Lady Macbeth

Of all Shakespeare's female characters Lady Macbeth stands out far beyond the rest — remarkable for
her ambition, strength of will, cruelty, and dissimulation.

Her Ambition and Resolution

At the commencement, she has far greater strength of will than her husband. While he hesitates and is
distrustful of his powers, she never wavers. She needs no supernatural temptations to urge her on.
While reading her husband's letter, she determines on the coarse to be pursued, and nothing turns her
from that course until the goal of her ambition is reached. Her first words after reading the letter show
clearly the strength of her determination:

"Glamis thou art, and Cawdor; and shalt be

What thou art promised." I. v. 13, 14.

She appears to be perfectly aware of her own strength, and of the influence which she possessed over
the weak will of her husband:

"Hie thee hither,

That I may pour my spirits in thine ear;

And chastise with the valour of my tongue

All that impedes thee from the golden round." I. v. 23-26.

Her greeting of Macbeth, and the words she uses immediately after, show that her plans had already
been formed:

"Great Glamis! Worthy Cawdor!

Greater than both, by the all-hail hereafter." I. v. 52, 53.

"He that's coming

Must be provided for: and you shall put

This night's great business into my dispatch." I. v. 64-66.

She shows the power of her will over her husband, especially when they meet the second time after his
return. He hesitates about committing the suggested crime, but at the last is completely overcome by
her lofty determination.

Macbeth. "If we should fail?

Lady M. We fail!

But screw your courage to the sticking-place

And we'll not fail." I. vii. 59-61.

Macbeth himself shows the effect her power has upon him, when he exclaims—

"Bring forth men-children only,

For thy undaunted mettle should compose

Nothing but males." I. vii. 72-74.

Her Dissimulation and Cunning

Lady Macbeth knows right well when she tells her husband to "leave all the rest to me," that by
dissimulation and cunning she could plan and carry out the murder of Duncan, so that no suspicion
would rest upon either Macbeth or herself. When she welcomes Duncan to her home, her conduct
shows that she is perfect in the art of dissembling:
"All our service

In every point twice done and then done double

Were poor and single business to contend

Against those honours deep and broad wherewith

Your majesty loads our house." I. vi. 14-18.

Her Presence of Mind

On one occasion only does she lose command of her feelings and forget herself. When she is informed
of Duncan's intention to stay at her castle, she betrays her joy at the opportunity presented her, and
exclaims:

"Thou'rt mad to say it." I. v. 29.

When her husband returns trembling and terror-stricken from the murder, she never loses her presence
of mind, but remains calm and even tries to allay his fears. On discovering that Macbeth has forgotten to
smear the grooms with blood, and that he has brought away the daggers from the dread chamber, she
bids him return and carry out the unfinished details of the plot. He firmly refuses to go. At this she
exclaims:

"Infirm of purpose!

Give me the daggers: the sleeping and the dead

Are but as pictures: 'tis the eye of childhood

That fears a painted devil," II. i. 116-119.

and carries out the fearful mission herself. On her return she again exhibits her self-possession. While
the knocking is going on at the cattle gate, she persuades Macbeth to retire to his chamber.
Her Energy
Knowing her husband's weakness, she assumes the manly part, and calls upon the spirits to fill her

"From the crown to the toe top-full

Of direst cruelty." I. v. 40.

She bids her husband

"Only look up clear;

To alter favour ever is to fear:

Leave all the rest to me." I. v. 69, 70.

She plans the murder; she drugs the grooms and lays the daggers ready. She would have given the blow
with her own hands

"Had he not resembled

My father as he slept." II. i. 76.

Her Affection
On the night of the murder, it was her affectionate memory for her dead father which alone made her
pause when in the midst of crime. Throughout she is a devoted wife. Her whole ambition is for her
husband. She never speaks of herself, or of elevation for herself, except on one occasion.

"Which shall to all our nights and days to come

Give solely sovereign sway and masterdom." I. v. 67, 68.

She had had children, though none had lived. That she had been an affectionate mother we may infer
from her words to her husband:

"I have given suck, and know

How tender 'tis to love the babe that milks me." I. vii. 54, 55.

Gervinus thus describes her downfall: "When the deed is accomplished, she stands at first still, while
Macbeth now begins to push on with bolder strides. But when none of the golden expectations are
realized which she expected as the result of the deed, when, instead of successful greatness, the ruin of
the land and of her consort follows, her powers suddenly relax and sink. Supported by him, she could
have long and for ever withstood the emotions of conscience, nature, and a harrowing imagination; but
doubting him, she doubts herself also. Like ivy, she had twined her fresh greenness around the branches
of a kingly tree; when the stem totters she falls to the ground; her iron heart dissolves in the fire of this
affliction and this mistaken expectation.

"Still, even now her character and the strength of her will are evident; her resistance in suffering is now
as apparent as before her activity in doing. By day she continues mistress of her emotions, but in the
night 'her fear-infected mind to the deaf pillow will discharge its secrets.' According to the poet's poetic
physiology and psychology, her unnaturally strained conscience and power of dissimulation avenge
themselves during sleep, and the somnambulist, self-betraying, acts as it were all the secret guilty
scenes over again. Once she thought she could with a little water clear away the witnesses of that deed,
but now, in the torture of her hardened heart she complains with groans of anguish that the smell and
stain of blood will never wash away. She ends her life with suicide."