- affect their financial status affect their financial status- they might continue doing the
same job and never join university back so that country will lose its scholars
3- Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all
students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students.
(education)
Improve their knowledge

- People learn through their entire lives. They constantly improve their knowledge and
develop.
Self-Perfection
- I think that a college or university education should be available to all students because
every person has the right to choose the way to self-perfection.
Gain new experience

- First of all, every person should have the chance to get a higher degree, gain new
knowledge and experience.
Great personality to learn
- Some young people do not do well at school but they have great personality and ability
to learn.
Discrimination against
- It is a discrimination against students to make available higher education only for good
ones.
Learn something by heart

- This belief was passed down through the ages, they need to learn things by heart if they
intend to enter to university.
Some useful structure
- Higher grades - Meet someone’s expectations
- Academic qualification - Academic attainment
- Ignorance - Distance learning
5- With the pressures on today’s young people to succeed academically, some people believe
that non-academic subjects at school (eg: physical education and cookery) should be
removed from the syllabus so that children can concentrate wholly on academic subjects. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
EDUCATION
5
Non-academic subjects
- Some people believe that non-academic subjects at school
Academic subjects
- Children can concentrate wholly on academic subjects.
Wide variety of subjects

- In traditional curriculum there is a wide variety of subjects with a mix of academic and nonacademic
subjects.
Obese and unfit generation

- We will be raising an obese and unfit generation.
Today‛s syllabuses
- Non-academic subjects are important inclusions still in today‛s syllabuses.

Physical education Only expose the students to academic subjects
Vocationally based education
6. In many countries, sports and exercise classes are replaced with the academic subjects.
Discuss the effects of this trend. (Education)
Fast-changing
Information-based society
Over the past few decades, academic subjects have become increasingly important in this fast-
changing information-based society.
growing debate
Nowadays, there has been a growing debate as to whether it would be more effective to
replace physical education classes with
academic subjects
to build character
develop personality
First of all, sports are a good way to build character and
develop personality
Sportsmanship: fair play, respect for opponents, and polite behavior by someone who is
competing in a sport or other competition
there are necessary for learning about competition, cooperation, and good sportsmanship
Overweight or obese
A growing number of children are becoming overweight or obese due to a lack of exercise
School foster
Deprive student
Foster: to help a skill, feeling, idea etc develop over a period of time
So, if schools foster an environment that deprives students of getting a proper physical
education, it will have a long-term negative effect on children both mentally and physically.
devoting more time and energy to
long run:
happening or presented over a long period of time or having a longcourse of performances
people should not ignore the fact that devoting more time and energy to
academic subjects will benefit students more in the long run
11. People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career
preparation, and increased knowledge). Why do you think people attend college or university?
to prepare for a career, Career preparation

- I believe that the three most common reasons are to prepare for a career, to have new
experiences, and to increase their knowledge of themselves and of the world around them.
increase s.b’s opportunities,

- At college, students can learn new skills for these careers and increase their opportunities for
the future.
to live on their own

- They can learn to live on their own and take care of themselves without having their family
always nearby.
12. Nowadays, education overseas has become more accessible and growing numbers of people send their
offspring to study in other countries. However, this trend has its detractors. I strongly believe that the pros
far outweigh the cons, and will examine both below. (EDUCATION)
*Overseas: abroad / in a foreign country * offspring:child * trend: tendency
learn to be independent
- One of the greatest advantages is that the children learn to be independent. Having to cook,
clean, and pay bills instills this in them.
Impress upon: continue / persist

- Often they have to work part-time to make ends meet, and this impresses upon them the
importance of work and money management.
Exposed to different cultures and ways of thinking
- children will be exposed to different cultures and ways of thinking
More open-minded and tolerant and adaptable individuals

- They will become more open-minded and tolerant and are likely to become more adaptable
individuals
Enhances their employment prospects

- One of the main motives for sending young people abroad to study is that it enhances their
employment prospects.
lead to fluency in a second language

- living in a foreign country may lead to fluency in a second language
few drawbacks: (disadvantage)

- without parental supervision, the new found freedom children experience may lead to harmful
practices such as drug-taking and drinking.
- Reluctance or inability to reintegrate into their mother country is another.
Advantages of studying abroad for children are more numerous than the disadvantages.
Collocations for education:

higher education further education
adult education local education authorities
department of education sex education
community education secondary education
education act continue education
education and science education and training
education system health education
teacher education board of education
national education education project
education staff level of education
education committee physical education
Academic life:
Academic Undergraduate
Graduate Tutor
professor Lecture
Seminar Debate
Attend sth : go to sth/present at sth Take note
Read widely Write a thesis
Do research Continuous assessment: a way of judging
students by looking at the work they do
Away from home Opportunity
Hall of residence:a building where students live Homesick
Mange sth Fees
Loan Scholarship
Revision: the process of studying sth again to
prepare for an exam.
Further education:
1-After school
Stayed on Applied
Get in Do
Left Results
Entry Course
Degree Prospect
Diploma
2-Expenses
Part-time Fees
Loan Grant
Accommodation
3-A student’s week
Reading Presentation
Lectures Term
Handout Options
4-Graduation
Finals Revising
Paper Deadline
Dissertation: ‫رساله‬
13- It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contained in books.” Compare and
contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books.
In your opinion, which source is more important? Why? (Education)
Come from our own experience
- We can learn a lot of important things from books, but the most important lessons in
life come from our own experience.
Humankind’s evolution
- I believe that life experience and practice are the basic reasons of the humankind’s
evolution.
Passed from generation to generation

- This knowledge is accumulate in books that are passed from generation to generation.
Broaden(v)- to become wider, or to cause something to become wider

- Whenever someone read books, it helps the readers to broaden their power of
imagination, to introduce them new ideas.
Unparalleled sources of sth.

- Both are excellent source of knowledge and unparalleled sources of great wisdom.
firsthand knowledge
- Books provide us theoretical knowledge while our experiences give us firsthand
knowledge.
deeply understanding
- Practical lessons help us to have more deeply understanding, while theory learned from
books will be forgotten far easier.
Authentic(adj)- If something is authentic, it is real, true, or what people say it is

- To start with, experience is a stunning tool with which we can judge the knowledge
gained from books is authentic or not.

- Experience is the best teacher - Accumulate
- assists us -
11- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should read only those
books that are about real events, real people, and established facts. Use specific reasons
and details to support your opinion.
Kind of books
Fiction (based on writer’s imagination) and non-fiction (based on facts, and reality) -
Fiction books are interesting and non-fiction books increase our knowledge about various
subjects
Feelings & Benefits

Takes people to the imaginative dream world- relax mind- we could imagine that in our
mind, as it is happening live- read by everyone to keep themselves updated- help to
increase our general knowledge- enhances our knowledge- entertain us- gain knowledge in
different fields- helps us to improve our quality of life- reading fiction related books are
equally important
For children
Reading fairy tales stories used to amaze them with colorful and magical world- helps to
increase vocabulary- improves concentration by reading- more excited and encouraged to
read more books- improve their reading and creative ability
1- Going overseas for university study is an exciting prospect for many people. But while it
may offer some advantages, it is probably better to stay home because of the difficulties a
student inevitably encounters living and studying in a different culture. (education)
Painful experience
- There is no doubt that going to study in a foreign country, with its different language
and culture, can be a frustrating and sometimes painful experience.
Open themselves up to s.th

- Indeed, people who go abroad for study open themselves up to experiences that those
who stay at home will never have.
Real-life use
- The most obvious advantage to overseas university study is real-life use of a different
language.
Second language skills
- There is no better opportunity to improve second-language skills than living in the
country in which it is spoken.
Overseas contacts
- This is not only exciting on a social level, but could lead to important overseas contacts
in later professional life.
Different prospective
- Living and studying abroad offers one a new and different perspective of the world
and, perhaps most important, of one's own country.
- Job applicant - Tackle new challenges
- Host society - Improve character
- Living isolated - Psychological health problem
11- Does a university education lead to success in life?

EDUCATION
11
Dependent on a university education

- It looks at which types of success are dependent on a university education.
Fulfilling career
- Many magazines and television programs tell us that success means having a lot of money, having a
fulfilling career, and being powerful.
Spiritual organizations
- In contrast, most religious and spiritual organizations claim that success means finding spiritual
happiness and being at peace with God and with yourself.

Lead to success
11. Education: Losing its Value (Education)
Paper Chace: An attempt to do something that involves reading and writing a lot of documents
and that takes a long time
Thousands of colleges and millions of students spend vast amounts of time and money chasing
pieces of paper.
have an interest in
Supporters of education (usually teachers or educators, or those who have an interest in

stopping people thinking for themselves) say that increased levels of education will open doors
for students.
Stand Back: to not let yourself be influenced by your feelings about a situation so that you
can think about it more clearly.
However, the truly powerful are not those who have taken degrees, but people who have stood
back and looked at what is really important in life.
Be Found in: if something is found in a particular place, it lives, grows, or exists there
These people are found in every part of society.
look into something: to try to discover the facts about something such as a problem or a
crime
The greatest religious teachers do not have letters after their name, but
have looked into their hearts for meaning.
Illusion: a false or wrong belief or idea
Students in college are being sold an illusion.

a square peg in a round hole: someone or something
that does not suit the position or situation that they are in
Instead of thinking for themselves, and finding their own personality and strengths,
they are fitted like square pegs into round holes.
for the sake of: for the benefit or good of someone or something
We need to examine our emphasis on education for the sake of a piece of paper, and to learn
the real meaning and revolutionary challenge of knowledge.
21. Scientists and the news media are presenting ever more evidence of climate change. Governmnets
cannot be expected to solve this problem. It is the responsibility of individuals to change their lifestyle to
prevent further damage. What are your views? (THE ENVIRONMENT & NATURAL SOURCE)
main cause for climate change: greenhouse gas emissions

industry accounts for a large proportion should controlled by government action
- industry accounts for a large proportion of the greenhouse gas emissions, and this can only be
controlled by government action.
Discourage pollution
-Discourage pollution, such as limiting or taxing the use of fossil fuels.
Discussion between governments can ensure that solutions are successful.
Change lifestyle:
- people could think more carefully about how they use energy in their homes.
- By using less electricity, installing energy-efficient light bulbs and electrical appliances, or
investing in solar panels, individuals can make a real difference.
Individual attitudes to transport need to change:

- Instead of making short tips by car, people could choose to walk, cycle, or take a bus. Since
cars are a major source of the problem, changing our behaviour in this area would have a
major impact.
Collocations for the environment & natural source:

safe environment development environment
economic environment global environmental
global temperatures global climate
Some vocabulary:
Biodegradable: ‫تجزیه پذیر‬ Deforestation :‫جنگل زدایی‬
Desertification :‫کویر زدایی‬ Endangered species
energy conservation Extinction :‫انقراض‬
greenhouse effect oil slick
ozone layer recycle waste
burning fossil fuels Emission
Exhaust fumes Toxic waste
Pesticide :‫افت کش‬
Global warming:
Floods Radiation :‫تششع‬
Ice cap
Environmental problem
Natural habitats In danger of extinction
Long-term Natural resources
Way of life Indigenous people
Future generations Heavily polluted
Cloud of pollution Uninhabitable
Air qualify
Global Problem
Rising sea levels Greenhouse gases
Disturbing the ecological balance Fish stocks
Tackle pollution Exhaust fumes
Fossil fuels Irreparable damage
Depleted the ozone layer Green politics
Crops fail Devastating famines
Natural disaster
25- Many parts of the world are losing important natural resources, such as forests, animal, or
clean water.
Choose on resource that is disappearing and explain why it needs to be saved. Use
specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. (Environment)
Irreplaceable resources
- As a result of this many parts of the world are losing essential and sometimes
irreplaceable resources.
Preserve(v)-to conserve
- The reason why I think that animals should be preserved is that all living creatures on
this planet are connected with each other.
Human’s overpopulation-overpopulated(adj)
- The first problem we should find a solution for human’s overpopulation.
- Overpopulation is one of the country's most pressing social problems.
Deplete(v)- to reduce something in size or amount, especially supplies of energy, money, etc.
- The illness depletes the body of important vitamins.
- If we continue to deplete the Earth's natural resources, we will cause serious damage to
the environment.
emitting waste materials

- Industries are emitting waste materials directly in to the seawater and polluting the sea
water drastically.
get extinct
- The rivers and seas are polluted, various species of animals get extinct, and the forests
have got terrible damage by the human's doings.
generating Oxygen-absorbing Carbon dioxide

- In fact, the trees and plants with generating Oxygen and absorbing Carbon dioxide act
as the breath lungs for the city.
Use sth wastefully

- Electricity is often used wastefully.

- ecosystem - whole food chain
- hazardous diseases - water shortage
- adverse effect - pollution reduction
- endangered species - global warming
- greenhouse effect - soil erosion
- desertification - pesticide
- industrial waste - natural disaster
- solar energy - wind energy
22- The rising levels of congestion and air pollution found in most of the world's cities can be
attributed directly to the rapidly increasing number of private cars in use. In order to
reverse this decline in the quality of life in cities, attempts must be made to encourage
people to use their cars less and public transport more. Discuss possible ways to encourage
the use of public transport.
Facts
Economies grow and access to cars spreads to increasing numbers of people- public
transport in urban areas
Solutions
Make private car use more expensive and inconvenient- high-priced permits for parking in
urban areas- commuters would perhaps be more willing to abandon their cars in favor of
buses or trains

The volume of traffic- traffic density- traffic jam- pollution reduction- car emissions/ car
emission control- solar energy
3- The earth is being filled with waste material such as plastic bags and other rubbish.
(The environment & natural source)
Industrial wastes and household garbage

- The increasing amount of industrial wastes and household garbage has become a major
problem in many countries.
Shortage of space for landfill

- Two of the most critical causes of this waste material problem are the increased
consumption and a shortage of space for landfill.
Materialistic and mass-consumption society

- In other words, we have turned into a materialistic and mass-consumption society
where we use more and throw away more than ever before.
Waste disposal raises

- In fact, securing land for waste disposal raises controversies in many countries.
Biodegradable packaging
- The government can encourage companies to use biodegradable packaging or use
recycled material.
Enforce stricter laws on s.th

- The government can enforce stricter laws on companies to avoid use of plastic bags.
Well-preserved environment
- I hope that in the future our offspring will be better off with the well-preserved
environment.

- Recyclable materials - Satisfy human curiosity
- Incinerating wastes-incinerator - Deal with rubbish
- Dispose of wastes - Sort waste
- Consumerism - Disposable goods
22- Some say that the internet is making the world smaller by bringing people together. To what
extent do to you agree that the internet is making it easier for people to communicate with one
another.
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
22
Be coauthored
- Articles can be coauthored, business deals can be finalized, degrees can be earned and at times even
medical advice can be given and all of this is just a click away.
Make the presence

- All these gadgets and programs make the presence of the other the person more real.
Channels patent
- You will get to keep the channels patent with your friends.
Major source of harassment

- The internet can also be a major source of harassment. Spammers and hackers can invade your privacy
and get personal/confidential information, which otherwise they will never get access to.
Conscious decision
- You are never out of anybody’s reach, unless you make a conscious decision of not checking your email.
Stress-free vacation
Workaholic
- If you were a workaholic, you might never experience that stress-free vacation ever again in your life
Simply.
Snail mail
- I will always look forward to getting an occasional letter in the snail mail.
Slants in his/her handwriting

- I can sense the mood of the writer by the slants in his/her Handwriting.
Shortcoming
- I can certainly tolerate its shortcomings any day, as long as it keeps me close to my loved ones.

Global village Instant messages
Out of reach
33. Internet when used as a source of information, has more drawbacks than advantages. To what
extent do you agree with this statement? (Technology and Media)
Drawback of/to: a feature of something that makes it less useful than it could be
reiterate : to repeat something in order to emphasize it or make it very clear topeople
RETRIEVAL : COMPUTING the process of getting back information stored inside a

computer in order to use it again
World wide web

Computer networks
Electronic mail
Peer-to-peer
File sharing
Commercialization
Video streaming websites
Social networking
Online shopping
35- With the increasing popularity of computers and calculators, student literacy is decreasing
dramatically. What are the positive and negative effects the progress of science and technology
has brought about?
brought many benefits for mankind:
- They have made our lives more comfortable and healthier.
- They have eased the burden of work for most people and provided them with more leisure
opportunities.
- At the same time increasing productivity dramatically.
technology has some negative side-effects:

- with computers which check spelling, grammar and calculation for them, students have little
incentive to learn how to do these things for themselves.(be less passionate about s.th)
- the availability of TV programs and videos encourages an unhealthy, sedentary lifestyle.( involving
little exercise)
Technology may be good or bad, depending on how we use it.
To eliminate s.th: (to remove or take away s.th) / to encourage s.th

- What we must do is to make sure that the positive ones are encouraged and the negative ones are
eliminated as far as possible.
take s.th for granted (idiom)

- Our environments are all so full of technology to the point that most of the time we take it for granted
and never actually notice the level of impact that it has on us until when we have no telephone,
transport, water or electricity.
have/has an impact on s.th

Technology also has a great impact on all the fundamental aspects of all our cultures including laws
and how they are enforced, language, art, health care, mobility, education and religion. (improve)
To become more efficient

-Technology has greatly helped us to become more efficient thus increasing our productivity.
To save on s.th
-It has also helped us a great deal to be able to save on many resources such as time and money and
these are great benefits that cannot be ignored.
bringing unity into the world

- It has also worked well in bringing unity into the world by turning it into a global village.
To overcome s.th: (to deal with s.th)

-It has in turn helped people to more easily overcome their cultural, racial and continental barriers.
32. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of three of the following as media for communicating
information. State which you consider to be the most effective. (THE MEDIA)
communicate information
- We always communicate information through the media, such as television, radio, film, These
media have different advantages and disadvantages for us.
Advantage of reading book:

- Bring us different knowledge
- Find it easily, such as bookstore, library.
- We can also learn a lot of words from books. And it can improve our reading and writing skills.
Disadvantages of books:
- Books always are not attractive for children or youngster. It is because books are quite boring.
- A lot of words and less pictures inside the books
Children or youngers imitate their behaviour in television programme.

Collocations for the media:
media item alternative media
Television:
1-Basic vocabulary
Channel Widescreen
Remote control Video
Dish Portable TV
Aerial:‫انتن هوایی‬ DVD recorder
Cable Screen
Subscription
2-Kinds of TV programme
Wildlife documentary Soap opera
Cartoon Comedy
Current affairs Chat show
Costume drama Game show
3-Talking about programmes
Series Interview
Programme Episode
Serial Guests
Repeats Highlights
Collocations for book
Be engrossed / absorbed in a book Compulsive reading
Bedtime reading An easy read
Take out/borrow/return/renew a library book Flick/skim through a book
Beautifully written
31- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Television has destroyed communication among friends and family.
Use specific reasons and example to support your opinion. (Family-technology and
media)
miscommunication problem
- It is reported that television is one of the main reasons for the miscommunication
problem between families, relatives and friends.
Addicted to sth
- Some people are addicted to television and have spent a large portion of their personal
time in front of the television and ignore their main duties as a member of a family or
part of certain communities.
regardless of sth
- Television gathers families together. Nowadays, there are a variety of programs which
are attracted all the members of family, regardless of age or sex.
Allot to/for (v)=allocate to/for

- If you have noticed, in some families, most of the times of the members are allotted
for watching television.
- As project leader, you will have to allocate people jobs/allocate jobs to people.
- The museum is planning to increase the amount of space allotted to modern art.
Free to air
- When television was first broadcast in the 1253s it was free-to-air, so anyone who
had a TV could watch.
Broadcast(v)- to send television or radio signals over the air

- Most television stations didn't broadcast in color until the 1223s.
Be intensively advertised
- The new product is being intensively advertised on TV.
Peak time
- In the UK, prime time(peak time) usually takes place from 2:33 pm until 13pm.
Be unbiased
- Some people argue that it is impossible to find truly unbiased reporting.

- Humankind’s greatest invention - cartoon
- deteriorating eye sight - drama
- Sports program - news
- documentary - cookery
- TV show - Episode-season-serial
- a TV station (n) - censor
- family gathering -
1- Many people believe that television programs are of no value for children.
(Media)
Pervasive effects
- Televisual media has pervasive effects in the lives of families around the world.
profane or disrespectful language

- Television programs that contain profane or disrespectful language also worry parents
with young children.
Insulting utterances to…

- It has become very common for television programs of each and every kind to show
characters expressing impolite, rude, and insulting utterances to one another.
Moral behavior
- Some parents are upset about the moral behavior depicted on television.
Portrayals of violence
- Bearing resemblance to the case of portrayals of violence, children unfortunately often
try to imitate these actions they watch on their television screens.
Lack of morals and ethics

- Parents might despair about the lack of morals and ethics represented in some of the
so-called role models on television.
Go unpunished by...
- Certain characters not only have no remorse for their immoral actions, but also
frequently go unpunished by larger society.

- Use of profane language - Depictions of violence
- Poor moral role models - Violent themes
- Moral and ethical values - So-called role models
11- The mass media, including television, radio and newspapers, have great influence in shaping
people's ideas. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
THE MEDIA
11
Shaping people's ideas

- Television, radio and newspapers, have great influence in shaping people's ideas.
Mold our notions

- We have allowed them to mold our notions and opinions of events, places and people.
Swayed
- We are similarly swayed by coverage of wars.
Bias
- The media, representing the values of their owners, societies and governments, tend to
report wars with a bias.
Spread of culture
- The media are also influential in the way they facilitate the spread of culture and lifestyle.
Enormous sway
- One finds young people around the world displaying a common interest in music,
clothing styles and films, is an example of the media's enormous sway in this regard.

To cast our vote Editors and commentators
The so-called 'global youth culture
24. Advertising is all around us, it is an unavoidable part of everyone?s life. Some people say
that advertising is a positive part of our lives while others say it is negative. Discuss both views
and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples
from your own knowledge or experience. (Media)
Wonder about: to think about something because you want to know more facts or details about it
Many people wonder about advertisement.

run to something : BRITISH to have enough money to buy a particular thing
They will run to buy this advertised product especially if it’s from cosmetic roof
Rape: to someone to have sex, specially by using violence
Which will leads to more offender and raped cases.
psychological point
Consumer
Company
Flyer
Advertiser
Adman
Marketing communication
The Adverts
Commercial
Public service announcement
11. In some countries children have very strict rules of behavior, in other countries they are allowed to do
almost anything they want. To what extent should children have to follow rules? (Children)
to get restrictions upon somebody
- We can see in today’s modernized era nobody likes to get some restrictions upon them,
whether it would be a child or an adult.
To feel themselves under pressure

- Sometimes they feel themselves under pressure, which can be a main reason for their poor
performance in their field.
To draw attention upon something

- If we never draw attention upon the children’s main activities then they may be acquiring bad
company.
To mature into something: to become more developed mentally and emotionally

- Strict rules of behavior create responsible and respectful children who in turn mature into
respectful adults.
get out of hand

- If children do not follow strict rules of behavior, they may get out of hand and become work-
shy and indolent.
To yield: produce something positive such as a profit- to backfire: to have the opposite result
- Forcing children to follow strict rules of behavior doesn’t always yield positive results as
discussed above, most of the time it backfires and works against society.
to do the opposite of what they’re told to

- Teenagers are more likely to do the opposite of what they’re told to do simply because they
want to be independent.
To mould :to make a soft substance have a particular shape

- There should be a few set of rules that tells what children can do and what not to do in order to
mould them as tomorrow’s responsible citizens.
To get attracted- make a lot of impact on s.th- to imitate s.th

- Children are very sensitive and they get attracted easily because what they see or hear makes
a lot of impact on them and they always tries to imitate the same.
To impose s.th: to officially force a rule

- There are also cases where children jump off the buildings assuming they can fly like super-
man or spider-man. So, imposing rules on what they should watch or where they should go is
worth of it.
To take advantage to do s.th

- If the young people are allowed to do anything they want, some may take this as advantage
to do anti-social activities.
14. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific
reasons and examples to support your answer. (CHILDREN)
interests with
- They share their interests with them.
The Emotional Ties Between Parents and Children

- They develop close emotional ties with them.
- Parents can be very important teachers in their children's lives; however, they are not always
the best teachers.
Limit S.O freedom

they may limit a child's freedom in the name of safety. A teacher may organize an educational trip to a
big city, but a parent may think this trip is too dangerous.
afraid of
- A school may want to take the children camping, but a parent may be afraid of the child getting
hurt.
expect sth
- Another problem is that parents sometimes expect their children's interests to be similar to their
own.
pass on S.O values

- Parents want to pass on their values to their children.
- The children of today are growing up in a world different from their parents' world.
keep up with
- parents, especially older ones, can't keep up with rapid social or technological changes.
Through someone's eyes: is a common phrase, meaning "as though a particular person is seeing or
experiencing something"
- Sometimes they can only see their children though the eyes of a protector.
Collocations for children:

older children children aged
provision for children Disaffected youth:yong people who do not accept
society’s value
12- The number of overweight children in developed countries is increasing. Some people
think this is due to problems such as the growing number of fast food outlets. Other
believe that parents are to blame for not looking after their children’s health.
To what extent do you agree with these views? (Society)
Ingredient(n)- a food that is used with other foods in the preparation of a particular dish
- The ingredients used to prepare an item in the fast food outlets are of low quality but
rich in fat contents and other elements which affect a child's health.
instant availability
- Factors behind increasing demands of fast food centers include - low cost, instant
availability, and finally, their distance from workplaces and our home.
Obligate(v)- to force someone to do something

- The social life obliges people to receive large income.
home-cooked food
- Preparing home-cooked food is a good way to make a balanced meal.
spoil my appetite
- Stop talking about the snails, you're spoiling my appetite!
eat a balanced diet

- Children must eat a balanced diet in order to grow healthy.
main meal
- In worth case they choose junk food as a main meal.
nutritious products
- A nutritious breakfast is a great way to start the day, as it gives your body the nutrients
and you get enough energy.

- Unhealthy foods - Fatty foods
- Fried chicken - Junk food
- Medical expert - ready meal
53- In many countries today, the eating habits and lifestyle of children are different from
those of previous generations. Some people say this has had a negative effect on their
health. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Problems and solutions
Is extremely high in fat, salt and sugar- can be damaging to their health- Cars rather than
walk or cycle- encouraging children to return to move traditional ways of eating and
living- children lifestyle also leads to lack of socializing with other people
Kind of foods
Be nutritious- fattening- food supplies- frozen foods- canned foods/ TV dinner- an
unhealthy diet- carbonated drinks-
5- In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard
this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important
for learning and taking responsibility. (children)
Financial assurance
- Nowadays, many children involved in different types of jobs to have some kind of
financial assurance for themselves.
Effective method of learning

- Defenders of child work argues that it is an effective method of learning.
Real life working environment

- The point is children should be able to apply knowledge taught to them in a real life
working environment.
Occupied with the benefits

- They may become so occupied with the benefits ahead of them like small salary and
leave school.
Build responsibility
- Supporters said that it helps them to build responsibility in the family.
Compassionate view
- It is difficult to earn money and therefore have a compassionate view with their
parents.
- Future career - Able to apply knowledge
- Work undertaken - Arduous and repetitive tasks
- Full-time jobs, part-time jobs - Economic circumstances
- Physically exhausting work - Child-friendly facilities
53- Some people think that a sense of competition in children should be encouraged. Others
believe that children who are taugh to co-operate rather than compete become more
useful adults. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
CHILDREN
53
Sense of competition
- Some people think that a sense of competition in children should be encouraged.
Revise
- During the vacations, students study abroad to learn English for a month instead of revise school work.
Study abroad
- If they have experiments such as study abroad.

Co-operate Co-operations
42. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Classmates are a more important
influence than parents on a child’s success in school. (Children and Family)
have something in common (with someone): to have the same interests or opinions as someone
else
Classmates have many things in common such as age, interests, homework and classes after
all.
Whole-Hearted: Involving all your feelings, interests etc.
Give influence to
Have influence on
Significant Effect
Ask a Help
Encouragement
Contribution to
Give Moral Support
Give advice to
52- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives
should make important decisions for their (15 to 14 year-old) teenage children. Use specific
reasons and examples to support your opinion.
To have the tendency to do s.th
- Teenage children have the tendency to live in their own fantasies.
To aspire for s.th: to want something very much

- They aspire for independence and try to make their first steps towards freedom.
To interfere in s.th: to involve yourself in a situation- interference(noun)

- I think that parents have right to interfere in their children's lives.
- My friend thanked his parents for that interference.
To prohibit s.b to do s.th: to officially refuse to allow something – get angry with s.b
- I had an eighteen years old friend who got really angry with his parents when they prohibited
him to be friends with a young man.
Adolescence: developing into an adult- a transitional stage

- Adolescence is a transitional stage and the period between fantasy and reality.
To become fatal- Apt (adj) : suitable

- In addition they do not think about the effects of their actions in most of the cases and
eventually this may become fatal for their future.
- For illustration, handling a business or property is not apt for this age.
Reluctantly: not willing to do s.th- delinquency: behavior that is not illegal or acceptable to most
people
- In many cases parents force the teenagers to follow their orders, make them do something
reluctantly and that may cause serious delinquency.
To be evident: easily seen or understood

- It is clearly evident that though teenagers are not capable to take important decisions along,
they must be asked for their opinion and planning.
To take the lead- To give the free will to take decisions

- I believe that parents should take the lead when it comes to their kids future and they should
be taking the decisions for important issues that might affect their child.
- For many people, giving the children the free will to take decisions that might affect their
future is something unquestionable.
accumulated experience- to qualify s.b to do s.th- to decide on s.th

- Due to their young age teenagers don't have that much knowledge and accumulated
experience that would qualify them decide on their important choices.
To coordinate with s.b on s.th

- A lot of teenagers prefer to take easy subjects in high school rather than important ones,
that's why school academic supervisor coordinates with parents on their kids' classes.
 How to weight bros and cons for s.th (idiom): a mature adult know how to weight bros and cons
for different alternatives.
23. It is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city. Do you agree or disagree? Use
specific reasons and examples to develop your essay. (CHILDREN)
long run: ‫دراز مدت‬

- other people think that a big city gives more opportunities and it is good for the long run.
grow up in a healthy environment

- it is very important for a child to grow up in a healthy environment. Children need fresh air, not
polluted by the huge amount of cars and factories of the modern city.
- In the country they can spend more time exercising and walking with their friends.
- Another important aspect of this is that parents will have more time to spend with their children
as a result of eliminating traffic jams and decreasing driving time as a whole.
some advantages living in a big city:

- They have more opportunities to choose from what they want to do
- They will be better prepared for a live in a "real world" and they will have more chances to make
a good career and succeed.
- One more reason to choose a big city for a child is that a city provides better live conditions and
services such as medical, dental, etc.
plenty of opportunities
- The plenty of opportunities offered by a city helps children to find what they really like and be
the best at it.

Children should be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do
so. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. (Family)
Devote(v)-devote sth to sb/sth-to give all of something, especially your time, effort or love, or
yourself, to something you believe in or to a person
- He left government to devote more time to his family.
- She has devoted all her energies/life to the care of homeless people.
- Some people say that children should devote more time for playing with their friends,
watching TV and studying.
Inculcate(v)- to fix beliefs or ideas in someone's mind, especially by repeating them often
- Our football coach has worked hard to inculcate a team spirit in/into the players.
- These small chores inculcate a feeling of responsibility in children.
Participate(v)- participate in something- to take part in or become involved in an activity

- Participating in the household tasks will increase children’s responsibility.
- She never participates in any of our discussions, does she?
hands-on ability=practical
- She's very much a hands-on manager.
- Many employers consider hands-on experience to be as useful as academic
qualifications.
Social creature-live in groups and enjoy being with other people

- Human beings, like many animal, are social creatures.
Socialize with sb-spend time with other people

- It is normal for kids to refuse to speak their home language ar the stage when they start
to socialize with other kids.
Means of communication
- Email is our means of communication.
Participate fully in-take an active part in

- Parents should spend as much time with their children as their job allows, help directly
with their children’s education and participate fully in their children’s live.

- Household tasks - working pressure
- Action speaks louder than words - day-to-day domestic works
- clean off the table - throw out the garbage
- preparing meals - take part in
- honesty is the best policy -
22- Children's lives these days are quite different from our generation's. Describe what are
the biggest changes in younger generation and explain some factors of this phenomenon.
Facts
The difference between the generations has always been one of the cases that people have
been considered- the world has significantly changed- Two major factors contributing to
this phenomenon are advances in media and change family dynamics- The issue of
differences between generations arouses much public controversy among people with
different social strata
Differences
Speed of development of technology and knowledge- Social foundations such as people’s
mindsets, communications and educational methods are restructured by passing the time-
younger generation likes to enjoy the life, here and now- another leading force of this trend
is changes in the family unit- nuclear families- over 256 of children who are brought up
without siblings show selfcentered behavior find it difficult cooperating with their peers-
ways of thinking
2- It is widely believed that children of different levels of intelligence should be taught

together, while others think that more intelligent children should be taught separately.
(children)
Intellectual ability
- Children have been taught together based on age regardless of intellectual ability
displayed at school.
Educational prospective
- From my own educational prospective, I honestly believe that…
Healthy educational upbringing

- It is widely believed that such a process isn’t considered to be vital for a healthy
educational upbringing.
Unrestricted educational environment

- Owing to the fact that they can be placed into an unrestricted educational environment,
students can excel with intellectual freedom.
Intellectually-gifted children
- Creating a more liberal environment which enhances the learning capabilities of
intellectually-gifted children.
Sense of harmony
- While it is true that studying together may help young learners to develop their sense
of harmony.
Lead to demoralization and weariness

- If this situation last long, it will lead to demoralization and weariness in these children.

- Intellectual capabilities - Alternative levels
- Associating with classmates - Artificial intelligence
- sense of inferiority - Allocating students to classes
- Intellectual freedom - Relevant teaching methods
25- Physical Punishment for Children?

Dealing with
- Very few parents would agree with using force regularly as a way of dealing with discipline
problems in their children.
Corporal punishment
- There are moves to ban all corporal punishment of children even in the home.
Misbehaviors
- Many parents still believe that they have a right to use some physical punishment to deal
with certain misbehaviors at certain ages.
Sake
- They believe that for the child’s sake that they have the right to discipline the child in any
way they see fit, including using corporal punishment.
Misbehaving
- One point is that most parents are not trained to deal with misbehaving children.
Smacking
- They immediately react by smacking or hitting the child
Inflict severe emotional

- Some parents will go too far and will inflict severe emotional and physical damage on their
children.

Physical Punishment
66. Should parents use corporal punishment to discipline children? (Family and Children)
corporal punishment: the physical punishment of someone by hitting them

Bring Up: to look after a child until he or she becomes an adult
Discipline
Reward
Misbehavior
Delinquent
Slap
Hit
Smack
Concern about
Bruise
Injure
Break bone
Violence
Hurt
Fearful
Anxious
Spank
Paddle
Flagellation
Flog
11. Action movies with spectacular car chases are very popular with young people. it is often said that
these sorts of movies lead to an increase in car accidents among young drivers as they try to copy what
they have seen in the films. Do you agree that such movies increase the amount of bad driving? What can
be done to encourage young people to drive more safely? (Young people)
To launch: to begin something such as a plan- to convey: to express a thought

- The Government should launch a safe driving campaign to convey the fact that driving safely
is not uncool.
to be undertaken: to promise that you will do something
- Every movie should make it clear that dangerous car chases are undertaken only in strict safety
conditions with experienced drivers.
To witness s.th
- Young drivers should go to hospitals and witness the effects of poor or dangerous driving on
other people.
belonging to the old generation
-
To incite: to encourage
- Many people believe that these movies incite young drivers to imitate the movie’s scenes, a
practice that eventually leads to disastrous road accidents.
movies under the genre of action
- The number of movies under the genre of action is growing due to a high interest shown by
young people.
great source of income

- It drives the film manufacturers to consider it as a great source of income.
Preoccupied(adj): thinking or worrying about something too much

- Many families complain that their children become badly preoccupied with such movies.
carried out
To be released
- t is believed that plenty of energy inside young people needs to be released.
To imply: to communicate an idea or feeling without saying it directly

- It implies that they need to show up themselves.
To acknowledge:
- It has to be minded that authorities should acknowledge their role in directing the community
with any sorts of interests in a wise way.
To devise: to invent a plan, system, object, etc. usually using your intelligence or imagination
- I think that devising stricter rules and punishments beside awareness could be an apt resolution to this issue.
12. In Britain, when someone gets old they often go to live in a home with other old people where there
are nurses to look after them. Sometimes the government has to pay for this care. Who should be
responsible for our old people? ( OLD PEOPLE)
toil of bringing up – toil: hard work – bring up:‫رشد دادن‬-‫پرورش دادن‬

- Many old people in Britain, after a lifetime of hard work and the toil of bringing up children,
are put into homes for the elderly by their families.
look after :
- There, they are looked after by professional nurses, and this is sometimes at the expense of the
government.
controversy about
- this situation has raised controversy about whether we extend to our elders the care and respect
they deserve.
point out: notice / remonstrate / signalize

- They point out that in retirement homes old people tend to feel useless and unwanted by their
family members, who seldom come to see them.
Advantage of this issue:

- retired parents can be a burden to young families. Not only is it expensive to support old
people who have little or no income, but the fact that old people are often ill and need a great
deal of looking after can be too much for their busy children.
13- Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more
important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this
point of view? Why or why not? (Social)
fragile ecosystem- easily damaged, broken or harmed
- This insane deforestation has detrimental impact on already fragile ecosystem.
- I'm feeling rather fragile (= ill, upset or tired) after last night's party.
Endemic(adj)- especially of a disease or a condition, regularly found and very common among
a particular group or in a particular area
- There is endemic racism/poverty/violence in many of the country's cities.
- Many endemic species are already vanished from the face of the earth due to loss of
niche habitats.
Deforestation(n)- the cutting down of trees in a large area; the destruction of forests by people
- Deforestation is destroying large areas of tropical rain forest.
- This deforestation is not stopped we will not have anything but only captured
memories of our companions on earth to show to our future generations.
Mitigate(v)- to make something less harmful, unpleasant or bad

- It is unclear how to mitigate the effects of tourism on the island.
- Humans depend on ecosystem for many reasons such as, forests to purify the air, clean
the water and protects people from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays, mitigate drought
and floods and many more.
Biodiversity(n)- the number and types of plant and animal species that exist in a particular
environmental area or in the world generally, or the problem of protecting this
- a new National Biological Survey to protect species habitat and biodiversity
Diminish(v)
- These memories will not be diminished by time.
- The people try to diminish the pollution of the water.
Fertilizer(n)- a natural or chemical substance which is spread on the land or given to plants, to
make plants grow well
- a liquid/chemical fertilizer
- Fertilizers are chemicals given to plants with the intention of promoting growth.
Threaten(v)- to be likely to cause harm or damage to something or someone

- Changing patterns of agriculture are threatening the countryside.
- Toxic chemical substances threaten sea turtles.

- We are not alone on this planet - Erratic(adj)
- Desertification(n) - purify the air
- explosive rise of population - acid rain
- balance - creature
- drought - disaster
- environmentalist - dumping ground
- industrial waste - preservation
- urbanization - protected animal
- wildlife - environmental group
- dispose (of) - food chain
- reforestation - vulnerable
Some endangered animals
- Koala - Gorilla
- Whales - Polar Bears
- Persian leopard -
11- Trade and travel would be a lot easier with a single, global currency that we all use. Do you
agree or disagree with this statement? Would a single currency cause any problems?
Pros & Cons

the problems of currency changing and exchange rates are history- no more worrying
about exchange rate risk and pricing - in a state of collapse with inflation ruining the
economy- there are more than 233 countries and each has its own currency- no two
countries have same exchange rate
Some useful vocabs

Commodity (bought and sold) - cannot afford sth (do not have enough money to pay for sth)
- different economic states- economically very strong- source of income
1- All education, primary, secondary and further education, should be free to all people and
paid for by the government. (social)
Free of charge
- I vigorously agree that studying should be free of charge up to the higher level.
Good standard of free education

- Governments should make sure that all their citizens have access to a good standard of
free education at primary and secondary level.
Scholarship program
- They are eligible to apply for the Scholarship program.
Annual scholarship costs

- Annual scholarship costs may be awarded as a one-time payment or as an annual
stipend. As with grants, scholarships need not be paid back.
Renewable scholarship
- They will be guaranteed a renewable scholarship if they complete their qualifications.
Fellowship and loan

- Fellowship and loans vary in amount and are typically designed to offset research or
education costs.

- Illiteracy definition - Freely available
- Vocational education - Combination of scholarship
- Financial aid - Grants for tuition fees.
11- The world is experiencing a dramatic increase in population, this is causing problems not
only for poor, undeveloped countries, but also for industrialized and developing nations.
Describe some of the problems that overpopulation causes, and suggest at least one possible
solution.
SOCIAL
11
Abortion
- Every woman who is pregnant, but who does not want to give birth, should be allowed by
law to have an abortion.
Penalized financially
- In China, couples are penalized financially if they have more than one child.
Starvation
- People will die of starvation in poor countries, and life in the cities, even in affluent nations,
will become increasingly difficult.

One-child policy Populous nation
Affluent nations
81. The position of women in society has changed markedly in the last twenty years. Many of the
problems young people now experience, such as juvenile delinquency, arise from the fact that
many married women now work and are not at home to care for their children.
(Woman and Family)
Undergo: to experience something, especially something that is unpleasant but necessary
It is certainly true that the position of women in society has undergone a dramatic change
in the past twenty years
Set Up: to start something such as a business, organization, or institution
the majority of women continue working since the financial pressures of setting up a house
and establishing a reasonable standard of living often require two incomes.
Give Up: to stop doing something that you do regularly
Twenty years ago it was common for women to give up work once they had children and
devote their time to caring for their children.
Rear: To look after a person or animal until they are fully grown
This is no longer the general rule and the provision of professionally-run child care facilities
and day nurseries have removed much of the responsibility for child rearing that used to fall to
mothers.
Come at: to examine or deal with something such as a problem in a particular way
However, these facilities come at a cost and often require two salaries coming into a family to
be afforded.
Fall to someone: fall to someone if a particular job or duty falls to someone, it is their
responsibility
This is no longer the general rule and the provision of professionally-run child care facilities
and day nurseries have removed much of the responsibility for child rearing that used to fall to
mothers.
juvenile-related problems
day nursery
ginormous modernization and globalization
Step out
Proverbial mother
Nourishment
proper moral, social, physiological and psychological development
41. It is generally acknowledged that families are now not as close as they used to be. Give possible
reasons and your recommendations. (FAMILY)
point of view
- I would like to present my point of view.
Take place
- Great changes have taken place in family life along with the development of society.
extended family
- One of them is that the once-extended family tends to become smaller and smaller. Many
children have to leave their parents at an early age to study or work elsewhere. As time passes,
children become emotionally estranged from their parents.
Compare with
- Compared with the past, social competition is becoming increasingly fierce.
achieve success
- People are urged to concentrate their efforts upon work, so that they can achieve success, or at
least a good standard of living.
afford to spend
- they can’t afford to spend their leisure hours with their families.
fade from something: to leave something gradually, such as one's consciousness, memory, view, etc.
- The importance of bonds of kinship is gradually fading from their minds.
recreation facility: a public facility for recreation

- the availability of various kinds of recreational facilities also diverts people
from enjoying chats with the members of their families.
lose interest: to stop being interested

- They come to lose interest in communicating with the other members of their families.
away from
- For members of families who live away from one another, regular contact on the phone can
bring them the care that they need.
make a difference
- Family reunions on holidays or other important occasions can make a difference as well.
time off : a period of time when you do not work

- For those living together, it is a good idea to take some time off work or recreation periods to
spend more time with each other.
Collocations for family:

Start a family Have children
Expect a baby Have a baby
The baby is due Signal parent
Set up home Bring sb up
Different types of family:
A nuclear family An extended family
A single-parent family A couple who adopted a child
A couple with no children
Expressions with family:
The whole family A very close family
A big family Family tree
A big family reunion Be related to sb
Foster parent Take after sb
45- “Fatherhood ought to be emphasized as much as motherhood. The idea that women are
solely responsible for deciding whether or not to have babies leads on to the idea that
they are also responsible for bringing the children up.”
To what extent do you agree or disagree? (Family)
role-models
- However, this does not mean that the traditional family, with both parents providing
emotional support and role-models for their children, is not the most satisfactory way
of bringing up children.
- Sports stars are role models for thousands of youngsters.
Authoritarian(adj)- demanding that people totally obey and refusing to allow them freedom to
act as they wish
- His manner is extremely authoritarian.
-
Childcare
- Cheap childcare is very important in order to allow mother’s to return to work.
- What childcare facilities does your company offer?
Child Neglect
- Social services will intervene if a child has been neglected.
Emotional Security
- The most important factor leading to a fulfilled and happy life for a child is emotional
security.
Formative years
- If things go wrong for someone in their formative years, it can have an impact on their
adult life.
Spoiled Child-A child who shows bad behavior from overindulgence by their parents
- Children who are given everything that they demand from their parents may become
very spoiled.
Run in the family

- A love of the outdoors runs in the family
Admire
- I really admire my mum-she really has two jobs but you would not never know it. The
one in the office and another one at home.

- Nuclear family, Extended family - Single-parent
- Birth Rate - Overprotective Parents
- Don’t over-schedule your child -
- father; mother; parents; son; daughter; child; children; offspring; brother; sister;
sibling; siblings; younger brother; kid brother; older sister; elder sister;
- family trait - be close to
- age difference - flash and blood
- blood is thicker than water -
42- Some people think that it is important to have a single language as an international
official language. Others think that it will make it difficult to identify countries and cause
a loss of culture. What are your opinions on this?
Facts
Advent of globalization- seems inevitable/ unavoidable- dialect(s) - stem from sth (be caused
by sth)
Advantages
Facilitate trade and communication- enables people from different provinces to comprehend
each other- a necessity for trade, commerce and economic expansion
Disadvantages
Cultural erosion- loss of local linguistic knowledge- use of an international official language
doesn’t mean that local languages will die out (that is not a disadvantage but you can use
against the opponents)
4- Describe a custom from your country that you would like people from other countries to
adopt. (culture)
Native place
- I was able to distinguish the customs of Iranian culture which is my native place.
Take pride
- Every citizen takes pride in the traditional cultural values and customs of his or her
native country.
Cultural and artistic movements

- This could mean that they will become major forces driving forward the concept of
cultural and artistic movements.
Cultural dominance
- Toasting may have been crucial in asserting the cultural dominance of the Jamaican.
Cultural policy
- It indicates rather a degree of hesitation in the leadership of the party as to the
correct cultural policy to be pursued.
Cultural context
- Furthermore, the items selected will usually have rich meanings within specific cultural
contexts.
Cultural specification
- It's interesting to learn about cultural specificities of other countries.

- Cultural revolution - Cultural heritage
- Cultural stereotypes - Cultural conflict
- Cultural uniqueness - Racial behavior
- Local culture - Global culture

Modern technology is creating a single world culture.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
CULTURE
42
Undergone
- Man, through the ages, has undergone many changes from the time when he depicted a herd
of mammoths on the walls of the cave to these days when he can chart with someone on the
other side of the globe.
Migrate
- Many people migrate during their lives.
Fuse
Evolve
- Traditions fuse and evolve into other ones or just vanish.

Through the ages Herd of mammoths
A fast access to information and news The boundaries between countries
To sup up
09. Some businesses now say that no one can smoke cigarettes in any of their offices. Some
governments have banned smoking in all public places. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons.
(Drugs)
Forbidden
Pressure or tension
Role a cigar
inhale, inject, smoke, consume, absorb
E-Cigarettes
Dissolvable
Pipe Tobacco
Hookah Tobacco
Water-pipe Tobacco
Marijuana
Lighter
Weed
Cannabis
LSD
Methamphetamine
Cigarillo
Filtered Cigar
Nicotine
Heroin
Side effect
Heart attacks, asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer and cough
Drug Trafficking
25. Smokers can cause themselves serious health problems. The choice to smoke is made freely and with
knowledge of dangers. Smokers should therefore expect to pay more for medical treatment than
nonsmokers. (Health)
medical treatment: providing medical care

- I believe that smokers should not be required to pay more than other people for their medical
treatment.
has nothing to do with s.th

- There are many situations in which a medical problem has nothing to do with whether a person
smokes or not.
Be justifiable to s.o: ‫توجیه پذیر بودن برای کسی‬- to contract an illness: to catch or become ill
- It does not seem justifiable to me that a smoker should have to pay more to see a doctor for an
illness we can all contract.
take responsibility for s.th

- The principle that people should take responsibility for their own actions is a good one.
Smoking is a habit: smoking habit can cause serious health problems.
Cigarette packets: In many countries, cigarette packets have a clear warning that smoking can cause
health problems.
a fatal disease: ‫بیماری مرگبار‬- a lengthy treatment

- Lung cancer is sometimes a fatal disease and the treatment is both lengthy and expensive.
to carry the cost: ‫متقبل شدن هزینه‬

- It is unfair for the smoker to expect the hospital or the community to carry the cost.
passive smokers
- Those who smoke in public should be asked to pay extra because of the illness caused to
passive smokers.
Restrain from doing s.th: do not allow oneself to do s.h

- In Britain, people are asked to restrain from smoking in a range of public places.
Has taken its toll on one’s health: Has caused damage to one’s health
- 23 years of smoking has taken its toll on Kyle’s health.
Chronic diseases: ‫بیماری های مزمن‬

- Lucy has been suffering from this chronic disease for years.
Medical treatments which have no connection with smoking:
Common flu
Car accidents>injured people
High blood cholesterol: people with high blood cholesterol have a greater chance of getting heart
disease.
22. Should parents be obliged to immunise their children against childhood diseases? Or do individuals
have the right to choose not to immunise their children? ( HEALTH)
Preventive medicine: focuses on the health of individuals, communities, and defined populations.
- Preventative medicine has proved to be the most effective way of reducing the incidence of
fatal childhood diseases.
widespread of
- The widespread practice of immunising young children in our society, many lives have been
saved and the diseases have been reduced to almost zero.
died from
- In previous centuries children died from ordinary illnesses such as influenza and tuberculosis
and because few people had immunity, the diseases spread easily.
Dysentery:‫ اسهال خونی‬/ hygiene: ‫ بهداشت‬/ eradicate:‫ از ریشه کندن‬/ sanitation:‫سیستم تخلیه فاضالب‬
- Diseases such as dysentery were the result of poor hygiene but these have long been
eradicated since the arrival of good sanitation and clean water.
wipe out
- Nobody would suggest that we should reverse this good practice now because dysentery has
been wiped out.
Polio : ‫ فلج اطفال‬/ smallpox: ‫ابله‬

- Serious diseases such as polio and smallpox have also been eradicated through national
immunisation programmes.
Rely on
- Parents choosing not to immunise are relying on the fact that the diseases have already been
eradicated.
- Immunisation is not an issue like seatbelts which affects only the individual. A decision not to
immunise will have widespread repercussions for the whole of society and for this reason, I
do not believe that individuals have the right to stand aside.
interest in
- Medical researchers and governments are primarily interested in overall statistics and trends
and in money-saving schemes which fail to take into consideration the individual's concerns
and rights.
harmful effects
- While immunisation against diseases such as tetanus and whooping cough may be effective,
little information is released about the harmful effects of vaccinations which can sometimes
result in stunted growth or even death.
natural immunity
- The body is designed to resist disease and to create its own natural immunity through contact
with that disease.
Collocations for health:

Enjoy good health Reduce your stress levels
Build up your strength Doing plenty of exercise
Do sport Go on a diet
Build up resistance Be in poor health
An infectious disease A rare illness
Untilmely death
21- "Prevention is better than cure.” Out of a country's health budget, a large proportion should
be diverted from treatment to spending on health education and preventative measures. To what
extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? (health)
healthy living; healthy lifestyle; to be in good health; to feel well;
-
balanced diet; nutritious food; to have regular meals; to eat plenty of fruit and vegetables;
-
to be overweight; to go on a diet; to stay slim
-
healthy environment; clean water; fresh air; to quit smoking; to give up smoking
-
diagnosis
- Diagnosis of the disease (= saying what it is) is difficult in the early stages.
healthy society
- In a healthy society, there is more potential and opportunity for improvement in all
aspects.

- Hygiene- hygienic -
- serious disease, heart disease, common -
diseases, chronic disease
1- In the past, buildings often reflected the culture of a society but today all modern
buildings look alike and cities throughout the world are becoming more and more similar.
(culture)
Cultural conflicts
- We should try hard to avoid cultural conflicts as they are a result of a
misunderstanding.
Uniqueness of sth
- The uniqueness of buildings in urban areas is gradually replaced by standard
construction stencils and cities all over the globe are becoming identical.
- Cultural uniqueness
Metropolitan (adj)- relating to a large city

- the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York
- a metropolitan area/council
Erect(v)- to build a building, wall or other structure

- This is primarily due to the increased land price where builders find it more
economical to erect a building than to construct one unit housing scheme
Feel homely- plain or ordinary, but pleasant

- Laudable arguments are that tourist feels homely, and people have same services and
lifestyle.
Revamp(v)- to change or arrange something again, in order to improve it

- We revamped all the management system, but the business is doing no better than it
was before.
high-rise flats
- The Glasgow Housing Association took ownership of the public housing stock from
the city council on 1 March 2333, and has begun a 622 million clearance and
demolition program to clear and demolish many of the high-rise flats.
inner-city--- the central part of a city where people live and where conditions are often poor
- Inner city areas tend to have higher population densities than outer suburbs, with more
of the population living inside multi-floored townhouses and apartment buildings.
office block- a large building that contains offices

- In other words, if my office block had remained let, I would receive 633,333 in rent.
Paint a picture of sth

-
- Dweller(n) - multipurpose shopping malls
- local facilities - poor housing
- traffic congestion - tourist attraction
- Cultural diversity - Local culture/ Global culture
- -
24- Studying the English language in an English-speaking country is the best but not the
only way to learn language.
Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Facts
It is widely spoken- perfect the language- overseas- trying to survive in a foreign
country- day to day living causes much stress- exchange students- preferable
Advantages
It is easy to adjust to English accent- enrich your vocabulary and grammar- that
enhancement will occur spontaneously- well-educated teachers- All you need is
the perseverance- latest teaching methodologies- take help from teachers- they
are well aware of the art of delivering knowledge and other learning
techniques- reinforcement- in daily activities has interaction with many foreign
people- People are living at tourist places are usually an active English speaker
22- Learning a foreign language offers an insight into how people from other cultures think and
see the world. The teaching of a foreign language should be compulsory at all primary schools.
(foreign language)
Common language
- While it is important for people who speak a minority language to be able to learn and
use that language, it is practical for education to be in a common language.
Linguistic freedom
- At no time should governments impose regulations which restrict people's linguistic
freedom.
Communicate without any barrier

- Foreign language permitting people from every origin to communicate without any
barrier, and has been proven to involve cognitive abilities that can be essential to
globalized.
Culture’s morals and ways of thinking

- Even though languages are said to be pictures of cultures’ morals and ways of thinking.
Intercultural understanding
- The early need for intercultural understanding makes the teaching of another tongue
essential.
Primary language
- Primary language teaching needs to be standardized, so that secondary schools do not
face problems in their intake.
Compulsive syllabus
- Foreign language is a compulsive syllabus in many countries.
Linguistic intelligence
- Their linguistic intelligence maybe exploited, and children can learn knowledge from
more wide scope such as diversified culture in the world and customs.

- Mother tongue - Phenomenon of globalization
- Necessary language skills - Native language
- Touch a brand new culture - Broadening their views
- Foreign language curriculums - Local language
131- By punishing murderers with the death penalty, society is also guilt of
committing murder. Therefore, life in prison is a better punishment for murderers.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? (AGREE)
ETHICAL ISSUES
131
Positive model
- Society needs to show a positive model of how our lives should be
Strive
- We should always strive to improve our situation
Stooping
- We are stooping to the criminals' level.
Revenge
- It makes me think about the revenge that came when playing games with my brothers.
Condemn
- Society should not condemn people who are taking the same action that society is taking.
Exercises the death penalty

- Society tells us not to kill, and yet society kills when it exercises the death penalty.

"Do as I say, not as I do Tremendous anger
194. Should animals be used in testing new drugs and procedures? (Animals)
Point out: to tell someone something

They also are worried that many animal tests are ineffective, pointing out that any drugs have
had to be withdrawn from the market despite extensive testing.
Scientific research
food additives
Every year, millions of animals undergo painful suffering or death as a result of scientific
research into the effects of drugs, food additives, cosmetics and other chemical products.
call for something: to say publicly that something must happen
Despite these overwhelming benefits, however, some people are calling for animal testing to
be banned because of alleged cruelty.
Inhumane
Animal Testing
Polio
Legislation
Plague
134. In many major cities of the world, you will find large public buildings, both new and old. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of such buildings. How important is it for a country to construct impressive
public buildings when houses are want is really required? ( BUILDING)
Say about
- From my everyday experience and observation I can say that the idea about building a new
theatre in my neighborhood has some advantages as well as disadvantages.
move on
time-consuming
- it is time-consuming for us. We have to drive about 53 minutes to the nearest movies theatre.
get back
- It would save us an hour just to get there and another hour to get back home.
- Another important aspect of it is that in this case we will be able to get to the movie theatre by
foot.
- I must to confess that we always have parking troubles in the parking space near the movie
theatre.
public building
- A public building is a building that belongs in some way o the state.
depend on
- The number of public buildings in any town or village will depend on the size of that
community and its needs.
anger communities
- In anger communities there will be a police station, law courts, a library and maybe a theatre
funded by he state.
- The desire to build impressive buildings is not new.
sense of pride
- The ancient cities of the Middle East and South America were designed with large public
buildings to impress visitors and enemies and give a sense of pride.
132- You have the opportunity to visit a foreign country for two weeks. Which country
would you like to visit? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.
(travel-tourism)
standard of living
- UK standard of living rises to fourth highest in EU
Superpower- a country that can influence events throughout the world

- Britain grew rich in the 12th century as the first global economic superpower, because
of its superior manufacturing technology and improved global communications such as
steamships and railroads.
historical places
- it is a fact that China is well known for its civilization, and there are a lot of historical
places that I must visit.
marvelous history- extremely good

- I think it is a great and very interesting country with a marvelous history
Holidaymakers-people who are on holiday
- Australian holidaymakers were flocking to Asia as Australian dollar continued to rise
in value.
Souvenir(n)-sth someone buys during a holiday

- He kept the tickets as souvenirs from the trip.
Itinerary(n)-travel plan
- First-time travelers tend to be extremely specific in their itineraries and end up with
itineraries that are too rigid.
Relieve stress-make pressure less unpleasant

- These stress management exercises can help you relax your muscles and relieve your
stress.

- travel for leisure - protected lands
- book a flight - Paint a picture of sth
113- Some people enjoy change, and they look forward to new experiences.
Others like their lives to stay the same, and they do not change their usual habits.
Compare these two approaches to life. Which approach do you prefer? Explain
why.
Benefits
One tries new things, gains new knowledge and experience- it is impossible to be the best at
some field without perfecting the present knowledge and gain new experience. People catch
every opportunity to learn more and change their life for the best- permanent- curiosity-
aspiration to the new experience- break limits- people who enjoy change are the engine of
human development
Facts
Leave their safe and secure places by any chance- these types of peoples do not want to
explore other planets like Mars, Venus or Neptune- advancement of society- changing is a
natural pattern that we need to engage with an open heart
2- Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare
and eat food at home. (lifestyle)
Light food
- I just want to have light food like a salad and a glass of milk.
Allows a family communicates

- Having dinner at home allows a family communicates with each other.
Preprocessed food
- Sometimes I just use the microwave and a preprocessed food that I bought earlier.
Time-consuming to prepare at home

- I want to have something more delicious than I have in my refrigerator, something that
is time-consuming to prepare at home.
Homemade food
- Perhaps the best kind of food is homemade – food that is prepared at home, in a
traditional way, by a real person
Food poisoning
- The food poisoning usually begin within one to two days of eating contaminated food.
Relaxed atmosphere
- Some very subtle lighting help to create a most relaxed atmosphere in the elegant
modern restaurant.
Inflated prices
- Their food all at outrageously inflated prices.

- Celebrate something - Nutritious food and fresh ingredient
- Food safety - Family restaurants
- Restaurant offers and vegetarian option - Junk food and frozen food
- Processed food and Organic food - Mouth-watering
113- Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way people
live?
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
LIFESTYLE
113
Picky
- Parents are more likely to let children be picky.
Heat them up
- They can easily heat them up some prepackaged macaroni and cheese on the side.
Sprays to cut
- When people cook, they use new fat substitutes and cooking sprays to cut fat and
calories.
Whipping up
- Whipping up a low-fat smoothie in the blender.

Prepackaged foods
112. Nowadays food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way people
live? (Food)
variety of food
Save time
eat more healthfully
modern methods of food preparation
Microwave ovens
Food processor
Refrigerators
Freezers
Canning
freeze-drying
modern transportation methods
Bread machine Home-made Bread
Kitchen Verbs: grate, grill, layer, level, melt, pinch, pour, scramble, serve, simmer, slice,
spread, stir, taste, add, bake, blend, boil, bread, broil, cut, chop, dip, fry, whisk, whip,
crack, beat, shell, peel, skin,
112. It has been more than 33 years since man first landed on the moon. Some people think that space
research is a waste of money. Discuss. (Scientific research)
Exploration- outer space

- A number of nations have been involved in the exploration of outer space.
Costly- well-spent/wasted
- This research has been very costly, of course. Has this money been well-spent or wasted?
be eliminated: be removed or take away

- Some people believe that all or most space research should be eliminated because of its
incredible expense.
Astronauts- to point out s.th:to direct attention toward s.th
- These people point out the fact that it cost billions of dollars to send astronauts to the moon.
To provide benefits
- Other people believe that space research has provided many benefits to mankind.
Benefits of outer space exploration:

- Personal computers
- Heart pacemaker
- Freeze-dried food
- Weather and communication satellite
- Knowledge about the sun, the moon, the earth
- Knowledge of other planets and stars
- track natural disasters such as hurricanes or tsunamis
Zero gravity- weightlessness

- There are unique benefits in carrying out scientific research in space because of zero gravity.
Satisfy human curiosity

- A good reason to support space exploration is to satisfy human curiosity.
Space race: the competition to supremacy in outer space

- Some people argue that the space race is just a pointless waste of taxpayers’ money.
To speed up the pace of s.th

- The outer space exploration has speed up the pace of scientific discovery.
breakthrough
- I agree that this breakthrough has had less effect on lives of ordinary people.
long term advantages

- Some of these innovations had an influential effect in our daily life; however others can
provide long term advantages for human beings.
123. According to those in the travel business, the nature of the average 'holiday' is changing. Rather than
seeking a relaxing break in a far-away place, people now want exitement on their holidays and are keen to
participate in unusual and challenging activities. Do you agree or disagree? (TRAVEL)
- Holidays are important because they provide a break from our normal daily routine and
from the world of work.
- Traditionally, holidays have been seen as a time for relaxation and as an opportunity to visit
another country in order to find out about its geography and customs.
Kind of adventure
- Some people want their holiday to be a kind of adventure, and find this more exciting than
going to the beach or visiting museums.
- you may stay in quite basic accommodation, rather than a luxurious hotel.
- Activities may involve things such as bush walking or cycling, or may form part of an aid
project designed to help communities in remote areas.
- Holidays such as these are popular with people of all ages and can often help to promote
tourism in rural environments.
Dangerous of adventure holidays
- The increasing popularity of dangerous sports has also boosted the number of adventure
holidays; for example, water sports, mountain climbing or paragliding.
Seek of
- Participants are often seeking the sort of thrills that they cannot get in ordinary life.
take an active holiday

- But perhaps people are also discovering that it is just as refreshing to take an active holiday, as
it is to lie on a beach - though that is still a question of personal preference.
Collocations for Travel:

a thirst for adventure Contain my excitement
Broken the journey=stop for short time Low-cost airline
Sense of adveture Their spirits were high
Your budget doesn’t quite stretch to Leg of the journey
121-Many people think that nowadays people are being subjected to more and more pressure
in their work, and thus are having less and less time to relax. What is your opinion? (work)
Sacrifice for- to give up something that is valuable to you in order to help another person
- Many women sacrifice interesting careers for their family.
- It seems that many people are under the impression that their work is becoming more
pressing and urgent, and thus they sacrifice more and more leisure time.
Pursuit(n)- an activity that you spend time doing, usually when you are not working
- I enjoy outdoor pursuits, like hiking and riding.
- I don't have much opportunity for leisure pursuits these days.
Promotion (n) - the act of promoting someone or something: such as: the act of moving
someone to a higher or more important position or rank in an organization.
-
to be your own boss or to run your own business -to have your own business
-
do a job-share- to share the weekly hours of work with another person
-
heavy workload-to have a lot of work to do
-
high-powered job-an important or powerful job
-
holiday entitlement: the number of days holiday allowed
-
work with your hands- to do manual work
-
take early retirement- to retire early
-
- to learn = to find out =to discover - to retire
- temporary work - voluntary work
- working conditions - regular job
- regular job - employee/ employer
- occupation- job- profession - application form- job interview
- full-time job/part-time job/ flextime - work in shifts/ work overtime
- Salary/ Wage - be unemployed/ be out of work
13- Some people prefer to work for a large company. Others prefer to work for a small
company. (job)
Better medical insurance
- From the one side working for a large company brings many benefits. First of all, one
has better medical insurance and less responsibility.
Feel more secure (job security)

- Moreover, they feel more secure because their company has more clients and this
means better chance to survive on the modern market.
Promotion prospects
- It is considered a smart career move as it commands status, prestige, and employment
and promotion prospects.
Dead-end job
- The major drawback is that it is a dead-end job and there is almost no chance of
progress.
Sense of fulfilment (job satisfaction)
- However working for large company can give you an opportunity to find a sense of
fulfilment and joy as an employee.
Broaden our horizons

- Collaborative work offers us a great opportunity to broaden our horizons.
Flexi-time work
- They have a chance to have a flexi-time work and can change the time they start or
finish their work.
Lead a busy life

- They lead a busy life.so they doesn’t even have time to sit down to enjoy a relaxing
meal.
- Chance to survive and work for long - High powered work and excessive
hours for low pay workload
- Career ladder - Working environment
- Find employment and voluntary work - Job satisfaction and early retirement
- Job market and hunt for job - Part-time and full-time work
125-What are some important qualities of a good supervisor (boss)?

Use specific details and examples to explain why these qualities are important.
JOB
125
Elected
- In most cases an employee does not choose his or her boss, unless a supervisor is elected.
Promotion, promote
- I believe that it is very important to make a technical decision, think about somebody's
promotion, etc. impartially.
Patient and attentive

- "Ideal boss" must be honest, patient and attentive.
Diligence
- I think a good boss should be able to make his people enjoy the work they are doing and
encourage their diligence.

Be impartial Dairy mill
146. Businesses should hire employees for their entire lives. (Government)
hire employee
Unemployment
Unemployed
Fire
Application form
Get promotion
Letter of resignation
New contract
Supervisor
Take inventory
Give the presentation
Job interview
Lay off
Take a cut in pay
Shorten break time
131. Some people insist that senior workers 25 or over should retire but others believe that they should
continue working. What is your opinion? (Job)
Adapting oneself to s.th

- Youngsters are better at adapting themselves to fast changing information based society.
Provide wisdom
- Senior workers provide the wisdom and experience that young employees cannot offer.
Be an indicator of ability: be s.th that is regarded as a sign of ability

- Age is not of itself an indicator of ability.
work effectively
- It is widely believed that the older people become the weaker the way of thinking of something
is. It means that the senior workers can't work effectively than the junior workers do.
Pension: an amount of money paid regularly by the government to a person who does not work
- The increase of the number of senior workers aged 25 or over would trigger the decrease of the
amount of their pension.
retire for s.b

- I believe that the senior workers aged 25 or over should retire for the junior workers.
job opportunities
- If senior workers dominate the working sector, there will be lesser job opportunities for the
fresh graduates.
poles apart: completely opposite

- Most of graduates will be forced to take up careers which are poles apart from what they had
studied for.
to give your best in s.th

- The stressful life that an aged teacher goes through will definitely take a toll on him.
Consequently, they will not be able to give their best in whatever they are doing.
Retiree: a person who has stopped working

age limit
- It is indeed evident that age limit should be set for retirement.
To hand over s.th

- There will come a certain time when the older generation should hand over the responsibility to
the fresh comers.
to make up for s.th

- Retirement not only marks the end of an individual, but also gives him a chance to make up for
what he has lost throughout his working life.
132. International entertainers, including sports personalities, often get paid millions of dollars in one
year. In your view, with widespread pverty in the world, are these huge earnings justified? (JOB)
starving to death
- The salaries of many singers, dancers and sports people have increased out of all proportion in
recent years, while in places like Sudan people are starving to death.
able to earn
- I do not beleive that anyone should be able to earn such enormous salaries whan so many
people in the world are living in poverty.
- for instance, a medical scientist who develops a new drug which produces a treatment for a
common disease
no way exceeds
- The pop star certainly has a value in society, but the value in no way exceeds, or even matches,
the value gained from a successful medication.
no claim to fame
- Nobody would deny that a famous person works hard and is skillful, yet such people do not
work any harder than thousand of other workers who have no claim to fame.
equally and fairly distributed

- it should be possible for governments to work together to ensure that the amount of money in
circulation should be more more equally and fairly distributed.
world poverty
- it is clear that world poverty is a serious problem and yet the problem could be eased if
governments and compenies gave more thought to paying salaries on a more equitable basis
and if they started to contribute more money to those in need.
Collocations for job:

to get / find work to be offered work / a job
to make a living as a … to get a higher position /to be promoted /to
achieve something
to apply for a job to be a workaholic (to love work too much)
to be dog-tired from work /to be bushed from to be underpaid
work
to hammer out a deal/to work out a deal/to sign a to do shift work (nights one week, days the next
contract/to close a contract week)
to be on flexi-time (to have flexible working to work nine-to-five (regular day work)
hours)
to work full-time to work part-time
133-Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on your
children. Do you agree or disagree? (technology)
Incentive (for) (n)- something which encourages a person to do something
- Tax incentives have been very effective in encouraging people to save and invest more
of their income.
- Bonus payments provide an incentive to work harder.
- Animated web pages and incentive applications are designed for teaching and inspiring
them to access more information and that process expands their horizons as a result.
absorb knowledge
- They absorb knowledge effectively in a lively atmosphere, and it proves to be
welcomed by both parents and teachers.
detrimental influence- causing harm or damage
- Virtual world will have a detrimental influence on their future.
- Their decision could be detrimental to the future of the company.
Youngster(n)©- a young person, usually an older child

- The scheme is for youngsters between the ages of 13 and 12.
- Computers are helpful to youngsters’ study, the adverse effects they bring weigh more.
Overused(v)
- I tend to overuse certain favorite expressions.
- Computers have their own demerits if overused or negatively used.
Be addicted to sth
- Further moving on the same track, a lot more children are now being addicted to social
networking sites like Facebook and Twitter.
computer literate
- Career Opportunities for Computer-Literate People. It is hard to imagine a job today
where you would not have to make use of technology or a computer
11- Families who do not send their children to government-financed schools should not be
required to pay taxes that support universal education. (government)
Non-public school
- When families send their children to non-public schools, they must pay more.
Tuition and school expenses

Spending additional money for tuition and other school expenses is necessary in non-
public schools.
Financial hardship
- Extra expense creates an even greater financial hardship for families.
Survive solely on her income

- My friend Amelia is a single mother with an eight-year-old son, Andrew. Because they
survive solely on her income.
Parochial or private school

- While some people may consider parochial or private school to be a luxury, for many
families it is essential because their community's public schools fail to meet their
children's needs.
Due to shrinking budget

- Due to shrinking budgets, many schools lack well qualified, experienced educators.

- Extra expense - Private schooling
- Affordable facilities - Publicly-funded schools
131- Some people say the government should not put money into building theatres and sports
stadiums; they should spend more money on medical care and education.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
GOVERNMENT
131
Contribute
- While medical care and education are perhaps the highest causes to which money can be contributed,
Detrimental to the welfare of society

- These two areas could be just as detrimental to the welfare of society as the lack of sufficient health
care and education.
Induce
- The arts are known to induce a sense of well-being in performers and audience alike, reducing mental
problems
Spur
- Building theatres and stadiums, which spur interest in the arts and sports respectively.
Contend
- Some people would contend athletics and the arts can still be enjoyed and practiced without such
constructions.
Hazard
- I would hazard that these buildings stand as the altars to the sports and arts worlds
Aficionados
- Without such venues where would sports spectators and music aficionados be able to enjoy these
events?
Avarice
Jeopardize
Lofty spirit
- We know the avarice of business could very likely jeopardize the lofty spirit of athletics and the arts
just as well.
On behalf of
- Allowing government to retain some say in the matter on behalf of the people would
Overboard
Expenditures
- In short, as long as the government does no go overboard in its expenditures for these buildings

A brisk walk Preventive medicine
Without such venues Win-win situation
131. The costs of medical health care are increasing all the time. Governments are finding it
difficult to balance the health care budget. Should citizens be totally responsible for their own
health costs and take out private health insurance, or is it better to have a comprehensive health
care system which provides free health services for all? (Government)
Take out: to get something officially, especially from an insurance company, bank, or law
court
A much debated issue these days is whether citizens should take out private health insurance
or not.
To be expected : likely, presumed, to be inferred
they cannot be expected to pay their own medical bills
free medical care
get sick
insure
private insurance premium
Health is a human right protected under international law
provided medicines
a myriad of health and medical supplies
mobile clinics
care center
life-saving nutrition and
to provide emergency relief and healthcare services medicines
International Medical Health Organization (IMHO)
In serving the most marginalized communities, including those affected by poverty, conflict,
natural disaster, disability, and social exclusion
In empowering communities to build their own health systems and taking agency over their
own challenges
113. In the fight against crime, police forces and governments are increasingly using security cameras in
public places. Some people are opposed to this, saying that it invades our privacy. What do you think?
(Government)
Ubiquitous: seeming to be everywhere

- Security cameras have become ubiquitous in many countries.
Outweigh: to be greater or more important than something else

- This essay will examine whether the advantages of these cameras outweigh their negative
impact.
Surveillance cameras: ‫نظارت‬

- Surveillance cameras have several benefits.
cost-effective : it is good value for the amount of money paid

unobtrusive: not noticeable
- Cameras are also cost-effective and unobtrusive.
To safeguard our security

- The purpose of cameras is to safeguards our securities.
To invades their privacy

- People feud that cameras invades their privacy.
The privilege: ‫امتیاز‬- to curb: to control/to limit- in curb

- The privilege of video cameras is that it curbs the ever increasing crime.
- These are like the weapons to eradicate the crime from the prodigious society but its use should
be in curb.
The misuse of s.th

- There was news regarding the misuse of these cameras.
to keep a watch over s.th

- The government has started putting up cameras in public places to keep a watch over any kind
of crime.
Drawback:a negative part of a situation

- Although the existence of these devices has some drawbacks, I do believe that it has more
benefits for our communities.
being monitored
- In the most common case, many people do not realize that they are being monitored.
Be socialized to: ‫با جامعه سازگار کردن‬

- These monitoring activities are not informed and socialized to the public; therefore some
people believe that they are against human's privacy policy.
111. Some governments say how many children a family can hare in their country. They may control the
number of children someone has through taxes. It is sometimes necessary and right for a government to
control the population in this way. Do you agree or disagree? (GOVERNMENT)
ways of limiting
- It is certainly very understandable that some governments should start looking at ways of
limiting their populations to a sustainable figure.
frequent war and widespread disease

- In the past, populations were partly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease, but in
recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished.
faced with a population

- Countries can be faced with a population that is growing much faster than she nation's food
resources or employment opportunities and whose members can be condemned to poverty by
the need to feed extra mouths.
make decisions
- They feel this is one area of life where they have the right to make decisions for themselves.
point the way (to something): to be among the first to show how something can be done
- This could be done by a process of education that points out the way a smaller family can mean
an improved quality of life for the family members, as well as less strain on the country's
perhaps very limited, resources.
reasonable time scale

- if this docs not succeed within a reasonable time scale, it may be necessary to consider other
measures.
tax incentives / child benefit payments

- tax incentives or childbenefit payments for small families only
delicate area indeed

- They should also remember that this is a very delicate area indeed, and that social engineering
can create as many problems as it solves.
Collocations for Government:

A chronic problem: a problem government can’t International aid
get rid of
Health insurance Underprivileged: having poor living condition
Hunger and poverty:having little food and money Wealth and prosperity
Trade barriers Subsidise sth: pay part of the cost of sth
Have/has the authority to do sth: have /has official A recurring problem:problem that happen again
power and again
To counteract sth: to reduce the negative effect of Should abolish of sth
sth
Impose a ban of sth Play a regulatory role
115-Should rich countries help poorer ones? Or does it only help the rich country by keeping
the poorer country dependent?(society)
fundraising event / charity do
- Every fundraising event plan should contain a complete budget listing all of the
expenses that will be required to hold the event.
Loan(n)©-borrow
- She's trying to get a $53 333 loan to start her own business.
- We could apply for/take out a loan to buy a car.
heavy-lifting- difficult work

- the boss hoped the plan would succeed but he wasn't willing to do the heavy lifting"
Widen(v)- to become, or to make something greater in width

- As it approaches the sea, the river begins to widen.
- billions of people still live in poverty, and in many regions the gap between rich and
poor is widening
Humanitarian(n)©- involved in or connected with improving people's lives and reducing

suffering
- The prisoner has been released for humanitarian reasons.
- The United Nations is sending humanitarian aid (= food and supplies to help people)
to the areas worst affected by the conflict.
Donor(n)©- person who gives money or goods to an organization

- Thanks to a large gift from an anonymous donor, the charity was able to continue its
work.
- much aid returns to the donor
trade barriers
- Opening up trade barriers, so that poor countries can sell their goods is one way.

- target country - forgive debt
- our humanity - centerpiece
- wealthy countries -
112- We are becoming increasingly dependent on computers. They are used in businesses,
hospitals, crime detection and even to fly planes. What things will they be used for in the future?
Is this dependence on computers a good thing or should we he more auspicious of their benefits?
COMPUTER
112
Fly planes
- They are used in businesses, hospitals, crime detection and even to fly planes.
Appreciate the chaos

- Their main computer is broken to appreciate the chaos that would occur if computers were
suddenly removed world-wide.
Sophisticated
- In the future computers will be used to create bigger and even more sophisticated computers.
Vicinity
- They will, for example, be able to fly planes and they will be able to coordinate the movements
of several planes in the vicinity of an airport.
Inevitability
- There is a certain inevitability that technology will progress and become increasingly complex.
Cybernetics
- Cybernetics have experienced a major breakthrough.
Uptake
Excessive dependence ripping
- Surely the uptake of this technology facilitates a lot of difficult tasks but is this excessive
dependence ripping the warmth of our lives?
Literally
- This time could be literally reduced to half if computerized decivesare used instead.
Exert
- Enjoying his family vacation and not having to exert an extra effort of traveling long distances
just to sign a deal.
Handicapped
- New generations are growing remarkably dependent on these modern utilities, which make
them handicapped.
Gets stuck in a vicious circle

- Each of these individuals gets stuck in a vicious circle of loneliness that eventually leads
to suicidal attempts specially among youngsters.
Drawback
- Similar to every other invention computer has its benefits and drawbacks.
Moderation
- Moderation is the key here to keep the balance and allow us to live in harmony.

The utilization of computers Complicated surgery performing
Time and effort consuming Fundamental qualities
144. Improvements in health, education and trade are essential for the development of poorer nations.
However, the governments of richer nations should take more responsibility for helping the poorer
nations in such areas. (Country)
unbalanced finances
- Most of the poorer nations are buried in debts as a result of their unbalanced finances.
vicious cycle: Violent or aggressive cycle- indefinitely: for a period of time with no fixed end
- This vicious cycle will continue indefinitely unless wealthier nations show interest in
minimizing the worldwide economic differences.
unfortunate / underdevelopment/ third world / poor nations

wealthy/ rich/ developed nations
sub-human conditions: having behavior that are much worse than those expected of ordinary people
- Most of the African countries live in sub-human conditions.
Poor nations’ problems: poverty, upheaval, hunger, disease, unemployment, lack of education and
corrupt administrations
Upheaval: ‫آشوب‬- corrupt: ‫فاسد‬
To prevent s.th’s spread
- Poor nations should have access to health professionals and get information on how to
prevent epidemic diseases’ spread.
donate medicine
- Leaders of the world’s richest countries donate medicine and also send doctors and nurses to
treat and educate those in need.
Rely on doing s.th- financial deficit: the total amount by which money spent is more than money
received
- Most of the poor countries rely on selling agricultural products and raw material to rich
nations and buying industrialized products from them resulting in a huge financial deficit.
Pay the interest: money that is charged by a bank for borrowing money.
- They borrow a significant amount of money from the World Bank to try to improve their
broken economies, but sometimes the money disappears with no significant changes and
they cannot even pay the interest to the bank.
Comprised of: to have as parts or members- debt: ‫ بدهی‬،‫قرض‬

- Last year the G1, which is comprised of leaders of the eight richest nations, decided to forgive
billions of dollars worth of debt owed by the world’s poorest nations.
Loan programs
- They developed loan programs to financially assist poor countries.
152. The wealth gap between 1st world countries and 3rd world countries seems to be increasing. How
can we reduce this gap? Do you think that developed countries have a duty to assist developing countries
in every way? (COUNTRY)
-Every day the rich countries in the world get richer and the poor countries get poorer.
wealth gap... cancelling trade….third world debt

- Reducing the wealth gap can be achieved by cancelling third world debt, cancelling trade and
farming subsidies so that third world countries can compete, getting rid of third world
corruption and investing and building in third world countries using local people and skills and
allowing them ownership of businesses.
profit in business
- Unfortunately there is no profit in business for first world countries to do these things.
have a duty
- Politicians also rightly feel they have a duty to protect their own countries and keeping
economically dominant is part of this duty.
Effective competition
- Creating effective competition for their own country‛s businesses is not part of what they are
expected to do.
assist the poorer countries

- As an individual I believe that we have a duty to assist the poorer countries with their
development in all aspects.
151-People who have original ideas are of much greater value to society than those who are
simply able to copy the ideas of others well. To what extent do you agree or disagree with
this statement? (Education or society)
Astonish(v)-astonishing(adj)- to surprise someone very much
- I was astonished by how much she'd grown.
- Sometimes those with unique talents come up with ideas that are completely new,
creative and astonishing.
Imitator(n)- a person who copies someone or something that they think is good
- The difference between Ms. McArthur and her countless imitators is the elegance of
her writing.
- Those who 'invent' or 'discover' things are terribly important to society as a whole.
However, I also think there is a role in society for good imitators.
consumer-oriented
- the society we live in today has become increasingly consumer-oriented
fair-minded- to treat people equally

- A leader is expected to be fair-minded and handle each decision in a manner that is
respected.
hide one’s light under a bushel-to hide one’s talents and skills
- DON'T HIDE YOUR LIGHT UNDER A BUSHEL: Don't conceal your talents, skills,
or good deeds; don't be too modest.
broad-minded (syn: opne-minded-flexible-inbiased)=/narrow-minded(syn:biased-close-

minded)- willing to accept opinions, beliefs, or behaviors that are unusual or different from
your own
-
- Emotional Stability - Intellect
- Philosopher/ Nonconformist - Pioneer/ Poet/ Artist
- Self-made person -
12- Some people prefer to plan activities for their free time very carefully. Others choose not
to make any plans at all for their free time. Compare the benefits of planning free-time
activities with the benefits of not making plans. (leisure)
Enjoy beautiful moments

- A person can just relax, enjoy the beautiful moments and spend his or her time with.
Peace of life
- People can observe the flowers in bloom from the window, contemplate about his or
her life and just slow down the pace of life.
Leave all troubles and worries

- I think it is a very good way to eliminate one's stress and tension and just leave all
troubles and worries behind.
Worry-free trip
- Also, it is wise to check one's car to avoid breakdowns and have an uninterrupted
worry-free trip.
Waste of time
- Will not be disappointed with the waste of my time. Personally, I prefer to make plans
for my free time because it allows me to spend my vacation or week-ends the way I
want it.

- Spend my vacation - Avoid breakdown
- Eliminate ones stress and tension - contemplate about his or her life
- observe the flowers in bloom - free-time activity
121-Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having a car.

YOUR OPINION & HOWNTOWN & COUNTRY
161
Much luggage
You can carry several passengers and as much luggage as you like, at no extra cost.
Motorists
All motorists much accept that they are making a small contribution to this.

Stuck in traffic jams
164. Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on
our personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life. (Family)
depend on something: if one thing depends on another, it is changed or affected by the other
thing
But whether these characteristics are able to develop within the personality of an individual
surely depends on whether the circumstances allow such a development.
Override: to have more importance or influence than (something)
They can boost or over-ride other influences, and there seems to be plenty of research
findings to confirm this.
Genetic sciences
Inherited characteristics
Nature and Nurture
Trait
121. Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important
professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair. Discuss both these
views and give your own opinion. (Value)
Extravagant lifestyle
- Just like movie stars, sports professionals live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars.
Unfair/ justified
- Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with
those of top surgeons or research scientists, or even leading politicians who have the
responsibility of governing the country.
- Those who feel that sports stars’ salaries are justified might argue that the number of
professionals with real talent is very few.
Public popularity of s.th- generate public support

- They reflect the public popularity of sport in general and the level of public support that
successful stars can generate.
Recognition: admiration and respect

Dedication: the willingness to give a lot of time and energy to something because it is important.
- The money is recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be successful.
Flock to: to come together in large numbers

- Around the globe, people flock to sporting events or watch their favorite teams faithfully each
week on television.
To receive salary/ income

- As a result, professional sports athletes receive huge salaries.
professional career
- Sport is viewed as a professional career, in which the top players should rightly earn high
salaries.
To face pressure- tremendous: very great in amount

- They face tremendous pressure in each and every game, match or competition.
To be compromised: to risk having a harmful effect on s.th

- Their personal lives are compromised and they lose all privacy.
To Feel valued- compensate for s.th: paying money -

- We can build societies in which each one feels valued, appreciated and appropriately
compensated for their own vocation or specialization.
Other professions with not much salary:

- surgeons / executives/ research scientists/ leading politicians
124. It is generally agreed that society benefits from the work of its members. Compare the contributions
of artists to society with the contributions of scientists to society. Which type of contribution do you think
is valued more by your society? Give specific reasons to support your answer. ( VALUE)
- It is a controversial question weather the contributions of artists are more or less then the
contributions of scientists to the society. For several reasons, which I will mention bellow, I think that
both types are valuable, priceless and irreplaceable for every society.
person’s spiritual sense

- Art can form person’s spiritual sense, their views and personalities. People learn history, the
traditions of their country trough the art.
an ancient means of communication

- Another important aspect of this is that art is an ancient means of communication.
- In old times people depicted the herds of mammoths on the walls of their caves. They performed
different rituals around the fireplace asking their gods for health, good harvest and weather.
- Scientists make our life easier.

- We have microwaves and a bunch of preprocessed food to make the cooking much easier. We
have different devices that simplify all we do.
making great achievements

- scientists are making great achievements in medicine that make our life longer and happier.
Nowadays people have a great opportunity to do many things faster by use of computers.

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1- As computers are being used more and more in education, there will be soon no role for

teachers in the classroom. (Education)

Ease sth (v)- ease(n)easiness(n)=/unease(n)-easy(adj)=/uneasy(adj)-easily(adv)

Acquisition of sth (n)-acquire (v)-capture (v)-def: the process of getting sth.

The human interaction

Meet someone’s expectations-def: be as good as expected

Building social relationship

The advent of sth-def: the introduction of new technology

Some useful structures

Improve their knowledge

Gain new experience

Learn something by heart

Wide variety of subjects

Obese and unfit generation

Some useful structure

to prepare for a career, Career preparation

increase s.b’s opportunities,

to live on their own

Impress upon: continue / persist

More open-minded and tolerant and adaptable individuals

Enhances their employment prospects

lead to fluency in a second language

few drawbacks: (disadvantage)

- Reluctance or inability to reintegrate into their mother country is another.

Collocations for education:

Passed from generation to generation

Broaden(v)- to become wider, or to cause something to become wider

Unparalleled sources of sth.

Authentic(adj)- If something is authentic, it is real, true, or what people say it is

Some useful structures

Feelings & Benefits

Open themselves up to s.th

11- Does a university education lead to success in life?

Dependent on a university education

Some useful structure

11. Education: Losing its Value (Education)

Supporters of education (usually teachers or educators, or those who have an interest in

These people are found in every part of society.

Illusion: a false or wrong belief or idea

Students in college are being sold an illusion.

main cause for climate change: greenhouse gas emissions

Discussion between governments can ensure that solutions are successful.

Individual attitudes to transport need to change:

Collocations for the environment & natural source:

emitting waste materials

generating Oxygen-absorbing Carbon dioxide

Use sth wastefully

Some useful structures

Some useful structures

Industrial wastes and household garbage

Shortage of space for landfill

Materialistic and mass-consumption society

Waste disposal raises

Enforce stricter laws on s.th

Some useful structure

Make the presence

Major source of harassment

Slants in his/her handwriting

Some useful structure

RETRIEVAL : COMPUTING the process of getting back information stored inside a

World wide web

- At the same time increasing productivity dramatically.

technology has some negative side-effects:

Technology may be good or bad, depending on how we use it.